‫‪Endocrine‬‬

‫د‪.‬عصام المعلمي‬
‫تقديم د‪ .‬محمود الرفاعي‬
‫عضو هيئة التدريس بقسم التشريح‬
‫كلية الطب والعلوم الصحية‬

‫جامعة العلوم والتكنولوجيا‬

 Parathyroid Glands
• SUPERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS
• The two superior parathyroid glands lie behind the middle of
the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

• INFERIOR PARATHYROID GLANDS

• The two inferior parathyroid glands lie close to the inferior
poles of the thyroid gland (sometimes found some distance
below in the superior mediastinum).
 CLINICAL NOTES
• CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
• The parathyroid glands lie within the fascial capsule of the
thyroid gland and are at risk during thyroidectomy
operations.

• BLOOD SUPPLY
• The superior and the inferior thyroid arteries.
SUPRARENAL (ADRENAL) GLANDS
• The right and left suprarenal glands (suprarenal glands) are
endocrine glands, which lie anterior and superior to the
medial aspect of the upper pole of the kidneys, at the level of
T12.
• The glands measure up to 5 cm in length and asymmetrical in
shape.
 The right adrenal gland usually has an “arrow-head”
configuration and does not reach the hilum of the kidney.
• It lies posterior to the IVC and bare area of the liver, and
anterior to the right crus of the diaphragm.
right adrenal gland
 The left adrenal gland may have a crescentic configuration
and reach the hilum of the kidney.
• It lies along the anteromedial aspect of the left upper pole of
kidney, between the upper pole and the renal hilum.
• It lies anterior to the left crus of the diaphragm and posterior
to the pancreas, splenic vessels and the stomach.
left adrenal gland
 Blood Supply
 ARTERIES
• Branches from the inferior phrenic artery, the aorta, and the
renal arteries supply these glands.
 VEINS
• There is a single vein on each side.
• The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava;
the left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein.
superior suprarenal
arteries

middle
suprarenal artery

inferior
suprarenal artery
 Pancreas
• The pancreas is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.
• It is an structure that lies on the posterior abdominal wall behind
the stomach and behind the peritoneum.
• It may be divided into a head, a neck, a body, and a tail .
• The head is disc shaped and lies within the concavity of the C-
shaped duodenum.
• The uncinate process is a projection to the left from the lower part
of the head behind the superior mesenteric vessels.
• The neck is narrow and connects the head to the body; it lies in
front of the beginning of the portal vein.
• The body passes upward and to the left across the midline,
• and the tail extends to the hilum of the spleen in the splenico-
renal ligament.
 tail

body
neck

head
 PANCREATIC DUCTS

• The main pancreatic duct transverses the whole length of the

pancreas.
• As it leaves the pancreas it lies medial to the bile duct, and
together forming an elavationin the second part of the
doudenum called(ampulla)and open into on the major
duodenal papilla.
• The main duct also sometimes drains separately into the
duodenum.
• The accessory duct (if present) drains the upper part of the
head and opens into the duodenum on the minor duodenal
papilla.
 Accessory pancreatic duct

minor duodenal papilla

main pancreatic duct

Common) bile duct

major duodenal papilla

Ampulla of Vater
 BLOOD SUPPLY
• Arteries
1. The pancreatic branches from splenic artery and
2. the superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries from the celiac
artery and
3. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries from superior
mesentric artery.
• Veins
• The pancreatic veins drain into the portal vein.
 splenic artery

hepatic artery

Superior
pancreaticoduodenal

Pancreatic branches

superior mesentric artery

Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal
ERCP image showing the intrahepatic biliary tree, the common
bile duct. The cystic duct, which is characteristically tortuous,
runs from the gall bladder
 Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
Thank
You