VSEPR theory predicts molecular geometry based on electron pair repulsion. It was developed in the 1950s based on earlier work. The theory states that electron pairs around a central atom repel each other and adopt a geometry that minimizes repulsion. Lone pairs exert a greater repulsion than bonding pairs. The number of electron pairs determines the general shape, such as tetrahedral for 4 pairs or trigonal planar for 3 pairs. Lone pairs can cause distortions from the ideal angles.
VSEPR theory predicts molecular geometry based on electron pair repulsion. It was developed in the 1950s based on earlier work. The theory states that electron pairs around a central atom repel each other and adopt a geometry that minimizes repulsion. Lone pairs exert a greater repulsion than bonding pairs. The number of electron pairs determines the general shape, such as tetrahedral for 4 pairs or trigonal planar for 3 pairs. Lone pairs can cause distortions from the ideal angles.
VSEPR theory predicts molecular geometry based on electron pair repulsion. It was developed in the 1950s based on earlier work. The theory states that electron pairs around a central atom repel each other and adopt a geometry that minimizes repulsion. Lone pairs exert a greater repulsion than bonding pairs. The number of electron pairs determines the general shape, such as tetrahedral for 4 pairs or trigonal planar for 3 pairs. Lone pairs can cause distortions from the ideal angles.
the direction bonds around the central atom depends on the total number of Bonding &Non-bonding electron pairs in its valance shell. VSEPR Theory • The shape of the molecule is determined by repulsions between all of the electron present in the valance shell.
• Electron pairs in the valence shell of the
central atom repel each other and align themselves to minimize this repulsion.
• Lone pair electrons takes up more space round
the central atom than a bondpair.
• Lone pair attracted to one nucleus, but bond pair
is shared by two nuclei. • The minimum repulsions to the state minimum energy and maximum stability of the molecule. Repulsion strengths
•Lone pair -Lone pair > Lone pair -
Bond pair > Bond pair-Bond pair Repulsion strengths
Triple bond >double bond >single bond
• Presence of lone pairs on the central atom causes slight distortion of the bond angles from the ideal shape.
• The magnitude of repulsions between bonding
pairs of electrons depends on the electronegativity difference between the central atom &the other atoms . Steps in the prediction of geometry
• Determine the central atom.
• Draw the electron dot structure and bar diagram
• Find arrangement of electron pairs.
• Find arrangement of bonding pairs.
• Determine the geometry based on of bonding pairs.
SHAPES OF MOLECULES CONTAINING BONDED PAIRS OF ELECTRONS ONLY Central atom with Two Electron Pairs
There are two electron pairs in the valance
2 2 shell of Beryllium. [1s 2s ] Molecular geometry-Linear arrangement Be H Central atom with Three Electron Pairs Trigonal Planar Three electron pairs in the valance shell of 2 2 1 Boron. [1s 2s 2p ] Molecular geometry- Trigonal Planar arrangement F Central atom with Four Electron Pairs Tetrahedral Four electron pairs in the valance shell of 2 2 2 Carbon. [1s 2s 2p ] Molecular geometry- Tetrahedral Bond angle - 109.5: Central atom with Five Electron Pairs Five electrons in the valance shell of 2 2 6 2 3 Phosphorus. [1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ] Molecular geometry- Trigonalbipyramid Bond angle -120: &90: Central atom with Six Electron Pairs
Six electrons in the valance shell
2 2 6 2 4 of Sulphur. [1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ] Molecular geometry- Octahetral Bond angle-90: SHAPES OF MOLECULES CONTAINING BONDED PAIRS AS WELL AS LONE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS Central atom with Four Electron Pairs Tetrahedral Five electrons in the valance shell of 2 2 3 Nitrogen. [1s 2s 2p ] Molecular geometry- Tetrahedral Electron pair arrangement - Trigonal Pyramidal Presence of lone pair causes slight distortion from 109:28′ to 107:48′ Central atom with Four Electron Pairs Tetrahedral Six electrons in the valance shell of Oxygen atom. 2 2 4 [1s 2s 2p ] Molecular geometry- V-Shaped or Bent shape Electron pair arrangement- Tetrahetral Repulsions between Lonepair- Lonepair , Lonepair -Bondpair is possible. It causes slight distortion from 109:28′ to 104:27′ Central atom with Five Electron Pairs six electrons in the valance shell of 2 2 6 2 4 Sulphur. [1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ] Molecular geometry- see saw Electron pair arrangement- Trigonal bipyramidal
Lonepair –bondpair repulsion
Central atom with Six Electron Pairs Eight electrons in the valance shell of xenon: 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 5s 5p Molecular geometry- square planar Electron pair arrangement- octahedral Lonepair –bond pair repulsion EFFCT OF ELECTRONEGATIVITY Five electrons in the valance shell of 2 2 3 Nitrogen. [1s 2s 2p ] Molecular geometry- Tetrahedral [e-pairs arrangement] orTrigonal Pyramidal[VSEPR] Presence of lone pair causes slight distortion from 109:28′ to 107:48′to102:30′ Repulsion between bond pair-bond pair is less in NF3 than in NH3 102:30′ Limitations of VSEPR
• It fails to predict the shapes of isoelectronic
+ species[CH4&NH4 ] and transition metal compounds.