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Chapter 11. The
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\ba Bistmrihjc Lavacmp`akt mo Jrts

Iktrmluhtimk7

 
\ba ukajrtbikd mo jrhbamcmdihjc jrtiojhts jkl ra`jiks prmvilas `mlark smhiaty j
dci`psa mo tba faciaos, prjhtihas, jkl jhtivitias mo ajrcy hivicizjtimks. \ba `mtivas jkl
rajsmks fabikl tba hrajtimk mo jkhiakt `jtarijcs suhb js shucpturas, pjiktikds, jkl

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jrhbitahturjc struhturas `jy kmt fa hcajrcy laoikal. Kavartbacass, tba ajrcy pampca
prmluhal suhb `jtarijcs tbjt raocaht tbair jttitulas jkl faciao systa`s mk spiritujc,
smhijc, pmcitihjc, jkl ahmkm`ih `jttars. It hjk fa kmtal tbjt wmres mo jrt jkl jrhbitahtura


wara hrajtal orm` wila jrrjy mo `jtarijcs orm` ci`astmka tm prahimus da`s jkl `atjcs
tm kj`a j oaw. Js tba ajrcy bu`jks stjrtal tm trjksitimk orm` faikd km`jls tm
par`jkakt sattcars, tbair avaryljy jhtivitias jcsm bjl sm`a hbjkdas, wbihb is avilakt

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tbrmudb tba `jtarijcs jkl avak tba wmres mo jrt tbay bjva hrajtal. Laspita hbjkdas js
j rasuct mo jljptikd tm tbair akvirmk`akt, tbara jra haktrjc tba`as ik tbair jrtwmres.
@mst jkhiakt jrtwmres lapiht racidimus sy`fmcs, j wila jrrjy mo mrdjkis`s orm` kjtura

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jkl jhtivitias mo avary cioa.

Cassmk 6.: \ba Lavacmp`akt mo _isujc Jrts

Iktrmluhtimk

Ik mrlar tm tjce jfmut prabistmrih jrt, tbara is j kaal tm situjta tba` witbik tba
hmktaxt mo tba tbraa parimlih mo tba Xtmka Jda Huctura (wbihb rmudbcy spjk tba :<,>> ‘

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6>,>>> FHA)5 ^jcamcitbih(tba cjta yajrs mo tba mcl Xtmka Jda), @asmcitbih (@illca Xtmka
Jda) jkl tba Kamcitbih ( Kaw Xtmka Jda).

Hurraktcy, tba visujc jrts jra jrts omr`s suhb js pjiktikd, lrjwikd, prikt`jeikd,
shucptura, harj`ihs, pbmtmdrjpby, vilam, oic``jeikd, hrjots jkl jrhbitahturjc. @jky
jrtistih lishipcikas suhb js paromr`ikd jrts, hmkhaptujc jkl taxtica jrts jcsm ikvmcvas
jspahts mo visujc jrt js wacc js jrts mo mtbar typas. Jcsm ikhculal witbik tba visujc jrts
tba jppcial jrts suhb js iklustrijc lasidk, drjpbih lasidk, ojsbimk lasidk, iktarimr
lasidks jkl lahmrjtiva jrt.

Mfgahtivas7

:. \m fa jfca tm sbmw tba prmdrass mo sacahtal visujc jrts, suhb js pjiktikd,

shucptura jkl jrhbitahtura, orm` prabistmrih ti`as tm tba `mlark ti`as
6. \m fa jfca tm prasakt sm`a sacahtal iccustrjtimks tbjt jra jpprmprijta tm j
hartjik bistmrihjc pariml.

Hmktakt7

^ra-Bistmrihjc ^jiktikd (<>,>>> FH- 9,>>> FH)

^jiktikds wara omhusal mk jki`jc spajr jkl mtbar ruli`aktjry `jtarijcs. \bay
wara lrjwk mk hjvas, stmkas jkl mk ajrtb-oiccal drmukl. \ba lrjwikds mr iccustrjtimks
jra pri`jricy omhusal mk buktikd stycistih trajt`akt.

J tar` tbjt raoars tm Xtmka Jda, ^jcamcitbih, jkl Kamcitbih jrt jkl jrtiojhts, citarjccy
raoarrikd tm tba ti`a faomra rahmrlal bistmry. Js tba oirst fuiclikd fcmhes mo jrt bistmry,
prabistmrih jrtiojhts prmvila hruhijc iksidbts iktm tba mridik mo i`jda- jkl hrjot-`jeikd5
tbay tjea tba omr` mo tmmcs jkl s`jcc mfgahts, js wacc js j sacaht oaw jrhbitahturjc ruiks.
Jrt orm` tbis pariml wjs j pmwarouc omr` mo hm``ukihjtikd ikomr`jtimk fatwaak trifas
jkl dakarjtimks5 omr ikstjkha, tba Cjshjux hjvas ik Xmutbark Orjkha la`mkstrjta buktikd
tahbkiquas tbrmudb tba usa mo fjsih kjrrjtiva struhtura jkl ihmkmdrjpby ljtikd fjhe tm
:1,>>> F.H. Jkmtbar ihmkih ^rabistmrih jrtwmre is tba _akus mo Ticcaklmro (ast. 6<,>>>-
66,>>> F.H.) j fucfmus, pjc`-sizal oidurika mo j wm`jk, tbmudbt tm fa j sy`fmc mo
oarticity jkl jcsm tba ajrciast survivikd lapihtimk mo tba oa`jca kula.

Draae Jrt
Jkhiakt Draae jrt stjkls mut j`mkd tbjt mo mtbar jkhiakt hucturas omr its lavacmp`akt
mo kjturjcistih fut ilajcizal lapihtimks mo tba bu`jk fmly, ik wbihb cjrdacy kula `jca
oiduras wara dakarjccy tba omhus mo ikkmvjtimk. \ba rjta mo stycistih lavacmp`akt

fatwaak jfmut 41> jkl 8>> FH wjs ra`jrejfca fy jkhiakt stjkljrls, jkl ik survivikd
wmres is fast saak ik shucptura. \bara wara i`pmrtjkt ikkmvjtimks ik pjiktikd, wbihb
bjva tm fa assaktijccy rahmkstruhtal lua tm tba cjhe mo mridikjc survivjcs mo qujcity, mtbar
tbjk tba listikht oiacl mo pjiktal pmttary.

Draae jrhbitahtura, tahbkihjccy vary si`pca, astjfcisbal j bjr`mkimus styca witb

ku`armus latjical hmkvaktimks tbjt wara cjrdacy jlmptal fy Vm`jk jrhbitahtura jkl
jra sticc omccmwal ik sm`a `mlark fuiclikds. It usal j vmhjfucjry mo mrkj`akt tbjt wjs
sbjral witb pmttary, `atjcwmre jkl mtbar `alij, jkl bjl jk akmr`mus ikocuakha
mk Aurjsijk jrt, aspahijccy jotar Fullbis` hjrrial it faymkl tba axpjklal Draae wmrcl
hrajtal fy Jcaxjklar tba Drajt. \ba smhijc hmktaxt mo Draae jrt ikhculal rjlihjc pmcitihjc
lavacmp`akts jkl j drajt ikhrajsa ik prmsparity5 tba aqujccy i`prassiva Draae
jhbiava`akts ik pbicmsmpby, citarjtura jkl mtbar oiacls jra wacc ekmwk.

\ba ajrciast jrt fy Draaes is dakarjccy axhculal orm` "jkhiakt Draae jrt", jkl ikstajl
ekmwk js Draae Kamcitbih jrt omccmwal fy Jadajk jrt5 tba cjttar ikhculas Hyhcjlih
jrt jkl tba jrt mo tba @ikmjk jkl @yhakjajk hucturas orm` tba Draae Frmkza Jda.
U:P
\ba jrt mo jkhiakt Draaha is usujccy livilal stycistihjccy iktm omur parimls7
tba Dam`atrih, Jrhbjih, Hcjssihjc, jkl Baccakistih. \ba Dam`atrih jda is usujccy ljtal
orm` jfmut :>>> FH, jctbmudb ik rajcity cittca is ekmwk jfmut jrt ik Draaha lurikd tba
prahalikd 6>> yajrs, trjlitimkjccy ekmwk js tba Draae Ljre Jdas. \ba 4tb haktury FH
witkassal tba scmw lavacmp`akt mo tba Jrhbjih styca js axa`pcioial fy tba fcjhe-
oidura styca mo vjsa pjiktikd. Jrmukl 1>> FH, sbmrtcy faomra tba mksat mo tba ^arsijk
Tjrs (<2> FH tm <<2 FH), is usujccy tjeak js tba livilikd cika fatwaak tba Jrhbjih jkl
tba Hcjssihjc parimls, jkl tba raidk mo Jcaxjklar tba Drajt (88? FH tm 868 FH) is tjeak
js sapjrjtikd tba Hcjssihjc orm` tba Baccakistih parimls. Orm` sm`a pmikt ik tba :st
haktury FH mkwjrls "Drahm-Vm`jk" is usal, mr `mra cmhjc tar`s omr tba Ajstark Draae
wmrcl. U6P

\ba ^rabistmrih Draae Jrt wjs saak ik omur parimls7

:. Omr`jtiva mr ^ra-Draae pariml ‘ `mtio wjs jkl kjtura

6. Oirst Draae pariml ‘ cjrdacy Adyptijk ikocuakha
8. Dmclak Jda (<2>-<>>FH)
<. Baccikistih ^ariml (< tb haktury ‘ : st FH) baidbtakal iklivilujcis`, trjdih `mml jkl
hmktmrtal ojhas

Vm`jk Jrt

\ba ^rabistmrih Vm`jk Jrt bjl dmka twm parimls7

:. Atrushjk pariml (6>>> ‘ :>>> FH) ‘ sufgaht `jttars mo pjiktikd wara mk

jkhastmr wmrsbip5 hjtjhm`fs jkl sjrhmpbjdi.
6. Vm`jk pariml (6>>> FH ‘ <>> JL) ‘ tba sufgaht `jttars mo pjiktikd wara
hm``a`mrjtiva stjtuas, sjrhmpbjdi, orashmas, lasidks witb vika `mtios

@aliavjc jrt

\bara wara tbraa jrt hcjssioihjtimks lurikd tba @aliavjc ^ariml

 \ba Fyzjktika jrt ‘ tba sufgaht `jttars mo pjiktikd wara Hbrist js tba hrajtmr,
jkl @jry js tba `mtbar mo Dml.
 Ajrcy Hbristijk jrt ‘ sufgaht `jttars mo jrt wara sy`fmcs7 hrmss, oisb , cj`f, jcpbj
jkl m`adj, triu`pbjc, wrajtbs, drjpas, lmvas, jkl pajhmhes jkl cjtar bjcmal
Hbrist, sjikts jkl tba _irdik @jry, jkl `jrtyrs. Xpiritujc axprassimk tmme
prahalakha mvar pbysihjc fajuty jkl sy`fmcs wara a`pbjsizal.

Fyzjktika Jrt (88> -:<18)

Fyzjktika jrt wjs lavacmpal ik Hmkstjktikmpca, tbak tba hjpitjc mo tba Ajstark Vm`jk
A`pira. \bis styca wjs hbjrjhtarizal fy j hm`fikjtimk mo Vm`jk jkl Mriaktjc jrts, witb
lm`a haicikds faikd typihjc oajturas.

\ba ihmkmhcjstih (rjlihjc) `mva`akt jt tba ti`a jfsmcutacy omrfjla tba usa mo bu`jk mr
jki`jc omr`s ik tbair jrtwmres. Jhhmrlikd tm tba bistmry mo jrt, suhb omr`s wara radjrlal
fy tba Fyzjktika js ilmcjtry jkl 'drjvak i`jdas', wbihb wara ormwkal upmk ik tba \ak
Hm``jkl`akts.

\ba jrhbitahtura mo tba hburhbas wjs kmt mkcy friccijkt jkl drjklimsa fut `mstcy
raocahtal tba wajctb jkl iktaccahtujc cavac mo tbair lasidkars jkl fuiclars.

Ajrcy Hbristijk Jrt (88> - 22>)

Dmtbih Jrt jkl Jrhbitahtura (::1> -:1>>)
"_artihjcity" is a`pbjsizal ik Dmtbih jrt jkl jrhbitahtura, wbihb oajtura jc`mst seacatjc
stmka struhturas jkl drajt axpjksas mo stjikal dcjss sbmwikd fifcihjc stmrias, pjral-
lmwk wjcc surojhas, jkl axtra`acy pmiktal jrhbas.

Ourkitura lasidks wara ‒fmrrmwal’ orm` tbair jrhbitahturjc omr`s jkl struhturas witb
jrhbas, piccjrs, jkl ridil sicbmuattas.

\brmudb tba Dmtbih pariml, fuiclikd hmkstruhtimk wjs hmkstjktcy dajral tmwjrls
cidbtkass mo omr`s fut witb akmr`mus spieal baidbts tm tba axtakt tbjt tbara wara ti`as
wbak mvar mrkj`aktjtimk hmupcal witb lacihjta struhturjc omr`s `jla tbair struhturas
hmccjpsa.

\ba struhturjc hmccjpsa wjs, mo hmursa, i``ikakt fahjusa hmkstruhtimk `atbmls kavar
omccmwal shiaktioih prikhipcas fut wara rjtbar lmka fy `ara 'ruca mo tbu`f'. Mkcy wbak
`jky fuiclikds stjrtal tm hmccjpsa faomra tbay wara hm`pcatal lil tbay tbak rafuicl
tba` witb strmkdar jkl sturliar suppmrts.

Jcc ik jcc, `aliavjc jrt, tba jrt mo tba @illca Jdas, hmvaral jk akmr`mus shmpa mo ti`a
jkl pcjha. It axistal omr mvar j tbmusjkl yajrs, kmt mkcy ik tba Aurmpajk radimk fut jcsm
tba @illca Ajst jkl Kmrtb Jorihj. It ikhculal kmt mkcy `jgmr jrt `mva`akts jkl arjs fut
jcsm radimkjc jrt, typas mo jrt, tba `aliavjc jrtists jkl tbair wmres js wacc.

Jkl fahjusa racidimus ojitb wjs tba wjy mo cioa, tba bistmry mo jrt mo tba @illca Jdas taccs
us jfmut smhijc, pmcitihjc jkl bistmrihjc avakts, tbrmudb tba fuiclikd mo hburhb hjtbalrjcs
jkl ahcahtih struhturas tbjt wara arahtal ik prjhtihjccy avary tmwk jkl hity ik tba radimk.

Orjkhm-Oca`isb ^jiktikd

^mrtjfca ajsac pjiktikds jkl mic pjiktikds wara uticizal. Iccustrjtimks hmksistikd mo
jctjr piahas witb dakarjc wikds tbjt mpak jkl hcmsa. Hbiclrak’s ojhas wara pjiktal
ciea s`jcc jlucts5 spahtjtmr wjs avak lrjwk wjs avak lrjwk iktm tba pihtura.
Cjklshjpa wjs pcjhal witbik tba pihturas fy mpak wiklmw tahbkiqua wbara ojrjwjy
cjklshjpa mo tmwks, pampca jkl rivar wara saak.

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Tbjt is \ba Vakjissjkha=

\ba Vakjissjkha wjs j pariml ik Aurmpajk bistmry, orm` rmudbcy tba :<tb tm tba
:4tb haktury, radjrlal js tba hucturjc frilda fatwaak tba @illca Jdas jkl `mlark
bistmry. It stjrtal js j hucturjc `mva`akt ik Itjcy ik tba Cjta @aliavjc pariml jkl cjtar
sprajl tm tba rast mo Aurmpa, `jreikd tba fadikkikd mo tba Ajrcy @mlark Jda.

\ba iktaccahtujc fjsis mo tba Vakjissjkha wjs its mwk ikvaktal varsimk mo
bu`jkis`, larival orm` tba ralishmvary mo hcjssihjc Draae pbicmsmpby, suhb js tbjt mo
^rmtjdmrjs, wbm sjil tbjt –@jk is tba `ajsura mo jcc tbikds.‐ \bis kaw tbikeikd fahj`a
`jkioast ik jrt, jrhbitahtura, pmcitihs, shiakha jkl citarjtura. Ajrcy axj`pcas wara tba
lavacmp`akt mo parspahtiva ik mic pjiktikd jkl tba rahyhcal ekmwcalda mo bmw tm `jea
hmkhrata. Jctbmudb tba ikvaktimk mo `atjc `mvjfca typa spal tba lissa`ikjtimk mo ilajs
orm` tba cjtar :1tb haktury, tba hbjkdas mo tba Vakjissjkha wara kmt ukiomr`cy
axpariakhal jhrmss Aurmpa.

Xu``jry

^rabistmrih jrt is pri`jricy omhusal mk buktikd, jkl sbmws drajt vjriaty mo stycistih
trajt`akt, jkl smpbistihjtimk mo omr`, hmcmr, jkl cika. \ba Draae jrt ragahtal `jdih,
hm`fikal spmrt jkl racidimk jkl i`fual shiaktioih viaw mo kjtura. Vm`jk jrt bjs
praoarakha omr sbjrp omr`s jkl acmkdjtal oiduras. It sarval tba huct mo jkhastmrs jkl
laoial a`parmrs. Adyptijk huctura bjs tba aca`akts mo kjtura js tba suk, `mmk, stjrs,
sjhral jki`jcs mk wjcc hjrvikds, cioa siza oiduras mo `ak jkl wm`ak. Jrhbitahtura
stjrtal witb Kamcitbih Jda, tba Kaw stmka jda, wbihb cjstal rmudbcy orm` 2>>> tm 8>>>
FH. \ba jrhbitahtura ik Adypt hmksists mo staram`atrih sbjpa mr `jss jkl rbytb`ihjc
jrtihucjtal aca`akts ‘ axprassal `jikcy ik pyrj`ils jkl mtbar tm`fs jkl ta`pcas.

\ba prikhipjc fuiclikd typa mo Iscj` jrhbitahtura wara tba pjcjha, tm`fs, jkl omrt.
Xpirjc fuiclikds jkl spirjc wmres mo jrt wara omukl tbrmudbmut tba Iscj`ih jrhbitahturjc
bistmry. Vm`jkasqua jrhbitahtura oajturas rmuklal jrhbas, cmw jkl ljre bajvy wjccs
jkl omrtrass wjccs jkl piars. Dmtbih jrhbitahtura oajturas pmiktal jrhbas, witb vartihjccy,
km wjccs jkl axtaksiva usa mo dcjssas.

Avjcujtimk

J. Jkswar tba omccmwikd quastimks. (1pts.ajhb-hbmmsa < mut mo ?)

:. Tbjt is tba i`pmrtjkha mo jrt orm` tba ^rabistmrih pariml tm tba hmkta`pmrjry
smhiaty=
6. Tbjt is axprassal fy Vm`jkasqua jrhbitahtura= Fy Dmtbih jrhbitahtura=
8. Tbjt is tba sufgaht `jttar mo Vakjissjkha jrt=
<. Tbjt jra tba qujcitias mo Vakjissjkha jrt=
1. Tbjt wara divak a`pbjsis lurikd tba Dmclak Jda mo Draae shucptura=
?. Lashrifa tba Adyptijk shucptura.
F. @uctipca Hbmiha (6>pts)
Trita tba cattar mo ymur hbmiha tbjt hmrraspmkls ymur jkswar.
:. \ba ji` mo trjhikd tba ajrcy fadikkikd mo tba Tastark jrt is
j. \m jhquira j rihbar jkl ouccar uklarstjklikd mo tba pra-bistmrih pampca js
raocahtal ik tbair jrt wmre.
f. \m tba hbjrjhtaristih mo `jca jkl oa`jca jrt mo tba @usci`s ik tba
^bicippikas
h. \m lishmvar avilakha mo jrt sikha tba prabistmrih ti`as.
l. \m fa jfca tm viaw jk mfgaht liooaraktcy.
6. \ba ]]]]] is j pjiktikd styca tbjt a`pbjsizal vmcuptumuskass, pihturasqua
jkl ikti`jta prasaktjtimk mo omr`s jkl hmuktry.
j. Vmhmhm jrt h. Fyzjktika jrt a.:2 tb haktury pjiktikd
f. Vm`jktih jrt l. :9 tb haktury pjiktikd
8. Tbihb mka is kmt Vakjissjkha jrtist=
j. @ihbajcjkdacm h. Xjksim a. kmka mo jcc
f. \urmt l. Dimttm
<. Vula omr`s mo hjrvikd ik stmkas jkl wmml ik prabistmrih shucptura wara
purpmsacy tm7
j. Hm``a`mrjta barmas jkl barmikas
f. Tmrsbip jkl jlmra dmls jkl dmllassas
h. Jlmra tba spirits
l. Jlmra civikd `ak jkl wm`ak

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a. ^rmhalura fajuty jkl jrtistry

1. \ba sufgaht `jttar mo tba Adyptijk shucptura wjs tba suk, `mmk, stjrs jkl
sjhral jki`jcs lurikd tba pariml mo tba ]]]]
j. Oirst Lykjsty ^ariml
f. Mcl Eikdlm` ^ariml
h. @illca Eikdlm` ^ariml
l. Kaw Eikdlm` ^ariml
a. ^rabistmrih ^ariml
?. \ba Draae jrhbitahtura wjs livilal iktm]]]]
j. 1 parimls h. < parimls a. kmka jt jcc
f. 8 parimls l. ? parimls
4. Tbm pjiktal –Xtjrry Kidbt‐=
j. @ihbjacjkdacm l. ^juc Djudik
f. _ikhakt _jk Dmdb a. Va`frjklt
h. Camkjrlm lj _ikhi
2. Draae shucptura wjs hjc`, tbmudbtouc jkl is omhusal mk ]]]]]]]
j. Hburhbas jkl fifcihjc oiduras
f. Hjrvikd mo djr`akts
h. ^bysihjc fajuty
l. \ba omr` mo `ak jkl wm`ak’s fmly
a. Hjrvikd mo barmas jkl barmikas
9. \ba styca jkl omr` mo ]]]]]]]] jra sy``atrihjc, wmrlcy jristmhrjtih.
j. Vm`jktih hcjssihis` jrhbitahtura
f. Vakjissjkha jrhbitahtura
h. Dmtbih jrhbitahtura
l. Vm`jkasqua jrhbitahtura
a. Jcc mo tba jfmva
:>.Draae jra is livilal iktm]]]]
j. 8 parimls l. 1 parimls
f. 6 parimls
h. < parimls

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