Midterm Module 3

A. Neuman’s Systems Model

1. Briefly discuss the History and Background of Betty Neuman

- Betty Neuman, a prominent nursing theorist, developed her Systems Model in
the 1970s. She was born in 1924 in Ohio, USA, and had a background in
nursing, psychology, and mental health. Neuman’s model was influenced by her
experiences in nursing practice and her interest in understanding how individuals
and communities adapt to stressors.

2. Define each major concept of the Theory and discuss briefly its relationship of each
concept based on the framework.
a. Client/Person: In Neuman’s model, the “client” refers to an individual or
group experiencing a stressor. They are viewed as a dynamic system
with various subsystems, including physiological, psychological,
sociocultural, and spiritual.

b. Environment: The environment encompasses all external factors that

influence the client’s well-being. This includes both internal and
external stressors, such as physical, psychological, and socio-cultural
stressors.

c. Health: Health is seen as a continuum, with stability and wellness at

one end and illness or death at the other. The client’s overall health
depends on their ability to maintain equilibrium in the face of stressors.

d. Nursing: Nursing, in this model, is focused on helping the client

maintain or restore their system’s stability by providing preventive,
supportive, or therapeutic interventions. Nurses aim to assess and
intervene to keep the client’s system in balance.

e. Nursing Process: The nursing process involves a systematic approach

to assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention, and evaluation.
Nurses use this process to identify stressors, assess their impact, and
plan appropriate interventions to promote the client’s well-being.

f. Stressors and Reactions: Stressors can be intrapersonal (within the

client), interpersonal (between individuals), or extrapersonal (outside
the client). The client’s reactions to stressors can vary and may lead to
changes in their system’s stability.

The relationship among these concepts is that the client’s health is influenced by their
ability to adapt to stressors in the environment. The nurse’s role is to assess these
stressors, provide interventions to maintain equilibrium, and promote the client’s health
and well-being.
B. Roy’s Adaptation model

1.Briefly discuss the History and Background of Martha Roger

- Martha Rogers (1914-1994) was a renowned nurse theorist and professor. She
developed the Roy Adaptation Model in the 1970s. Rogers believed in a holistic
approach to nursing, emphasizing the interconnectedness of humans and their
environment. Her model focuses on the individual’s ability to adapt to
environmental stimuli.

2.Discuss briefly the following concepts related to Roy’s Adaptation model:

a. System
- In this model, a system is the individual or group under consideration. It consists
of subsystems, such as physiological, psychological, and social components, all
interacting to maintain balance.

b. Adaptation Level
- This is the individual’s optimal level of functioning within the environment. It
represents their highest potential for coping and achieving balance.

c. Environmental Stimuli
- These are factors in the environment that affect the individual.
 Focal Stimulus : The main stressor an individual is currently facing.
 Contextual Stimulus : Other factors in the environment that influence adaptation.
 Residual Stimuli : Past stressors and experiences that can affect the individual’s
current state.

d. Coping Processes
- These are the mechanisms individuals use to adapt to environmental stimuli.
 Innate Coping Mechanisms : Genetic and biological factors that aid adaptation.
 Acquired Coping Mechanisms : Learned behaviors and strategies for adaptation.

e. Internal Processes
 - These processes facilitate adaptation.
 Regulator Subsystem : Responsible for automatic responses like maintaining
body temperature.
 Cognator Subsystem : Involves conscious awareness, perception, and learning.

f. Adaptive Responses
- These are the individual’s responses to environmental stimuli that indicate
successful adaptation.

g. Ineffective Response
- When adaptive responses do not successfully address environmental
challenges, an ineffective response occurs.
h. Integrated Life Process
- This represents an individual’s ability to adapt consistently over time.
i. Four Adaptive Modes
 Physiologic-Physical Mode : Pertains to the physical aspects of adaptation, like
health and illness.
 Self-Concept Group Identity Mode : Concerns an individual’s self-image and
social identity.
 Role Function Mode : Focuses on roles and responsibilities within society.
 Interdependence Mode : Relates to relationships and interactions with others.

3. Discuss the Major assumptions of Roy’s Adaptation model based on the Nursing Metaparadigm:
 Person : Assumes that individuals are holistic beings, with biological,
psychological, and social aspects, striving for adaptation to their environment.
 Environment : Views the environment as a complex system with various stimuli
(focal, contextual, residual) that influence the person's adaptation process.
 Health : Defines health as a state of adaptation, where the person is in balance
with the environment and achieving their potential for functioning.
 Nursing : Recognizes nursing as a profession focused on promoting adaptation
and assisting individuals in achieving their highest potential for health.

4. Discuss this conceptual framework based on Roy’s Adaptation model

- Martha Rogers’ Adaptation Model provides a structured framework for
understanding how individuals and groups adapt to their environment. It
emphasizes the dynamic interplay between the person and the environment,
with nursing interventions aimed at facilitating adaptive responses and
promoting overall health and well-being. The model guides nursing practice by
considering the individual’s unique adaptive needs across various modes and
domains of life.
C. Johnson’s Behavioral System Model
1. Briefly discuss the History and Background of Dorothy Johnson
- Dorothy E. Johnson (1919-1999) was a prominent nursing theorist and educator.
She had a strong background in nursing and psychology. Johnson’s work in
nursing theory development led to the creation of the Behavioral System Model
in the 1960s. This model focused on understanding and explaining the
relationships between individuals and their environments.

2. Discuss briefly the following concepts related to Johnson’s Behavioral System Model
 Behavior : Behavior refers to the actions and responses of an individual. In
Johnson's model, behavior is seen as the means by which individuals interact
with their environment.
 System : A system is a set of interacting and interdependent parts that work
together to achieve a common goal. In this model, the individual is viewed as a
behavioral system, and various subsystems within the individual contribute to
maintaining equilibrium.
 Behavioral System : The behavioral system comprises the individual's patterned,
repetitive, and purposeful behaviors. It represents the way an individual
organizes their actions to meet their needs and adapt to their environment.
 Subsystem : Subsystems are components within the behavioral system, such as
the respiratory system or the role-fulfillment subsystem. Each subsystem
contributes to the overall functioning of the individual.
 Equilibrium : refers to a state of balance or stability within the behavioral system.
Johnson believed that individuals naturally strive to maintain equilibrium in
response to environmental demands.
 Regulation/Control : are processes that the individual employs to maintain
equilibrium. These processes involve feedback loops and responses to changes
in the environment.
 Tension : is a state of imbalance or disruption within the behavioral system. It
occurs when there is a mismatch between the individual's needs and their ability
to meet those needs.
 Stressor : A stressor is an external or internal factor that disrupts equilibrium
within the behavioral system. Stressors can be physical, psychological, or social
and can challenge an individual's ability to adapt
3. What are the 7 subsystems identified by Dorothy Johnson and discuss each briefly.
- Attachment and Affiliative Subsystem : This subsystem involves behaviors
related to forming and maintaining social relationships and connections.
- Aggressive/Protective Subsystem : This subsystem encompasses behaviors
related to self-defense and the protection of oneself and loved ones.
- Dependency Subsystem : It includes behaviors related to seeking assistance,
support, and guidance from others.
- Ingestive Subsystem : This subsystem involves behaviors related to food and
fluid intake, as well as other physiological needs.
- Eliminative Subsystem : It includes behaviors related to the elimination of waste
and maintaining bodily cleanliness.
- Sexual Subsystem : This subsystem encompasses behaviors related to sexual
expression, reproduction, and nurturing.
- Achievement Subsystem : This subsystem involves behaviors related to goal
achievement, productivity, and mastery.

4. Discuss the Major assumptions of Johnson’s Behavioral System Model based on the
Nursing Metaparadigm:

 Person : Assumes that individuals are behavioral systems that strive to maintain
balance and equilibrium in response to environmental demands. Each person
has a unique pattern of behaviors and subsystems.
 Environment : Views the environment as the external context that influences and
interacts with the individual's behaviors and subsystems. Stressors and support
from the environment impact the individual's equilibrium.
 Health : Defines health as a state of equilibrium within the behavioral system.
Illness is seen as a disruption of this equilibrium caused by stressors or tension.
 Nursing: Recognizes nursing as a profession that assists individuals in
maintaining or restoring equilibrium by providing supportive and therapeutic
interventions.

5. Discuss this conceptual framework based on Johnson’s Behavioral System Model

- Johnson’s Behavioral System Model provides a framework for understanding
how individuals adapt to their environments through patterned behaviors and
subsystems. The model emphasizes the importance of maintaining equilibrium
and recognizes the role of nursing in helping individuals achieve and maintain
this balance. Nursing interventions are aimed at addressing tension and
stressors, supporting adaptive behaviors, and promoting overall health and well-
being in a holistic manner.