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    Elearning Lymphatic Organs 2 2023new

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    This document discusses the structure and function of lymphatic organs, focusing on the thymus. It describes the thymus as the primary lymphatic organ responsible for T lymphocyte maturation. The thymus contains a dense cortex and lighter medulla, and Hassall's corpuscles in the medulla. During development in the thymus, most T cells undergo apoptosis through negative selection to remove self-reactive cells, while positive selection ensures recognition of MHC. The blood-thymus barrier then protects the foreign antigen-free environment needed for negative selection in the thymus.

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    Elearning Lymphatic Organs 2 2023new

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    piano357sid
    3 views28 pages
    This document discusses the structure and function of lymphatic organs, focusing on the thymus. It describes the thymus as the primary lymphatic organ responsible for T lymphocyte maturation. The thymus contains a dense cortex and lighter medulla, and Hassall's corpuscles in the medulla. During development in the thymus, most T cells undergo apoptosis through negative selection to remove self-reactive cells, while positive selection ensures recognition of MHC. The blood-thymus barrier then protects the foreign antigen-free environment needed for negative selection in the thymus.

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    This document discusses the structure and function of lymphatic organs, focusing on the thymus. It describes the thymus as the primary lymphatic organ responsible for T lymphocyte maturation. The thymus contains a dense cortex and lighter medulla, and Hassall's corpuscles in the medulla. During development in the thymus, most T cells undergo apoptosis through negative selection to remove self-reactive cells, while positive selection ensures recognition of MHC. The blood-thymus barrier then protects the foreign antigen-free environment needed for negative selection in the thymus.

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    3 views28 pages

    Elearning Lymphatic Organs 2 2023new

    Uploaded by

    piano357sid
    This document discusses the structure and function of lymphatic organs, focusing on the thymus. It describes the thymus as the primary lymphatic organ responsible for T lymphocyte maturation. The thymus contains a dense cortex and lighter medulla, and Hassall's corpuscles in the medulla. During development in the thymus, most T cells undergo apoptosis through negative selection to remove self-reactive cells, while positive selection ensures recognition of MHC. The blood-thymus barrier then protects the foreign antigen-free environment needed for negative selection in the thymus.

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    of 28

    Histology of

    Lymphatic Organs‐2
    • INNATE IMMUNITY ‐ ACCESSORY CELLS
    • THYMUS LYMPHATICUS
    Nat. Rev. Immun. 2020
    Natural Immunity
    Accessory cells of immune system

    To discriminate between self and


    non‐self they have:
    PRRs – Pattern Recognition
    Receptors
    Leukocytes leave the blood circulation upon
    chemoattractant signals (extravasation)

    Leukocytes migrate
    through the wall of
    postcapillary venules

    Chemokines / adhesion molecules regulate


    the extravasation of leukocytes
    Phagocytosis (bacteria or
    other pathogenes)
    Release antibacterial agents
    NETTOSIS
    Neutrophil
    granulocyte

    Anti –parasitic activity,


    attenuates allergic reactions

    Eosinophil
    granulocyte

    Induce allergic or
    inflammatory reactions

    Basophil
    granulocyte
    Neutrophil granulocyte
     Phagocytosis
     Degranulation
     Netosis
    Natural (innate) immunity:
    monocyte / macrophage

    chemoattractant

    Monocytes leave the blood circulation upon


    chemoattractant signals and differentiate into
    MACROPHAGES
    MPS= Mononuclear Phagocytic System

    monocyte

    •Derived from blood monocytes


    HSC (hemopoietic stem cell)
    Myeloid HSC
    CFC‐GM
    Monoblast
    Monocyte
    Skin ‐ dermis
    Liver

    Lung
    alveolus

    CELL Tissue / organ

    macrophage lymphatic organs

    histiocyte connective tissue

    Kupffer cell liver

    Alveolar / septal lung


    macrophage
    microglia CNS brain
    ((osteoclast, chondroclast bone, cartilage))
    Macrophage functions

    phagocytosis antigen cytokine secretion


    presentation
    Organ failure
    Innate immunity: Dendritic cells (DCs)
    Cells with numerous
    cytoplasmic processes

    phase‐contrast electronmicroscopy
    microscopy
    Dendritic cells (DCs)
    Follicular Interdigitating
    dendritic cell (FDC) dendritic cell (DC)

    Professional antigen presenting cell


    (MHC I and MHC II)

    Bind antigen for B lymphocyte affinity  T‐dependent zones of lymphatic


    maturation organs
     B‐dependent zones of lymphatic  Surfaces where antigens may enter
    organs (germinal centers of lymphatic (sentinel cells) eg. epidermis: Langerhans
    cell, serous and synovial membranes
    follicles)
    Follicular dendritic cells (FDC):
    organize lymphatic follicles
    (interdigitating) dendritic cell (DC)

    Peripheral tissues: Lymphatic organs:


    PHAGOCYTOSIS ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
    Highest density of lymphocytes: lymphatic organs

    SECONDARY PRIMARY (CENTRAL)


    (PERIPHERAL) LYMPHATIC
    LYMPHATIC ORGANS (PLO)
    ORGANS (SLO)
    Production of lymphocytes
    Antigen‐dependent
    differentiation,
    proliferation of
    lymphocytes
    Primary (central) lymphatic organs
    Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

    Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)


    /Colony Forming Unit‐L/

    T
    B

    NK Thymus

    Bone marrow
    Thymus:
    central / primary lymphatic organ
    site of T lymphocyte maturation (education)

    Thymus is a lobulated organ


    located in the superior
    mediastinum.

    Thymus officinalis / thymian / thyme

    During the thymic education more than 90% of T lymphocytes are driven to apoptosis
    and the dead cells are cleared by macrophages.
    Thymus: age‐related changes
    THYMUS EPITHELIALIS : THYMUS LYMPHATICUS :
    the primordium of the thymus
    Invasion of bone marrow cells:
    formed in the 3rd pharyngeal pouch
    • T lymphocyte precursors
    → thymic stroma originates from
    • Macrophages
    endoderm (EPITHELIORETICULAR
    • Dendritic cells
    cells)

    THYMUS ADIPOSUS
    Involution
    Accumulation of adipocytes
    Primordium of
    thymus

    5th embryonic week


    Thymus: age related changes

    Thymus Thymus
    lymphaticus adiposus
    Each thymic lobule (average diameter 0.5‐
    Thymus 0.2 mm) has a peripheral darkly stained,

    lymphaticus dense compartment (cortex) and a centrally


    located, lighter stained area (medulla).

    CAPSULE

    CORTEX

    MEDULLA

    HASSAL’s
    corpuscle

    Hassal’s corpuscles are clusters of epithelireticular cells in the thymic medulla


    Hassal’s corpuscle

    Concentrically arranged epithelioreticular cells


    T lymphocyte: cellular (cell‐mediated) immunity

    The T cell response is MHC restricted


    T lymphocytes require interaction with an antigen presenting cell
    (APC) for antigen recognition (immunological synapse)

    TCR MHC

    T APC

    TCR= T cell receptor APC= antigen presenting cell


    T cell receptors are generated by
    Antigen fragment
    random rearrangement of
    encoding gene segments MHC= Major Histocompatibility Complex
    T lymphocyte education in the thymus

    T precursors
    move to the POSITIVE
    subcapsular
    region
    SELECTION:
    MHC recognition

    NEGATIVE
    CLP=lymphoid SELECTION:
    progenitor cell Selection and removal
    of autoreactive T
    lymphocytes

    Figure 14.28.
    NEGATIVE SELECTION:
    self‐antigen recognition induces apoptosis

    TCR
    Self antigen
    Self antigen

    MHC

    Export to Negative selection:


    periphery APOPTOSIS
    Blood‐thymus barrier
    The blood‐thymus barrier
    creates a foreign antigen‐
    free microenviroment in
    the thymus ‐ for negative
    selection:
    Perivascular connective
    tissue and
    epithelioreticular cells
    cover the outer surface of
    blood vessels
    Blood‐thymus
    barrier: layers

    • Endothelial cell
    • Endothelial cell basal lamina
    • Perivascular connective tissue
    • Basal lamina
    • Epithelioreticular cell

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