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CHEMISTRY CLASS NOTES

TOPIC: Structure of Atom Lecture No.: 04

➢ Atomic Number (Z): was discovered by Moseley. He calculated the charge on nucleus from the
frequency or wave length of X-ray’s emitted by different element.
Number of Proton present in the nucleus of atom is called atomic number.

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Atomic number is the most fundamental property of element because atomic number of two
different element can never be same:

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Atomic weight -> [A] (Mass Number)
The sum of number of neutrons and protons is called atomic weight.

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‘Atomic weight’= N+P

➢ Isotopes (समस्थानिक)
gm
Elements with same atomic number but different atomic masses
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In Isotopes the number of electrons and protons are also the same.
• 1𝐻
1
, 1𝐻 2 , 1 𝐻 3
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3
1𝐻 → is a Radioactive isotope
9
u.

• 6𝐶
12
, 6𝐶 14
14
6𝐶 → Is a Radioactive carbon used to detect the age of fossils. This technique is
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called radiocarbon dating and was discovered by Willard Libby.

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• 92𝑈
235 (0.7%)
, 92𝑈 238 (99.3%)
235
92𝑈 → use for making atomic bond and fuel for nuclear reactor.
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➢ Isobar
Elements with same atomic masses but different atomic number
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• 40
18𝐴𝑟 , 20𝐶𝑎
40

• 14
6𝐶 , 7𝑁
14
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➢ Isotones(समन्यूट्रॉनिक)
Different Element with same number of neutrons.
• 2𝐻𝑒 4 , 1𝐻 3
• 14𝑆𝑖 30 , 15𝑃31 , 16𝑆 32 [all have 16 neutrons each]
• Atomic weight – Atomic number = No. of Neutrons.

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➢ Isoelectronic Species : Number of 𝑒 − are same.

𝑂2− 𝐹− 𝑁𝑎+ 𝑀𝑔2+
e= 10 10 10 10
• Que: Which one of the following is isoelectronic with CO2
A. 𝑁𝑂2 B. 𝑂2
C. 𝑁2 𝑂 D. 𝑁𝑂
-
Ans.: C 22 e in CO2 matches with N2O
➢ Isostere (समनिन्यासी)
Compounds having same number of atoms and same number of electron

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Eg.
N2O, CO2
Atom 3 3

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e− 22 22
➢ Isodiaphers

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Compounds having atoms have the same difference number of neutrons and protons.

gm
235
1. 92𝑈
Neutrons = 𝐴 − 𝑍 = 235 − 92 = 143
Difference number = Neutrons - Protons= 143 − 92 = 51
@
231
2. 90𝑇ℎ
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Neutrons = 𝐴 − 𝑍 = 231 − 90 = 141

Difference number = Neutrons - Protons = 141 − 90 = 51
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➢ Isomorphs
u.

Same crystalline structure

• 𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 → Green vitrol & 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 7𝐻2 𝑂 → White vitrol
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• 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂 → Blue vitrol & 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 5𝐻2 𝑂 → Pink Vitrol

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All the alums are Isomorphs.

Potash alum - 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 ∙ 24𝐻2 𝑂 & Chrome alum - 𝐾2 𝑆𝑂4 ∙ 𝐶𝑟2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 ∙ 24𝐻2 𝑂
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➢ Calculation of 𝒆− , 𝒑+ , 𝒏
1. In a neutral species. 35𝐵𝑟 80
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𝑍 = 𝑝+ = 𝑒 − => 35 = 35 = 35
Neutrons = 𝐴 − 𝑍 = 80 − 35 = 45
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2. In ions
(i) 𝑁𝑎+ (Positive charge is loss of 𝑒 − )
23
11𝑁𝑎 𝑍 = 11; 𝑃 = 11; 𝑒 − = 10 => Neutron = 𝐴 − 𝑍 = 23 − 11 = 12

(ii) Cl- (Negative charge is gain of 𝑒 − )

35
17Cl Z = 17, P= 17, e- = 18 => Neutron = 35-17 = 18

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➢ Fractional mass or Isotopic Mass:

Que: 1 In the nature, two isotopes of Cl are present i.e. 17𝐶𝑙 35 𝑎𝑛𝑑 17𝐶𝑙 37 in a ratio of 3:1. Find the
fractional mass of Cl.
3×35+1×37
Sol. Fractional Mass = 3+1
= 35.5

Que: 2 An element is 𝑋 has the following isotopic composition 𝑥 200 : 90% , 𝑥 199 : 8% , 𝑥 202 : 2%
200×90+199×8+202×2
Sol. F.M = 100
= 199.96(200 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)

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Que: 3 Isotopic compositions of 26𝐹𝑒 54 , 𝐹𝑒 56 , 𝐹𝑒 57 are in the composition of 5 ∶ 90 ∶ 5, then
Find fractional Mass of Fe.

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54×5+56×90+57×5
Sol. F.M =
100
270+5040+285
= = 55.95 𝑎. 𝑚. 𝑢

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100

gm
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9 it
u.
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i.a
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