Immunology points

Molecules Actions secreted by/located on

T cell
IL-2 Th, naive T cell
differentiation

IL1, IL6, TNF Pro inflammatory

macrophages
alpha cytokines
Alpha IFN stimulate NK cells DC

IFN beta antiviral state by virus infected epithelial cells

Stimulate M1
IFN gamma Th1, NK cell
macrophages

IL 10, TGF beta Anti-inflammatory T reg, M2

Binds with B7(CD

CD28 naive T cell
80/86) on APC

O
Bind with CD40
CD 40L Tfh
on B cells

naive T cell
IL12 differentiate into
Th1

B
naive T cell
IL21 differentiate into
Tfh

O
CD 25/ IL2 Rc

Foxp3
absorb IL2

TF which
produces TGF
T reg

T reg
beta, IL10
negative signal,
CTLA4/PDL1 T reg, anergic T cell
binds to b7
binds to CD28 on
B7(CD 80/86) DC
T cell
activation induced
1.somatic mutation (and affinity maturation) in variable
AID cytidine
region gene 2.class switching in constant region gene
deaminase

Points

Immunology points 1
 enfmutation andanimals
humans
antigenic drift= mutation, antigenic shift= zoonosis

passive immunotherapies
serum therapy against tetanus
antibody therapy for corona virus
u
purpose of vaccines
prevention of infection
prevention of severe disease progression

____ vaccines may be more effective for prevention of respiratory infection

Nasal
borin sa
sc or im only produce IgG which can only prevent severe disease progression

Tae
biological therapies such as anti____ are used for severe asthma
IseandEamonn
anti IL4/IL13/ IL5

anti TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin)

Antithymicstronalynnnuncietin
___ inhibit virus replication

Onita
type 1 IFN

NK cells kill ___ negative cells such as virus and cancer cells
MHC1

T cells are exhausted byChronic

____
Agstimulation
chronic Ag stimulation (virus and cancer cells

Dun
CD40
p ___ determine Ig isotypes
____ signals induce AID expression in ___ cells,Energia

Cytecint
germinal center B
cytokines

___is the only APC that can activate naive T cells

dendritic cell

B cells and macrophage stimulate ___

memory cells

alternative name for DC

Immunology points 2
 innate lymphoid cell ILC

Affnity maturation means

Ab becomes high affinity

hypermutation occurs in ___ region and causes__

attitutatio
variable, affinity maturation

C
class/isotype switching occurs in___ region and causes___
isotype swithin
constant
different types of Ab

Role of IL2
T cell differentiation and proliferation via JAK-STAT pathway
IL2 is secreted by Th cells

H
which part of IL2 R has high affinity to IL2
induced alpha subunit
beta and gamma are constitutively expressed
nomanit
difference between mama
NK cells and CTL towards virus infected and tumor cells
NK cells kill cells which lost their MHC 1
CTL kill cells that express viral epitopes on MHC1

2 characteristics of DC

1. cross-priming/presentation: can present EC peptides on MHC1 (normally,

endogenously synthesized peptides on MHC1)

O
2. only APC which can stimulate naive T cells

cells which are doing immune surveillance

NK, DC, Ab in ISF interctitialfinin
immature B cells in LN
unringtentpenictan
how does HSV evade immune

O
HSV expresses ICP which blocks TAP transporter which transports viral proteins
(processed by proteasomes) into ER which are then loaded onto nascent MHC1
on ER and translocated to CM so that CTL can attack

2 types of macrophages

ICP Tan
Immunology points 3
 blond
Adult
1. monocyte derived

2. tissue resident Fatu

what does Ag processing mean
cleaves Ag into epitopes

difference between ILC and Th cell

ILC: innate, no Ag receptor

Th cell: adaptive, Ag receptor (TCR)

what mutation causes SCID

ItinsthTypethyperan

Prana
common gamma mutation (c r)
aliaskinprivetat
what does RAST mean

what inflammation shortens life span

o
chronic

TCR Vs BCR

TCR vs BCR Ifan

Immunology points 4
 low affinity BCR expressing GC B cells→ apoptosis

High affinity→ survive

For T cells, if TCR have high avidity to self Ag and self MHC→ apoptosis
(self-reactive)

low avidity→ survive

MHC 1 Vs MHC2

B cells deal with antigens ____ the cells (___).

OUTSIDE: within the plasma, lymph, or interstitial fluids

T cells deal with antigens (particularly proteins) that are found __ cells of the
host.

inside

functions of CD4 and CD8

Act as adhesion molecules

CD4 binds to MHC2, while TCR binds to peptide Ag

CD8 binds to MHC1 while TCR binds to peptide Ag

E
DiGeorge Syndrome
congenital abnormality in which thymus does not develop or not produce mature
T cells

overview of HsR

Immunology points 5
 SCID

Most cases of SCID are due to mutations in the IL2RG gene

encoding the common gamma chain (γ c) (CD132), a protein that is shared by
the receptors for interleukins IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. These
interleukins and their receptors are involved in the development and
differentiation of T and B cells. É

autosomal recessive SCID→ due to ADA adenosine deaminase deficiency

X linked SCID→ due to common gamma of IL2 receptor mutation

T cell dependent vs independent Ag/B cell activation

T cell independent→ only low affinity Ig M (no CD40L induced class switching)

T cell dependent→ class switch→ Ig G, A, E

Immunology points 6
 different types of Ag processing

endogenous Ag→ by proteasome→ MHC1

exogenous Ag→ endosome→ lysosome→ phagolysosome→MHC2

ÉÉ
How does immune differentiate self and non self

danger signals (PAMPs and DAMPs)

how are vaccines designed

Viral epitope (Ag)+ adjuvant (danger signal: aluminium)

mRNA vaccine→ no need adjuvant because mRNA has adjuvant activity

(can stimulate PRR: TLR 7?)

difference between Ab and TCR

Ab→ only recognize surface molecules

TCR→ can detect abnormalities inside cells??

I
Target MHC inhibit NK cells via KIR

both CD4 and 8 have IL2 receptor

naive T cell surface molecules1

1. TCR/CD3 complex

2. CD 4

3. IL2 receptor ( high affinity alpha subunit: binding to IL2, beta and gamma:
signalling)

4. CTLA4? (on naive T cells)

AIA
5. PD1 on effector T cells

____ induce somatic hypermutation and class switching

AID activation induced cytidine deaminase

AID has RNA editing ability

T cell dependent and independent Ab

T dependent→ in germinal center B cells→ need CD40-40L signaling→

AID→ somatic hypermutation and class switching→ high affinity specific Ab

Immunology points 7
 T independent→ in marginal zone B1 cells→ TLR/foreign Ag driven→ low

I
affinity polyreactive IgM only
am
___ signals induce AID in GC B cells and ___ determine Ig isotypes

CD 40→ cause class switch

cytokines→ determine what type

___ promote terminal differentiation of B cells into long lived PC and memory B
cells

Germinal center reactions

dark zone→ B cell proliferation (when activated by Ag and Tfh)→ somatic

mutation

light zone→ selection of high affinity B cells→ class switching

what happens during T dependent Ab response

B and T cells independently recognize same Ag (linked recognition)

white and red pulp of spleen

white pulp (central arteriole??)

follicles→ B cells (B1→ Ig M→ encapsulated bacteria such as

Streptococcus pneumoniae)

PALS→ T cells

Red pulp 75%

RBCs (vessels?) and monocytes→ filter RBCs and bacteria and

macrophages phagocytose them

find
TCRs are monovalent (1 Ag BS), BCRs are bivalent

AIRE mutation causes___

2antigen
autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) eg DM1

what does Foxp3 do

TF for IGF beta and IL10

Asthma types
try
y
Type 2→ due to Th2+ ILC2→ IL4, 13, 5→ Ig E and eosinophils

Tum 2 the
Immunology points 8
 It 17
non type 2→ due to Th 17+ ILC3→ IL17

M2
Th1 enhance __ macrophages and TH2 enhance____

M1
M2

B1 cells are found in

marginal zone

Th1 express ___ and ___

1. CD40L

2. IFN gamma

3. IL2

4. cause Ig G class switch

__ and ___ induce iNOS expression and activate NADPH oxidase in M1

macrophages→ kill IC bacteria

1. TLR signals

2. IFN gamma from Th1

3. CD40 signals on M1 cells

not only Th but also CD8 T cells have subsets

9 an
CD 40 is present on B cells and M1 macrophages

prolonged Th1 reaction to tuberculosis→ induce___

A
it
granulomas

Tai
ICAM
Mammon
intercellular adhesion molecule

function: leukocyte recruitment

eh

In
location: endothelial and immune cells

ITAM
reuptu
immuno trainbasedactivationmotif
immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif

function: stimulate MAPK, ZAP70 kinase signaling→ cytokines

ITAM binds to CD3 epsilon, delta, gamma, zeta chains in TCR-CD3C

Immunology points 9
 PRRs

on cell membrane

1. TLR 4→ LPS of GNB

2. TLR 1/2→ peptidoglycan of GPB

3. lectin→ mannose

on endosome membrane

1. TLR 3→ dsDNA or dsRNA of virus

2. TLR7→ ssRNA of virus

Em
3. TLR9→ CpG DNA of GNB

in cytosol

1. NLR→ peptidoglycan

2. RGR→ viral RNA

3. Cytosolic DNA sensor (CDS)→ microbial DNA

PAMPs

virus

1. dsDNA

2. ssRNA

3. glycoproteins

GNB

1. LPS

2. CpG DNA

3. Peptidoglycan

4. Porin

5. Flagellin→ TLR5

GPB

1. peptidoglycan

2. lipoteichoic acid

3. lipoprotein

Immunology points 10
 4. dNA

Fungi

1. beta glucan

B
2. mannan

3. zymosan

IPEX syndrome

Immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked is a rare

disease linked to the dysfunction of the gene encoding transcription factor
forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), widely considered to be the master regulator of
the regulatory T cell lineage.[5][6]It leads to the dysfunction of CD4+regulatory T-
cells and the subsequent autoimmunity. The disorder is one of the autoimmune
polyendocrine syndromes and manifests with autoimmune
enteropathy, psoriasiform or eczematous
dermatitis
, nail dystrophy
, autoimmune endocrinopathies
, and autoimmune skin conditions such as alopecia universalis
and bullous pemphigoid
.[7][2]
Management for IPEX has seen limited success in treating the syndrome
by bone marrow transplantation
.

both AIRE mutation and Foxp3 mutation cause APS (autoimmune

polyendocrinopathy syndrome) called IPEX in case of Foxp3

DAMPs (self molecules: denatured)

O podagra
monosodium urate in Gout; podagra

neutrophils and psoriasis

podagra
Psoriasis is a long-lasting, noncontagious autoimmune disease characterized by
raised areas of abnormal skin.

The abundant presence of neutrophils in the psoriatic skin lesions serves

as a typical histopathologic hallmark of psoriasis
. Recent reports indicated that oxidative stress, granular components, and
neutrophil extracellular traps from psoriatic neutrophils are related to the initial
and maintenance phases of psoriasis.

Immunology points 11
 RT
naive T cells express surface molecules __ and __ and their counterparts on
HEVs

naive T cells→ CCR(chemokine and CK receptor)→ binds to CCL19,21 on HEV

E
naive T cells→ L selectin (adhesion molecule)→ binds to PNAd on HEV

naive T cells express CCR 7 and activated T cells express CXCR5

naive T cells express CTLA4 and effector T cells express PD1

___ induce sterile inflammation in various non infectious diseases like gout

DAMPs

inflammasomes

o
multiprotein complexes that produce inflammatory cytokines: IL1 beta, IL18

T cells can detect changes inside cancer cells

mutation of ___ leads to autoinflammatory diseases and give eg

related molecules in inflammasomes

eg. Familial Mediterranean Fever FMF

which TF produces inflammatory cytokines in innate cells

o
NF kB

where are pDCs localized and what do they produce

tonsils

o
high amount of IFN-a

MHC 1 Vs MHC 2

Immunology points 12
 secondary immunodeficiency is caused by ___

cancer and chemotherapy

3 mechanisms of T cell anergy (Ag specific unresponsiveness)

types of vaccine

Immunology points 13
 1. weakened

2. inactivated

3. recombinant

4. DNA/RNA

5. viral vector

what are passive immunotherapies

serum therapy against tetanus

Ab therapy for corona virus

Various connective tissue diseases are due to___ Ab

antinuclear Ab/anti DNA Ab

lupus nephritis may be caused by___

immune complex (Type 3 HSR) with anti dsDNA Ab

hot vs cold tumor

what is combination therapy

on
anti PD1 Ab+ anti CTLA4 Ab or other cancer therapy

dark and light zones of GC

dark zone→
rn
O
pDC have no Ag presenting ability, cDC have

both neutrophil and macrophages have ___ granules

azurophil→ contains defensin and cathelicidin for inflammatory response

which enzyme mediates NETosis

PAD 4 Peptidylarginine deaminase: converts Arg to Citrulline→ citrullination of

histones promotes NET formation

what does anti CCP Ab cause

rheumatoid arthritis

KAR Vs KIR where are they located

NKa KIN vHe
Killer cell activating receptor→ cytolysis (perforin, granzymes), cytokine
production
KIR(killer cell Ig like inhibitory receptor) → bound by MHC1→ stops cytolysis

Immunology points 14
 NK cells

autoinflammatory diseases

1. familial Mediterranean fever→ due to MEFV gene mutation

2. PFAPA syndrome (Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis,

adenitis)→ due to CARD8 frameshift mutation

types of B cells in LN

1. follicular B cells

2. Germinal center B cells

3. marginal B1 cells

__ is T cell marker

CD3

___ is B cell marker

CD20/19

___ is monocyte marker

CD 14

Otay
___ control virus replication at the early phase of virus infection

Type 1 IFN and NK cells

Immunology points 15