Internal Combustion Engines

Diesel Engines

Diesel injection, impacts on efficiency, emissions, power

Tiago Farias
 CICLO A 4 TEMPOS

Combustion

Intake Compression Injection Expansion Exhaust

Combustion in DIESEL engines

Combustion of a spray:
• Injection
• Dispersion/mixture with air
• Evaporation
• Auto-ignition
• Burn of fuel

Needs TIME!
3
Real Diesel Cycle

Effective work

Lost work
What about the hid? Diesel
What about the hid? Diesel vs SI, same Rc
What about the hid? Diesel , fast engine
What about the hid? Diesel vs SI
Combustion in DIESEL engines

Combustion of a spray:
• Injection
• Dispersion/mixture with air
• Evaporation
• Auto-ignition
• Burn of fuel

Needs TIME!
11
 Typical values
Maximum rotational speed and mean piston speed (approx.) at rated revs of modern engines
Taken from :
R. Van Basshuysen and F. Schäfer (eds): “Internal Combustion Engines: basics, components, systems and
perspectives”, SAE International, Warrendale, Pa.2004

Max. Speed Mean piston

Engine type
(rpm) speed (m/s)
Racing engine (Formula 1) 18 000 25
Small engines (two-stroke) 20 000 19

Motorcycle engines 13 500 19

Car SI engines 7 500 20

Car Diesel engines 5 000 15

Truck Diesel engines 4 200 14

Larger high-speed Diesel engines 2 200 13

Medium high-speed engines (Diesel) 1 200 10

Crosshead engines (two-stroke Diesel) 200 8
 Combustion in DIESEL engines

• PHYSICAL DELAY + CHEMICAL DELAY = IGNTION DELAY

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 REDUCE IGNTION DELAY:
• BETTER SPRAY, HIGHER PRESSURE OF INJECTION
• BETTER AIR FLOW IN THE ENGINE
• BETTER FUEL

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 • Common - Rail

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 • Common – Rail HDi: Grupo PSA

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 • Common – Rail HDi: PSA

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Medium engine, l = 15cm, bore = 12 cm
Vc = 1,7 litre (bus)
Ue = 12 m/s
Nmax= 12*60/2/0,15 = 2400 rpm

Small engine, l = 7,7 cm, bore = 8,6 cm

Vc = 0,45 litre (car)
Ue = m/s
Nmax= 14*60/2/0,077 = 5400 rpm

Large engine, l = 35 cm, bore = 25 cm

Vc = 17 litre (ship)
Ue = m/s
Nmax= 10*60/2/0,35 = 860 rpm
SISTEMAS DE PROPULSÃO DIESEL EM PESADOS
ANFITEATRO AM, 17H-18H30
FRIDAY, 11 DECEMBER 2015

Eng. José Manuel Meira Afonso

gestor da HYDRAPLAN
7 de dezembro – 16:30 às 18:00; sala FA2
Combustion in DIESEL engines

Combustion of a spray:
• Injection
• Dispersion/mixture with air
• Evaporation
• Auto-ignition
• Burn of fuel

Needs TIME!
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Swirl
SQUISH
Swirl
Quish and Swirl
 Quish and Swirl

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 Squish & Swirl

http://www.renault.pt/gama/veiculos-de-passageiros/scenic/novo-scenic/motorizacoes-energy/
 Internal Combustion Engines
Diesel Engines

Diesel injection, impacts on efficiency, emissions, power

Tiago Farias
Combustion: Diesel engines

Diesel combustion
• C10H18 + a (O2+3,76N2) -> 10 CO2 + yreH2O + zre N2
+ a HC + b CO + c NOx (NO;NO2) + particles

CO2 emissions ~ 3.17 kg CO2 /kgfuel

- Particles
- HC – unburned
- CO – incomplete combustion
- NOx – N2 + O2 + high Temp.

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Combustion in DIESEL engines

Combustion of a spray:
• Injection
• Dispersion/mixture with air
• Evaporation
• Auto-ignition
• Burn of fuel

Needs TIME!
36
Physical delay: dispersion, evaporation, mixture with air

Chemical delay: Arrhenius term

Cetane number: measures how fast combustion takes place.

2.ª revolução: sistema Common Rail
Componentes de sistemas common rail

Bosch: 1,100 and 2,200 bar; Denso: 2500 bar; futuro: 3000 bar
Pressão de injecção…a caminho dos 3000 bar
Injecção Diesel: cada vez mais complexa

Evolução do n.º de injecções por ciclo

(FIAT MultiJet diesel technology)
 Lambda in Diesel Engines
• Thermal limite vs smoke limit
 Lambda in Diesel Engines
• Thermal limite vs smoke limit

For same speed:

If l decreases:
- more fuel is injected
- Be, pe increases
- efficiency increases,
- temperature increases, and increases more for
small S/V (large engines)

If l starts approaching one

- difficulties in burning all fuel
 Lambda in Diesel Engines
• Thermal limite vs smoke limit

Minimum l depends on:

- S/V
- Turbocharging pressures
- Engine cooling system
- How you use the engine (constant load)
- The engine materials

For large engines, the thermal limit appears first (low S/V)

For small engines, with high squish and swirl, the smoke limit
is the limit
 Typical values
Effective mean pressure of modern engines
Taken from :
R. Van Basshuysen and F. Schäfer (eds): “Internal Combustion Engines: basics, components,
systems and perspectives”, SAE International, Warrendale, Pa.2004

Effective Mean
Engine type Pressure (bar)
up to
Motorcycle engines 12
Racing engines (Formula 1) 16
Car SI engines (without turbocharger) 13
Car SI engines (with turbocharger) 17
Truck Diesel engines (with
22
turbocharger)
Car Diesel engines (with
20
turbocharger)
Larger high-speed Diesel engines 30
Medium-speed Diesel engines 25
Crosshead engines (two-stroke
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Diesel)
Internal Combustion Engines
Diesel Engines

Engine Maps

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 Engine efficiency map

53
Internal Combustion Engines
Diesel Engines

emissions

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 Controlo de emissões

(HC, CO, NOx, PM)

NEDC ciclo de velocidade Europeu

EUDC
125

100
ECE
v (km/h)

75

50

25

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
t (s)

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Normas EURO Diesel e gasolina

Ciclo standard de homologação NEDC

www.dieselnet.com (g/km)
PM e Nox….. Uma dor de cabeça!
Pollutants in Diesel Engines

• Particles (PM)
• HC, CO,
• NOx
• CO2

Control combustion or…

• EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation)

• Particle filters

• NOx traps /SCR

• CO and HC oxidation catalytic converters

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Emissions: Diesel engines

Diesel combustion
• C12H23 + a (O2+3,76N2) -> 12 CO2 + yreH2O + zre N2
+ a HC + b CO + c NOx (NO;NO2) + particles

CO2 emissions ~ 3.16 kg CO2 /kgfuel

- Particles
- HC – unburned
- CO – incomplete combustion
- NOx – N2 + O2 + high Temp.

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EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation
EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Pollutants in Diesel Engines

• Particles (PM)
• HC, CO,
• NOx
• CO2

• EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation)

• Particle filters

• NOx traps

• CO and HC oxidation catalytic converters

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 Particle filters

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67
 Filtro de partículas (FAP - Peugeot)

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SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction
 DPF + SCR

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SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction
 Internal Combustion Engines
Diesel Engines

Diesel injection, impacts on efficiency, emissions, power

Tiago Farias