EDUC 1- Child and Adolescent Development

Name: Marmina Grace T. Lambaco Date submitted: Sept. 02 2023

ACTIVITY 1
Learning Objectives:

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Operationally define human development.

2. Describe the basic periods of development.
3. Describe the developmental tasks in each developmental stages.
4. Describe the different domains of development.

Research on the following and answer the following questions.

1) What is human development in your own words?
o My definition of Human Development is the process of an individual’s growth and
change throughout his/her life, whereas it takes place from birth to maturity. Human
development is a continuous process; it does not end in adulthood nor in late
adulthood rather it continues throughout one’s lifetime. Even if a person reaches the
age of seniority, that person does not deteriorate rather he or she has gained and is
gaining many experiences and learning from his/her past. Therefore, that person is
still developing the mental, cognitive, emotional, and spiritual aspects of his/her life.
2) Briefly describe the different periods of development.
o In the study of Erik Erikson, he examined human development through the impact of
social experiences on an individual’s life and he concluded the eight stages of human
development, which are the following:
1. Infancy, is the first stage of human development it is the most crucial part of
out of all stages because it is where human development begins. Parents play a
big part in this stage because infants develop trust and mistrust at this stage.
2. Toddlerhood, the second stage of human development, toddlers begin to
experience and develop a sense of autonomy, for they are starting to learn how
to be independent, at this stage they also start to feel shame and doubt.
3. Preschool Years, the third stage of human development, at this stage the child
is more likely assertive, especially in his/her emotions, they begin to feel guilt
and question actions done by an adult or kids around them, in order for a child
to grow with confidence, this assertiveness must be greeted with positive
reactions.
4. Early School Years, the fourth stage of human development, the child begins
to develop their self-esteem and starts to compare themselves to their peers,
they are starting to realize their self-worth from their peers. The inferiority
complex may start at this stage of their life.
5. Adolescence, at this stage “identity crisis and role confusion” may occur, the
child begins to discover his/her sense of identity, and he/she may also learn
how to set up his/her goals based on his/her interest. At this stage, parents and
guardians must remain as guides to their children and not assert maximal
influence to avoid role confusion.
 6. Young Adulthood, at this stage individual starts to seek committed
relationships, romantically and socially. Young adults tend to solidify
relationships and even marriages.
7. Middle Adulthood, at this stage generativity and stagnation, occur,
Individuals at this stage may struggle with their position in society, and some
may be leaving their marks or legacies and some may feel worthless. Many of
this stage are either pursuing their careers or tending to their family.
8. Late Adulthood, integrity, and despair occur in this stage, adults who reach
the late stage of their life tend to reflect on their experiences, some may share
wisdom and others may feel regret and shame about their experiences.
3) Who is Robert J. Havighurst?
o Robert J. Havighurst is a psychologist who identified and developed the 6
stages of life, he is also the proponent who theorized the developmental task
between the years of 1948 and 1953. He is also the author of the book, Human
Development and Education published in 1952 which he is known for the
phrase “teachable moments”, he is known before Erik Erikson but his work
was popularized after the work of Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget.
4) What is developmental task theory?
o According to Havighurst development task theory is a task that is learned at a
specific point and which makes the achievement of a succeeding task possible.
With the right timing, the ability of an individual to learn a particular task can
be possible which this phrase referred to as a “teachable moment”. Havighurst
defined his development task theory as a stage of development and provided a
particular task for each stage. In each stage, if the child completes the correct
task and at the correct time, the child will be happy and accepted by society on
the contrary if a child fails on a certain task or does not achieve the task at the
right time, the child will be unhappy and isolated in the society.
5) Briefly describe each stage in Havighurst Theory.
o Havighurst articulated 6 stages of development and these are the following;
1. Infancy Stage and Early childhood – ages between 0-6 years, the child in
this stage should be learning how to walk, talk, toilet training, and learn
the foundations of reading.
2. Middle Childhood- ages between 6-12 years old, the child learns to use
physical skills necessary for ordinary games, get along, and play with
children of the same age, achieving personal independence, and
Recognizing what society deems as masculine or feminine social roles.
3. Adolescence – ages between 13-18 years old, the teenager learns to accept
one physical body as it goes through changes, preparing for partnership
and family life, preparing for an economic career, and acquiring a set of
values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior; developing an
ideology.
4. Early Adulthood – ages between 19-30 years old, the adult at this stage is
probably finding a partner, achieving a preferred masculine and feminine
social role, managing a home, starting a family, beginning a career, and
taking a civic responsibility.
5. Middle Age – ages between 31-60 years old, adults at this stage are
probably achieving adult civic and social responsibility, assisting teenage
children to become responsible and happy adults, developing adult leisure-
time activities, and accepting and adjusting to physiological changes or
middle age.
 6. Later Maturity – ages between 61- and death, the adult at this stage is
probably adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health, adjusting to
retirement, and meeting social and civil obligations.
6) Briefly discuss the different domains of development.
o According to Dianna Fryer who is a Child development program training
curriculum specialist, there are five critical domains in a child's development,
those are social, emotional, physical, cognitive, and language. It is important
for a parent to be both mentally and physically supportive of their child for it
will affect the different domains of the development of a child.
In the physical domain, this is characterized as the development of a
child’s motor skills by taking part in physical activities outdoors.
In the social domain, parents can meet their children’s social needs by
providing them with opportunities to explore through playgroups and
sporting activities where they can meet different kinds of people.
In the emotional domain, at an early age parents should learn to
encourage the emotions of a child and not to neglect negative emotions
such as sadness, parents should provide a positive outlook and point of
view for the child, helping them cope with the negative emotions such
sadness, jealousy, and discouragement.
Cognitive and Language, parents can address the child’s cognitive and
language by actively interacting with their children, in can be through
talking, singing, playing, family-style eating or by pretending playing
and games, according to Fryer “they can meet their children’s
cognitive and language needs by the sound of fluent reading and
direction of reading as they into toddlers.

ANALYSIS and APPLICATION:

1) What do you understand about teachable moments?
o In my opinion as I was studying the theory of Havighurst, teachable moments
are the ability or the possibility of an individual to learn a particular task at the
right time. In this theory, I believe that time is of the essence in each and every
stage of life, a person should not delay his/her learning and tasks in each stage,
or else that person will be isolated or out of place in society. At each stage,
individuals are teachable provided that they are at the right time or at the right
stage. Development task theory is more like a guide to an individual in each
and every stage, I also believe that this theory is inaccurate because when we
see it from an empirical view, most individual does not have to follow the
timeline in order to be successful, some of the adult blooms differently in
different timelines. Most adults are successful in starting their careers in
middle adulthood, and other individuals are responsible for starting their
families in adolescence.
2) Which developmental task do you think is the most difficult during early adulthood
and why?
o Two of the development task that I think is difficult to achieve during early
adulthood are managing a home or having a family, and starting a career, since
early adulthood is a transition from an adolescent who is finding his/her
identity, to adulthood who is slowly settling down and making a living. Due to
the pressure of society and the competitive market of professionals, most of
 the individuals who are in early adulthood have experienced different kinds of
crises, such as unemployment, changing careers, not finding a suitable partner
and many more. Early Adulthood is one of the most difficult and challenging
stages of life, since it is the start of the individual's experience of becoming an
adult, most of the decisions of these individuals are still unsettling since some
are relying on their parents for better guidance as an adult. Early adulthood is
the most critical stage in life because, one must always present his/her best
foot forward towards his/her future, making mistakes and failing is difficult to
reverse or cope with since some of these adults have a responsibility to
uphold. That is why starting a career is difficult because at this stage many
adults experience failures in achieving their goals, and getting married is
difficult because of the financial incapacity of these adults.
3) Reflect on your childhood, middle, and late childhood days. Were you able to acquire
the developmental tasks of early, middle, and late childhood? What facilitated your
acquisition of the ability to perform such tasks?
o Yes, I believe that during my childhood, I achieved most of the development
tasks as described by Havighurst. My parents are the ones who helped me the
most in achieving or acquiring the ability to perform such tasks since they
have given me the freedom for self-discovery and provided me with guidance
in every stage of my life. As I tried to remember my past, both of my parents
supported me in pursuing my interests as a child since I was taught early to
read books, My parents bought me different kinds of storybooks and even
encouraged me to try physical activities such as dancing, sports and even
singing. My school teachers, on the other hand, enhanced my skills and
abilities as a child, they encouraged me to join local and national competitions
for math quizzes, essay writing, and poem recital. I believe that parents and
teachers should work hand in hand in helping students to acquire the ability to
perform the task in the development task theory.
4) How does your knowledge of the different developmental stages and tasks affect your
role as a facilitator of learning?
o My knowledge of different developmental stages helped me understand the
stages of life of a child, these theories and studies will serve as my guide as a
facilitator of learning since I have now a broad understanding of the
development stages that a child may undergo. If I become a teacher someday,
different kinds of strategies that I will apply to provide what is lacking for a
child, Further research would also be conducted, since learning is a process. It
is also important to apply the different domains of development in teaching
students in order to provide supplemental care to each individual, it is
necessary to have an equitable classroom to make students feel safe in sharing
their knowledge and opinions. Furthermore, as a teacher, I would make my
classroom a platform to perceive personal independence for students to share
their thoughts about society, it would be more like a school of thought type of
teaching, where I would encourage them to exercise their High order thinking
skills. The type of discussion will be like a Socratic type of teaching method,
to hone students to think in high order and to grind them to become more
successful and brilliant individual in the future.