ACS MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
PAPER – I
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
CELL, CELLULAR ORGANELLES AND MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
ESSAY
1. Define cell. Write in detail about various cell organelles
SHORT NOTES
1. Fluid mosaic model of Plasma Membrane
2. Active transport and Passive transport mechanism across membranes /
different types of ion channels
3. Transport system with diagram
VERY SHORT ANSWERS
1. Mitochondria
2. Lysosomes
3. Peroxisomes
4. Marker enzymes
5. Cytoskeleton
6. Functions of Golgi Body and Endoplasmic Reticulum

EXTRA CELLULAR MATRIX

SHORT NOTES
1. Collagen
VERY SHORT ANSWER
1. Prions
2. Alzheimer’s disease
ENZYMES
ESSAY
1. Define enzymes. Classification of enzymes
2. Factors influencing enzyme action
 3. Mechanism of enzyme action
4. Types of enzyme inhibition
SHORT NOTES
1. Co-enzyme
2. Active site
3. Enzyme Regulation
4. Iso-enzymes with example
5. Allosteric regulation with example
6. Describe the importance of serum enzymes in diagnosis of diseases.
7. Enzymes patterns in Myocardial Infarction and liver disease.
8. Indicate the use of enzyme study in 1) heaptobiliary disease2) bone disease
3) muscle disease 4) pancreatic disease
VERY SHORT NOTES
1. Therapeutic uses of enzymes
2. Km value & its significance
3. Enzyme specificity
4. Co factors
5. Suicide inhibition
6. Drugs that act by competitive inhibition of enzymes
7. Non competitive inhibition – organophosphorous/ cyanide poisoining

CARBOHYDRATES CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM

ESSAY
1. Define polysaccharides. Classify them with examples.
2. Gluconeogenesis definition, substrates involved site, pathway &
regulation
3. Glycogenesis & Glycogenolysis  definition, site, pathway, energetics &
regulation
4. What is the normal fasting and postprandial blood glucose level. Discuss
the role of diet& hormones on blood glucose. How does the liver & muscle
regulate blood glucose level?
 5. Diabetes mellitus types, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and
complications
6. Glycolysis definition, importance, site, pathway, energetics & regulation
7. TCA cycle  definition, importance, site, pathway, energetics &
regulation
SHORT NOTES
1. Define carbohydrates and classify them with suitable examples
2. Derivatives of monosaccharides.
3. Disaccharides.
4. Mucopolysaccharides.
5. Definition, site& overview of HMP shunt
6. Significance of HMP shunt (or) Pentose phosphate pathway
7. Glycogen storage diseases
8. Define hypoglycemia, causes and clinical manifestation.
9. GTT
10. Source, pathway & fate of galactose
11. Galactosemia
12. Sources, pathway of fructose & its disorder
13. Glucose transporters – types, functions,tissue specificity & physiological
relevance
14. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
15. Amphibolic nature of TCA cycle
16. Anaplerotic role of TCA cycle
VERY SHORT ANSWERS
1. Epimers
2. Anomers
3. Mutarotation
4. D and L isomers
5. d and l isomers / optical isomers
6. Benedict’s test.
7. Why sucrose is a non reducing sugar
8. Inversion of sucrose.
9. Mucopolysaccharidoses
10. Lactose intolerance.
11. Glycogen
 12. Significance of 2,3 BPG
13. Cori cycle/ glucose alanine cycle
14. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
15. Role of liver & muscle glycogen
16. UDP glucoronic acid
17. HbA1c
18. Renal glycosuria
19. Renal threshold for glucose
20. Importance of uronic acid pathway
21. Essential pentouria
22. Polyol pathway
23. Microalbuminuria
24. Substrate level phosphorylation
25. Rapapport leubering cycle
26. Dietary fibres
27. Lactic acidosis
28. Clinical importance of inhibition of enolose by fluoride
29. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
30. ADA criteria for diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus.
31. Gestational Diabetes – definition & diagnosis.
32. Insulin resistance.
33. Impaired fasting glucose.
34. Impaired glucose tolerance.
35. ORS in the treatment of dehydration
36. Diabetic ketoacidosis
37. Serum lipid profile in Diabetes Mellitus.
38. Metabolic syndrome
39. Von gierke’s disease
40. Mc ardles disease
41. Importance of fructose in seminal fluid

LIPID CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM

ESSAY
1. Classification of fatty acids.
 2. Classify lipids with suitable examples. Add a note on function of lipids
3. What are the different types of oxidation of fatty acids . Write in detail the
steps involved in beta oxidation, energetics and the disorders related to
fatty acid oxidation. Role of carnitine.
4. Give an account on Fatty acid synthesis & its regulation
5. What is normal cholesterol level? Give an overview of the synthesis,
regulation & Clinical importance of Cholesterol
6. Give an overview on the metabolism of different Lipoproteins with their
normal values. Add a note on Hyper lipoproteinemias
SHORT NOTES
1. Essential fatty acids.
2. Different types of phospholipids
3. Functions of phospholipids.
4. Eicosanoids
5. Synthesis of prostaglandins.
6. Therapeutic uses of prostaglandins
7. Describe the Digestion & Absorption of fat in our body.
8. Write about synthesis, utilization & Regulation of Ketone bodies. Add a
note on ketoacidosis
9. Metabolism in Adipose tissue
10. Phospholipids & Phospholipases
11. Prostaglandin Synthesis & its Therapeutic functions.
12. Products formed from cholesterol / derivatives of cholesterol.
13. Regulation of cholesterol – enzymes, hormones & drugs.
14. Metabolism of TAG
15. Lipid storage disease
16. Define glycolipids and classification and their function
17. Chylomicron metabolism / exogenous pathway
18. VLDL, LDL metabolism/ Endogenous pathway
19. HDL metabolism / reverse cholesterol pathway
20. Metabolism of alcohol & alterations induced alcohol
21. Association of increased LDL and atherosclerosis
 22. Anti atherogenic effect of HDL

VERY SHORT NOTES

1. PUFA.
2. Saponification number & its significance.
3. Iodine number.
4. Rancidity.
5. Liposomes.
6. Micelle formation.
7. Lung surfactant / Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
8. Action of phospholipases.
9. Glycosides
10. Malate shuttle
11. Lipoproteins – structure & types.
12. Apo proteins.
13. Thromboxane.
14. Leukotrienes
15. Lecithin Cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT)
16. Lipoprotein Lipase
17. Hormone Sensitive Lipase
18. CETP
19. Name the bile acids & give their source & function
20. Lipoprotein (a)
21. Aspirin as antiplatelet drug( NSAIDS)
22. Fatty liver
23. Lecithin
24. Amphipathic lipids
25. Dietary sources of saturated FA,MUFA ,PUFA
26. Phosphotidyl inositol
27. Importance of omega 3 & 6 fatty acids
28. Cis & trans fatty acid , health hazards of trans fatty acid
29. Health hazards with high cholesterol level
30. Steatorrhoea
31. Refsums disease
 32. zellweger’s disease
33. Name the primary and secondary bile salts & bile acids
34. Jamaican vomiting sickness
35. SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome )
36.Lipotropic factors
37. Atherosclerosis
38. Clinical significance of Lecithin/Sphingomyelin ratio
39. Brown adipose tissue
40. Cerebrosides & gangliosides
41. Role of bile in lipid digestion & absorption.
42. Source of acetyl coA
43. Functions of cholesterol

BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION

SHORT NOTES

1. High energy compounds

2. Components of ETC
3. Inhibitors of ETC
4. Chemiosmotic theory
5. Oxidative phosphorylation

VERY SHORT ANSWERS

1. Uncouplers
2. ATP – ADP cycle
3. Two ways of synthesis of ATP
4. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation
5. ATP synthase
6. Cytochrome p450
 VITAMINS
ESSAY
1. Structure, Source, RDA,Absorption & transport, Biochemical functions &
Deficiency manifestations of Vitamin A
2. Structure, Source, RDA, formation of calcitrol (Metabolism), Biochemical
functions & Deficiency manifestations of Vitamin D
3. Source, RDA, chemistry, Biochemical functions & Deficiency
manifestations of Thiamine (sulphur containing vitamin/neurotrophic
vitamin)
4. Source, RDA, chemistry, Biochemical functions & Deficiency
manifestations of vitamin B12 (neurotrophic vitamin)
5. Source, RDA, chemistry, Biochemical functions & Deficiency
manifestations of Folic acid
6. Source, RDA, chemistry, Biochemical functions & Deficiency
manifestations of vitamin C
SHORT NOTES

1. Wald’s Visual Cycle

2. RDA, Biochemical functions & source of Vitamin E
3. Source, structure, RDA. Biochemical functions of Vitamin K
4. Vitamin K cycle & Vitamin K antagonists
5. How does vitamin D acts as a hormone
6. Role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis.
7. Write in detail about biotin (sulphur containig vitamin) catalysed reactions
8. Sources, RDA, biochemical functions, & deficiency manifestation,
coenzyme forms of pyridoxine
9. Sources, RDA, biochemical functions, & deficiency manifestation,
coenzyme forms of B3
10. Sources, RDA, biochemical functions, & deficiency manifestation,
coenzyme forms of B2
11. Sources, RDA, biochemical functions, & deficiency manifestation,
coenzyme forms of pantothenic acid
 12. Beri beri
13. Absorption of vitamin B12 & its role in folic acid metabolism

VERY SHORT ANSWERS

1. Hypervitaminosis
2. Which enzyme activities are measured for detecting B1(refer pg. No 139
in satyanarayana) & B2(refer pg. No 142 in satyanarayana) status.
3. Active forms of vitamin B2 & B3
4. Why do we supplement B6 in treatment of of tuberculosis
5. Active form of B5 & its function
6. Pellagra
7. Folate trap or Interrelationship between vitamin B12 & Folic acid
8. Folate antagonists. Why do we advocate folic acid supplementation during
preconception
9. Coenzyme form of vitamin B12 & Folic acid
10. Rationale of combining B12 & folic acid in treatment of megaloblastic
anemia
11. Burning foot syndrome
12. Name coenzymes of vitamin B12 & their role in metabolism with example.
13. Compare fat & water soluble vitamins
14. Lipoic acid
15. Antiriboflavinosis

NUTRITION

SHORT ANSWERS
1. BMR – definition, factors influencing BMR
2. Protein energy malnutrition
3. Nitrogen balance
 4. Obesity & BMI
5. Limiting aminoacid
6. Glycemic index of food
7. SDA of foods
8. Balanced diet
9. Biological value of protein
10. Net protein utilization
11. RQ

MINERALS

ESSAY

1. Sources, RDA, normal level, biochemical functions, regulation,

absorption & clinical manifestation of calcium disorders.
SHORT NOTES

1. Wilson’s disease
2. SourcesRDA,Biochemical functions of zinc & its deficiency
3. SourcesRDA, biochemical functions, Mucosal block theory (absorption
of iron), transport, storage & deficiency manifestation of iron metabolism

4. Sources, RDA, Biochemical functions of fluoride.

5. Phosphorus

VERY SHORT ANSWERS

1. Fluorosis
2. Hemosiderosis / iron overload
3. Menke’s disease
4. Functions of selenium
5. Iron deficiency anemia
6. Biochemical functions of copper
7. Functions of Mg & Mn
8. Heme containing proteins
9. Iodine