Society before the Gender and Development: 1.

GAD is not a war of the sexes;

2. GAD is not anti-male;
 Gender is simply a casual notion of distinction as 3. Both men and women are victims of gender
male or female. inequality, although victims are more often
 Common concepts of Gender role assignment and women than male; and
gender bias. 4. Both women and men have a share in the struggle
for gender equality
Historical background
SEX GENDER
40’s – 60’s
 Biological  differentiated roles,
characteristics of being attitudes and values
 The United Nation Charter (1945) & the Universal
a female or a male.  assigned by culture and
Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 established  Generally permanent society to women and
the first official worldwide recognition of women’s  Universal men.
equality and non- discrimination on the basis on  Attributes are equally  Expectation held about
sex. valued the characteristics,
 Increase women’s political participation and  refers to the sexual and aptitudes, and likely
harness their labour capacities to meet national reproductive organs. behaviors of both
 women and men.
development goals.
 sociologically
constructed
70’s – 80’s
 changing, time and
place bound
 First world Conference for Women held in Mexico
 categorize as feminine
1974. and masculine
 UN decade for women “76-85”
 Promotion of the Women In Development (WID)
approach. Sex Roles
 Development should empower women and men
 Function in which a male or female assumes
to greater self- reliance and assertion of own
because of the basic physiological or anatomical
capabilities.
difference between the sexes.
Late 80’s – 90’s  A role which can be performed by only one of the
sexes.
 Shift towards GAD mainstreaming – “removing
disparities in social, economic, and political FEMALE MALE
balances between women and men as per a pre- 1. Child bearing 1. Ovum fertilization
condition for achieving people-centred 2. Lactation 2. Produces
3. Gestation spermatozoa
development.”
4. person with XX (determine child’s
 Integrated gender awareness and competence into chromosomes sex.
mainstream development. 3. person born with
XY chromosomes
Aims of Gender Sensitivity Orientation

 Develop gender awareness, knowledge, and skills Gender Roles

as well as to change perceptions, attitudes
and behaviors in relation to gender.  learned behaviors in a given society or community
of social group
Gender Sensitivity  influenced by perceptions and expectations
 Arising from cultural, economic, environmental,
 ability to recognize gender issues, and especially
social and religious factors.
the ability to recognize women’s different
perceptions and interests arising from their WOMEN MEN
different social location and different gender roles. 1. Cooking 1. Leader
2. Childcare 2. Providing income
3. Housekeeping for family.

United Nations Resolution - June 30, 2016

Four (4) Premises of GAD
  “Protection Against Violence and Discrimination Gender
among SOGIE”
 are learned, fluid and diverse. They are not permanent.
PH – House Bill No. 4982 They can and do change over time. They also vary across
cultures.
 “An Act Prohibiting Discrimination on the Basis of  can be transformed towards equality and women’s
Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity or Expression empowerment.
(SOGIE) and Providing Penalties Thereof  maybe based on stereotypes

SOGIESC GENDER IDENTITY (HOW DO YOU IDENTIFY YOURSELF?)

 Not only intended for LGBTQ+ people but for each  Person’s internal experiences and identification
individual. It covers a spectrum of sexuality and of gender
orientation for each human being.  May or may not correspond with the sex assigned
at birth.
Sex Characteristics
 Cannot be seen by others. Some go through the
 Refers to a person’s inner reproductive process of transitioning.
characteristics outer sex and such as genitals,  Includes personal feelings regarding the body
chromosomal and hormonal structure, and
other characteristics emerging from puberty. 1. CISGENDER
 Who identifies herself/himself as the sex they
Intersex were born with.
o CISGENDER MALE - born with penis
 born with a reproduction and sexual anatomy that identifies himself as a man
doesn’t fit the definitions of male and female o CISGENDER FEMALE - born with vagina
 Umbrella term used to describe a wide range of and identifies herself as a woman
natural bodily variations. 2. GENDER QUEER
 person who does not identify themselves belong
SEXUAL ORIENTATION (TO WHOM YOU ARE ATTRACTED
to conventional binary categories (Male or
WITH?)
Female)
 It is the expression of desire/attraction 3. TRANSGENDER
 each person’s capacity for profound emotional,  identify themselves opposite to their sex-
affectional and sexual attraction. assigned at birth.
 express herself/himself according to their
1. Homosexual gender identity, not their biological sex.
 attracted to same sex
2. Bisexual o TRANSEXUAL - transgender who has
 attracted to the same sex or opposite sex. undergone sex change surgery
3. Pansexual
Sex-assigned at birth Gender identity
 attracted to anyone regardless of their sex or
Male (penis) Female (trans Man)
gender identity
Female (vagina) Male (trans Woman)
4. Asexual
 not physically and sexually attracted to anyone
but has the same emotional needs as GENDER EXPRESSION (HOW DO YOU EXPRESS YOURSELF TO
everybody. THE WORLD?)
5. Heterosexual
 attracted to those of the opposite sex A. Masculine – associated with men.
B. Feminine – associated with woman.
C. Gender Neutral (kahit ano) – differ from associated
Notions on Gender with a man or a woman.
D. Androgynous – combination associated with a man
a) socially constructed roles relationship and a woman
b) Social relations (power relations, between women
and men)

“gender roles and characteristics do not exist in isolation, but Terms Definitions
are defined in relation to one another and through the MSM (Men who sexual intercourse between two men
relationships between women and men, girls and boys.” have sex with
men)  have specific job and role that they need
Asexual lack of sexual attraction or absence of  Vital functions
arousal or desire for sex.  Every structure has a functions that meet a need in
Transvestite individual who wears clothes of the a society.
opposite gender for various reasons  All structures are work together to maintain a
Transition process of an individuals gender social equilibrium
presentation to match their o Example: school – educate them so they
gender identity. can find good jobs so they can support
Heteronormative Made to believe that heterosexuality is the community
the only sexuality that may exist.
Society – is heading toward an equilibrium
Gender based violence that perpetrated on a person
violence because of his/her gender
Structures –meet the needs of the society
Homophobia irrational fear of homosexual feelings,
accusations and discrimination against Institutions Social Facts
homosexuals.
Transphobia irrational fear of transgender or those 1. Education system
who do not fit the norm of traditional
2. Laws
gender
3. Business
Internalized homosexual or transgender
stigma internalizes the hatred, anger and 4. Financial institutions
shame themselves 5. Mass media
Metrosexual portmanteau of metropolitan and 6. Medicine
sexual, coined 1994 describing a man. 7. NGO
(Lifestyle / sexual expression) 8. Military institutions
Drag Queen/King a male who dresses in clothing of the 9. Religion
opposite sex and often acts with
exaggerated femininity.
Feminist Perspective
Symbolic theory Feminism
George Herbert (20th century)  theory that men and women should be equal
politically, economically and socially.
 he believed that the development of the
individual was a social process, as were the Cultural Feminism
meanings of individual assigned to things.
 theory that there are fundamental personality
 People change based in their interactions with differences between men and women
objects, events, ideas and other people.
Ecofeminism
 Meaning- can change in our everyday life (subject
 theory rests on the basic principal that
to change)
patriarchal philosophies are harmful to
 Action – depend on meaning (different
women and other living things.
perspectives)
Material Feminism (began in the late 19th century)

 focused on liberating by improving their

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
material condition.
1. Human actions depend on the meaning of the  This movement revolved around taking the
object "burden" off women in regards to housework,
2. We give meaning to things based on social cooking, and other traditional female
interactions & experiences domestic jobs.
3. The meaning of symbols is not permanent & can
change over time
Amazon Feminism
Structural – functionalist theory

Emile Durkheim (created)

  focuses on physical equality and is opposed to
gender role stereotypes and discrimination
against women
 Amazon feminism rejects the idea that
interests are inherently masculine (or
feminine),
 Tend to view that all women are as physically
capable as all men.
Women in Development
 started in the 1970’s, with 1975 as
International Women’s Year
 1976-1985- United Nations Decade on
Women
All the major conferences were held in Mexico City,
Copenhagen and Nairobi
Women in Development Approach
 was adopted by the UN in 1975 and at the
First World Conference on Women held in
Mexico.
 Government were asked to create National
Machineries such as Ministries of Women to
promote and oversee national efforts to
advance women and WID Units.
Women in Development
 aim was to integrate women into economic
development by focusing on women’s productive
work in two ways:
 providing women money and
other resources for income-
generating activities
 developing appropriate
technologies to lighten women’s
loads
 Belief that economic development can be
achieved through industrialization.
Women and Development
 emerged in the second half of the 1970’s-
launching of the women’s movement
 advocated increasing women's share in resources,
land, employment and income.
 concerned about the relationship between
women and development rather than integration
of women into development
GENDER AND FAMILY
“The family is the natural and fundamental group unit
of society and is entitled to protection by society and
the state” - Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article16
Silverstein and Auerbach (2003)
- definition of the post-modern family as “two
or more people who are in a relationship
created by birth, marriage or choice”.
Gender – unchangeable and inflexible
Nature and Notion of Family
FAMILY
 most important universal institution.
 core of the social structure
 fundamental unit of the society.
SOME NEEDS TO FORM A FAMILY;
 Reproductive urge
 that is to have sexual relationship to have
a family of our own. To have children, sex
is necessary.
 Biological needs
 sexual urge varies according to age.
 Economic provision
 when a child is born he is fully dependent
on a family economically.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILY – (GENERAL)
 Sex relationship should be healthy-present
between husband and wife
 It provides care to children like economic needs.
Emotional basis
 A system of Nomenclature(Anderson)
 A single household for a well-organized family.
 Durable association of hubby and wife according
to Anderson & Nimkoff.
 Husband and wife with or without children.
NATURE OF FAMILY (DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS)
1. Universality
 family is found in each stage of society
and everywhere. There is no society
without family.
2. Emotional basis
  There should be an emotional
relationship.
 If there is no basis the family breaks up.
3. Formative influence
 Each family has a certain form:
Orientation and Procreations (Mac Iver).
 If you are a member of one family you
inherit your parents’ characteristic
4. Limited in size
 Gisbert "Husband, wife and children".
Family is limited in size in comparison to
other groups.
5. Nuclear position in the society
 Charles Cooley "Family is a primary
group and is the fundamental unit of
society. It is the primary cell of society.
6. Sense of responsibility
 function of the family is to provider
economic needs of the children.
7. Social control
 When one is small he does not know
what's wrong or right. If you follow good
you are praised otherwise you are
punished.
Theoretical Perspective in Gendered Family
 Functionalist
 traditional family as a natural unit exists
to maintain social order and is mutually
beneficial to all.
 Marxist feminist
 the nuclear family is believed to benefit
the powerful (ruling class) at the expense
of the working class.
 Feminist
 marriage and nuclear family tend to
exploit and oppress women.
 Gender Roles in the Family
 interests of those who hold the most
power and control in the family to
reinforce beliefs among the members.
 In Europe men in the family especially
with those with better financial gain for
family sustenance are most likely to
dominate women socially, financially and
physically.
 Gender Stereotypes in the Family
 Parents and their children are immersed
in a social and cultural environment

8. Permanent and temporary in nature  Gender Inequality (structure) in the Family

 Family is an institution as well as  particularly stubborn problem
association.  Families are not democracies
 INSTITUTION
 family is permanent  GAD Mainstreaming in Filipino Family
because it's found 
everywhere and at
every stage of history.
 ASSOCIATION
 family is or close kin
group (when the child
has his own family he
separates from the
original & so temporary)
 Generally the children
make their own family
but the family
disintegrates in case of
divorce or death of a
parent.