GEOLOGIC PROCESS THAT OCCUR

WITHIN THE EARTH, PLATE TECTONICS,

THE FOLDING AND FAULTING OF ROCKS
AND HOW PLANET EARTH EVOLVED IN
THE LAST 4.6 BILLION YEARS.
 ESSENTIAL LEARNING PURPOSES:
At the end of these lessons, I am expected
to:

M: Explain how the movements of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults.
A: Describe how layers of rocks (stratifies rocks) are formed.
M: Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the
subdivisions of geologic time.
A: Describe how the Earth’s history can be interpreted from geologic time scale.

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 GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES
A variety of processes act on and within the
Earth - here we consider those responsible for
Natural Disasters. Volcanoes, earthquakes,
rock cycle, landslides Plate boundaries
include transform, convergent, divergent.

Theory of Plate Tectonics – The Earth is made

up of large, lithospheric plates that move due
to the convection currents in the mantle
(convection is the transfer of thermal/heat
energy).
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 Earth’s lithosphere consists of a number of rigid
PLATE but slowly moving plates. Floating on the molten
magma of the mantle. Oceanic plates, made
TECTONICS mostly of basalt, are denser and heavier.
Continental plates are lighter and are mostly
granite. The study of the plates and their dynamic
interaction in the building and destruction of the
crust is called plate tectonics.

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 PANGEA SUPERCONTINENT
• “Supercontinent" is a term used for a
large landmass formed by the
convergence of multiple continents.
• 225 million years ago.

• It is thought that all major continents

at that time were assembled into the
Pangaea supercontinent.

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 PANGEA SUPERCONTINENT

• The supercontinent of Pangaea

subsequently fragmented, and the pieces
now account for Earth's current continents.

• The geography of Pangaea and the more

recent continent movements are shown in
the map sequence on this page.

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 PANGEA SUPERCONTINENT
The theory of plate tectonics provides an
explanation for these continent movements.
According to this theory, Earth's outer shell is
divided into a series of plates.
These plates consist of the crust and a small
amount of the underlying mantle. The plates
slide over a weak zone in the mantle at a
rate of a few centimeters per year.
Convection currents in the mantle, caused
by the escape of heat from Earth's interior,
are what drives the movement of these
plates.
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 PLATE OF THE CRUST

Earth’s outermost layer, lithosphere, consist of

a number of rigid but slowly moving plates. In
some part of the crust, plates are moving away
from each other; in other parts, plates collide
against each other. There are plates that are
sliding past each other.
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 PLATE BOUNDARIES

Beneath the lithosphere is partially melted asthenosphere that is able to

flow in very large and very slow convection currents. Materials in lower
mantle are heated due to their proximity to the core.

Superheated magma expands and becomes less dense and, therefore, rises
toward the lithosphere. In the upper mantle, materials that have risen from
below cool down causing contraction and greater density. Upon cooling,
magma sinks back to the mantle where it is reheated.

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 Diverging boundaries

A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates

move away from each other. Along these boundaries,
earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock)
rises from the Earth’s mantle to the surface, solidifying
to create new oceanic crust. Divergent boundaries
within continents produce rifts, which eventually
become rift valleys.
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 VIDEO SLIDE

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 Diverging boundaries

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 Converging Boundaries

When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent

boundary. The impact of the colliding plates can cause the
edges of one or both plates to buckle up into a mountain
ranges or one of the plates may bend down into a deep seafloor
trench.

A chain of volcanoes often forms parallel to convergent plate

boundaries and powerful earthquakes are common along these
boundaries
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 1. Continental to Continental

At a convergent boundary, two plates come together.

The colliding continental plates have the same
density; thus neither will sink.
They push against each and they may fuse into single,
larger continent.
The crust at the boundary is crumpled and pushed
upward to form mountain ranges.

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 VIDEO SLIDE

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 Mountain Ranges

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 2. Oceanic to Continental

When an oceanic plate collided with a continental plate, the

heavier and denser oceanic plate sub ducts or sinks beneath
the continental plate. At the subduction zone, a very deep sea
trench forms in the subduction plate. On the continental and
parallel to the trench, there forms a mountain range with a
chain of volcanoes known as volcanic arc. Friction between
dominant and subducted plate melt huge amount of rock.

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 VIDEO SLIDE

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A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground
that is generally deeper than it is wide, and narrow compared
with its length. In geology, trenches are created because of
erosion by rivers or by geological movement of tectonic plates

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 3. Oceanic to Oceanic

Two colliding oceanic plates, on the other hand. Have

the same material it is the older oceanic plate that
sinks. An older oceanic plate is cooler and, therefore,
denser. As one oceanic plate sinks, friction produces
large volumes of melted rock which rises and erupts at
the seafloor in many spots.

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 TRANSFROM BUOUNDARY

Transform boundaries are places where plates

slide sideways past each other. At transform
boundaries, lithosphere is neither created nor
destroyed.

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 VIDEO SLIDE

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THANK YOU!
Danah Rose Andrea M. Dulana
THE FOLDING
AND FAULTING
OF ROCKS
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 FAULTS

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Normal Fault- This occurs when
rocks move away from each
other due to the land moving
apart. When the rocks move
apart, the side with the less
stable tectonic plate drops below
the side with the more stable
plate. On the top right is the
movement of a normal fault.

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Reverse Fault- Reverse faults are the
opposite of normal faults.

Rocks are compressed such that one

plate moves up while the other
descends below it.

When plates compress and crack,

usually the denser one is forced under
the less dense one.

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Strike-slip faults- are vertical (or
nearly vertical) fractures where
the blocks have mostly moved
horizontally. If the block opposite
an observer looking across
the fault moves to the right,
the slip style is termed right
lateral; if the block moves to the
left, the motion is termed left
lateral.

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 SRATIFICATION OF ROCKS

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 Stratigraphy
The branch of geology that studies rock
layers (strata) and layering
(stratification). Primarily used in the
study of sedimentary and layered
volcanic igneous rock.

Sedimentary rocks are formed by

accumulation and hardening of
sediments such as mud, sand, silt and
disintegrated rocks over a period of
time which are arranged in layers.

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THANK YOU!
Danah Rose Andrea M. Dulana
 RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE
DATING TO DETERMINE THE
AGE OF STRATIFIED ROCKS

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 ABSOLUTE DATING / RADIOMETRIC
DATING

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 RELATIVE DATING

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 STENO’S LAW
1. Principle of Superposition: younger layer sit on top of lower layers.

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 STENO’S LAW
2. Principle of original horizontality: Layer of sedimentary rock are originally
deposited flat.

1. Original Orientation

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 STENO’S LAW
2. Principle of original horizontality: Layer of sedimentary rock are originally
deposited flat.

2. Orientation after tilting

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 STENO’S LAW
3. Principle of cross-cutting relations: Rock layer A and B must be older than
intrusion C.

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 STENO’S LAW
4. Principle of Lateral Continuity : layers are continuous until encounter solid
bodies that block their deposition.

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STENO’S LAW

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 STENO’S LAW

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THANK YOU!
Danah Rose Andrea M. Dulana