Atoms and Nuclei

23
Atoms P-449
Atoms and Nuclei

Numerical
Q.1. n election in a hydrogen atom revolves around its nucleus

with a speed of 6.76×106 ms−1 in an orbit of radius 0.52 A∘. The
magnetic field produced at the nucleus of the hydrogen atom is
_________ T.
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Q.2. As per given figure A,B and C are the first, second and third
excited energy levels of hydrogen atom respectively. If the ratio
of the two wavelengths is 7/4n, then the value of n will

be __________.

Q.3. The radius of nd 2nd orbit of He+ of Bohr's model is r1 and
that of fourth orbit of Be3+ is represented as r2. Now the
ratio r2/r1 is x:1. The value of x is ___________.
Q.4. A common example of alpha decay
is
Given :
Q.5. A nucleus disintegrates into two nuclear parts, in such a

way that ratio of their nuclear sizes is 1:21/3. Their respective
speed have a ratio of n:1. The value of n is __________.
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Q.6. If 917 Ao be the lowest wavelength of Lyman series then

the lowest wavelength of Balmer series will be ___________ Ao.
Q.7. The decay constant for a radioactive nuclide is

1.5 × 10−5 s−1. Atomic weight of the substance is 60 g mole−1,
. The activity of 1.0 μg of the substance is
___________ × 1010 Bq.
Q.8. The ratio of wavelength of spectral lines Hα and HB in the
Balmer series is x/20. The value of x is _________.
Q.9. nucleus with mass number 242 and binding energy per
nucleon as 7.6 MeV breaks into two fragment each with mass
number 121. If each fragment nucleus has binding energy per
nucleon as 8.1 MeV, the total gain in binding energy is
_________ MeV.
Q.10. The radius of fifth orbit of the Li++ is

__________ ×10−12 m.
Take: radius of hydrogen atom

Q.11. Nucleus A having Z=17 and equal number of protons and
neutrons has 1.2 MeV binding energy per nucleon.
Another nucleus B of Z=12 has total 26 nucleons

and 1.8 MeV binding energy per nucleons.
The difference of binding energy of B and A will be

_____________ MeV.
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Q.12. A light of energy 12.75 eV is incident on a hydrogen atom
in its ground state. The atom absorbs the radiation and reaches
to one of its excited states. The angular momentum of the
atom in the excited state is . The value of x is
___________ (use
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Q.13. If the binding energy of ground state electron in a

hydrogen atom is 13.6eV, then, the energy required to remove
the electron from the second excited state of Li2+ will be
: x×10−1eV. The value of x is ________.
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Q.14. For hydrogen atom, λ1 and λ 2 are the wavelengths

corresponding to the transitions 1 and 2 respectively as shown
in figure. The ratio of λ 1 and λ 2 is x/32. The value of x is
__________.
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Q.15. A radioactive nucleus decays by two different process.

The half life of the first process is 5 minutes and that of the
second process is 30 s. The effective half-life of the nucleus is
calculated to be α /11 s. The value of α is __________.
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Q.16. A radioactive element 242/92X emits two α -particles, one

electron and two positrons. The product nucleus is represented
by 234pY. The value of P is __________.
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Q.17. A nucleus disintegrates into two smaller parts, which

have their velocities in the ratio 3 : 2. The ratio of their nuclear
sizes will be . The value of 'x' is :-
Q.18. The wavelength of the radiation emitted is λ 0 when an

electron jumps from the second excited state to the first
excited state of hydrogen atom. If the electron jumps from the
third excited state to the second orbit of the hydrogen atom, the
wavelength of the radiation emitted will 20/x λ 0. The value
of x is _____________.
Q.19. The energy released per fission of nucleus of 240X is 200

MeV. The energy released if all the atoms in 120g of pure 240X
undergo fission is ____________ × 1025 MeV.
(Given NA=6×1023)

Q.20. Assume that protons and neutrons have equal masses.
Mass of a nucleon is 1.6×10−27 kg and radius of nucleus
is 1.5×10−15 A1/3 m. The approximate ratio of the nuclear
density and water density is n×1013. The value of n is __________.
Answer key & Explanation
1. Ans. Correct answer is 40

Explanation
The formula for the magnetic field due to a moving charge is
given by:
where μ 0 is the permeability of free space, q is the charge of

the moving particle, v is the speed of the particle, θ is the angle
between the velocity vector and the position vector from the
particle to the point where we want to calculate the magnetic
field, and r is the distance between the particle and the point
where we want to calculate the magnetic field.
In this case, we're interested in the magnetic field produced by

the electron moving in a circular orbit around the nucleus of a
hydrogen atom. Since the orbit is circular, the angle between
the velocity vector and the position vector is 90 degrees, so sin
θ =1. We can substitute the known values into the formula to
find the magnetic field:
where e is the charge of an electron. We know that the radius of

the orbit is 0.52 A∘, which is equivalent to 0.52×10−10m.
Substituting the values, we get:
This means that the magnetic field produced by the electron
moving in a circular orbit around the nucleus of a hydrogen
atom is 40 tesla, which is an incredibly strong magnetic field.
Explanation
Explanation
Explanation
Explanation
Explanation
Explanation
8.Ans. Correct answer is 27
Explanation

Explanation
Explanation
The formula to calculate the radius of an orbit for a hydrogen-
like atom/ion is:

Explanation
Explanation

Explanation
Explanation

Explanation
Explanation

Explanation
Explanation

Explanation
Explanation
MCQ (Single Correct Answer)
Q.1. The half-life of a radioactive nucleus is 5 years. The

fraction of the original sample that would decay in 15 years is:
Q.2.
In the given nuclear reaction, the approximate amount of

energy released will be:
Q.3. A proton and an α-particle are accelerated from rest

by 2 V and 4 V potentials, respectively. The ratio of their de-
Broglie wavelength is :
Q.4. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous

hydrogen at room temperature. The number of spectral lines
emitted will be:

Q.5. The energy of He+ ion in its first excited state is, (The
ground state energy for the Hydrogen atom is −13.6 eV) :

Q.6. The ratio of the de-Broglie wavelengths of proton and
electron having same Kinetic energy :
Q.7. Two radioactive elements A and B initially have same

number of atoms. The half life of A is same as the average life
of B. If λA and λB are decay constants of A and B respectively,
then choose the correct relation from the given options.
Q.8. The half life of a radioactive substance is T. The time

taken, for disintegrating 78th part of its original mass will be:
Q.9. The angular momentum for the electron in Bohr's orbit is L.

If the electron is assumed to revolve in second orbit of
hydrogen atom, then the change in angular momentum will be
Q.10. A radio active material is reduced to 1/8 of its original

amount in 3 days. If 8×10−3 kg of the material is left after 5
days the initial amount of the material is
Q.11.
Q.12. Proton (P) and electron (e) will have same de-Broglie
wavelength when the ratio of their momentum is
(assume, mp=1849 me ):
Q.13. A small particle of mass m moves in such a way that its

potential energy u=1/2m w2r2 where w is constant and r is the
distance of the particle from origin. Assuming Bohr's
quantization of momentum and circular orbit, the radius
of nth orbit will be proportional to,
Q.14. The kinetic energy of an electron, α-particle and a proton

are given as 4 K,2 K and K respectively. The de-Broglie
wavelength associated with electron (λe), α -particle ((λα) and
the proton (λp) are as follows:
Q.15. An electron of a hydrogen like atom, having Z=4, jumps

from th 4th energy state to nd 2nd energy state. The energy
released in this process, will be :
(Given Rch = 13.6 eV)
Where R = Rydberg constant
c = Speed of light in vacuum
h = Planck's constant
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Q.16. A proton moving with one tenth of velocity of light has a

certain de Broglie wavelength of λ. An alpha particle having
certain kinetic energy has the same de-Brogle wavelength λ.
The ratio of kinetic energy of proton and that of alpha particle
is:

Q.17. The mass of proton, neutron and helium nucleus are
respectively 1.0073 u,1.0087 u and 4.0015 u. The binding
energy of helium nucleus is :
Q.18. The radius of electron's second stationary orbit in Bohr's

atom is R. The radius of 3rd orbit will be
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Q.19. A free neutron decays into a proton but a free proton

does not decay into neutron. This is because
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Q.20.
Q.21. Speed of an electron in Bohr's th 7th orbit for Hydrogen

atom is 3.6×106 m/s. The corresponding speed of the electron
in rd 3rd orbit, in m/s is :
Q.22. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of an α particle and a

proton accelerated from rest by the same potential is , the
value of m is –
Q.23. Substance A has atomic mass number 16 and half-life of

1 day. Another substance B has atomic mass number 32 and
half-life of 1/2 day. If both A and B simultaneously start undergo
radio activity at the same time with initial mass 320 g each,
how many total atoms of A and B combined would be left after
2 days.
Q.24. If a radioactive element having half-life of 30 min is

undergoing beta decay, the fraction of radioactive element
remains undecayed after 90 min. will be
Q.25. The energy levels of an atom is shown in figure.

Which one of these transitions will result in the emission of a
photon of wavelength 124.1 nm?
Given (h = 6.62 × 10−34 Js)
Q.26. The ratio of the density of oxygen nucleus and
helium nucleus is
Q.27. An α-particle, a proton and an electron have the same

kinetic energy. Which one of the following is correct in case of
their de-Broglie wavelength:
Q.28. Consider the following radioactive decay process
The mass number and the atomic number of A6 are given by :

Answer Key & Explanation
1. Ans. (C)
Explanation
2. Ans. (B)
Explanation
The energy released in a nuclear reaction can be determined by
the mass difference between the reactants and the products,
multiplied by the speed of light squared, as per Einstein's mass-
energy equivalence relation,
So, the approximate amount of energy released in the given
nuclear reaction is 4.25 MeV.
3. Ans. (A)
Explanation
4. Ans. (C)
Explanation
5. Ans. (A)
Explanation
6. Ans. (A)
Explanation
The de Broglie wavelength (λ) of a particle can be found using
the formula:
where h is the Planck constant and p is the momentum of the

particle. The momentum of a particle can be expressed in
terms of its kinetic energy (K) and mass (m) as follows:
Combining these two equations, we get:
Now, we are given that the kinetic energy of the proton and
electron is the same. Let's denote the masses of the proton and
electron as mp and me, respectively. We are given the
relationship between the two masses:
Let's find the ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths of the proton

(λp) and the electron (λe):
Thus, the ratio of the de Broglie wavelengths of the proton and

electron having the same kinetic energy is 1:43.
7. Ans. (A)
Explanation
8. Ans. (B)
Explanation
Let's use the formula for the remaining mass of a radioactive
substance after a certain time:
where N(t) is the mass at time t, N₀ is the initial mass, T is the

half-life, and t is the time elapsed.
We are given that 7/8th of the original mass has disintegrated.

Therefore, the remaining mass is 1/8th of the original mass:
So, the time taken for disintegrating 7/8th part of the original
mass is 3T.
9. Ans. (A)
Explanation
According to Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom, the angular
momentum of an electron in an orbit is an integral multiple of
Planck's constant divided by , where ℎ is the Planck's
constant). This can be expressed as:
where n is the principal quantum number or the orbit number.
So, for the first orbit , the angular momentum L1 is:

The change in angular momentum when moving from the first to
the second orbit is the difference between L2 and L1:
Since ℎ/2π is equal to the initial angular momentum L1, the

change in angular momentum when the electron moves to the
second orbit is L.
Therefore, the correct answer is L.
10. Ans. (B)

Explanation
The decay of a radioactive material follows an exponential
decay law, which can be expressed as:
where:
• N is the final amount of the material,

• N0 is the initial amount of the material,
• t is the elapsed time,
• T is the half-life of the material
From the problem, we know that the material is reduced

to 1/8 of its original amount in 3 days. Therefore, the half-life of
the material can be calculated as follows:
Knowing the half-life, we can now find the initial amount of the
material. We know that after 5 days, kg8×10−3kg of the material
is left. Therefore, we can write:
11. Ans. (A)

Explanation
12. Ans. (A)
Explanation
13. Ans. (A)
Explanation
According to Bohr's quantization of angular momentum, the
angular momentum L of a particle in a circular orbit is given by:
Where n is an integer and ℏ is the reduced Planck's constant.

The angular momentum L can also be expressed as:
Where m is the mass of the particle, v is its linear velocity,

and r is the radius of the orbit.
Now, we are given the potential energy . Since the

particle is in a circular orbit, its centripetal force is provided by
the gradient of the potential energy:
14. Ans. (A)
Explanation
The de Broglie wavelength of a particle is given by the equation:
where:
• ℎ is Planck's constant,
• p is the momentum of the particle,
• m is the mass of the particle, and
• K is the kinetic energy of the particle.
This equation shows that the de Broglie wavelength of a

particle is inversely proportional to the square root of its mass
and its kinetic energy. This means that the particle with the
smallest mass and kinetic energy will have the largest de
Broglie wavelength.
Given that the kinetic energies of the electron, alpha particle,

and proton are 4K, 2K, and K, respectively, and knowing that the
mass of the electron is less than the mass of the proton and
the mass of the proton is less than the mass of the alpha
particle, we can infer that the de Broglie wavelength of the
electron is greater than the de Broglie wavelength of the proton,
which in turn is greater than the de Broglie wavelength of the
alpha particle.
15. Ans. (B)

Explanation
The energy difference between the 4th and 2nd energy states
of a hydrogen-like atom can be calculated using the formula for
the energy levels of a hydrogen-like atom:
16. Ans. (C)
Explanation
17. Ans. (A)
Explanation
18. Ans. (A)

Explanation
19. Ans. (B)

Explanation
As neutron has more rest mass than proton it will require
energy to decay proton into neutron.
20. Ans. (C)
Explanation
21. Ans. (C)

Explanation
22. Ans. (C)

Explanation
23. Ans. (B)
Explanation
24. Ans. (C)

Explanation
25. Ans. (D)
Explanation
26. Ans. (B)
Explanation
27. Ans. (D)

Explanation
28.Ans. (B)
Explanation
2022
Numerical
Q.1. Two radioactive materials A and B have decay constants 25λ and 16
λ respectively. If initially they have the same number of nuclei, then the ratio
of the number of nuclei of B to that of A will be "e" after a time 1/a λ. The
value of a is _________.
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Q.2. In the hydrogen spectrum, λ be the wavelength of first transition line

of Lyman series. The wavelength difference will be "a λ '' between the
wavelength of rd 3rd transition line of Paschen series and that
of nd 2nd transition line of Balmer series where a= ___________.
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Q.3. X/X+4 is the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition

of an electron of hydrogen atom from its
(i) third permitted energy level to the second level and
(ii) the highest permitted energy level to the second permitted level.
The value of x will be ____________.
Q.4. A hydrogen atom in its first excited state absorbs a photon of energy
x × 10−2 eV and excited to a higher energy state where the potential energy
of electron is −1.08 eV. The value of x is ______________.
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Q.5. The half life of a radioactive substance is 5 years. After x years a

given sample of the radioactive substance gets reduced to 6.25% of its
initial value. The value of x is ____________.
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Q.6. √ d1 and √ d2 are the impact parameters corresponding to scattering
angles 60∘ and 90∘ respectively, when an α particle is approaching a gold
nucleus. For d1 = x d2, the value of x will be ____________.
Q.7. A beam of monochromatic light is used to excite the electron in Li+

+
from the first orbit to the third orbit. The wavelength of monochromatic
light is found to be x × 10−10 m. The value of x is ___________.
[Given hc = 1242 eV nm]
Q.8. A sample contains 10−2 kg each of two substances A and B with half
lives 4 s and 8 s respectively. The ratio of their atomic weights is 1 : 2. The
ratio of the amounts of A and B after 16 s is X/100. The value of x is
___________.

Explanation
Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation
Q.1. An α particle and a proton are accelerated from rest through the
same potential difference. The ratio of linear momenta acquired by above
two particles will be:
Q.2. Read the following statements:

(A) Volume of the nucleus is directly proportional to the mass number.
(B) Volume of the nucleus is independent of mass number.
(C) Density of the nucleus is directly proportional to the mass number.
(D) Density of the nucleus is directly proportional to the cube root of the
mass number.
(E) Density of the nucleus is independent of the mass number.
Choose the correct option from the following options.

Q.3. Find the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of an

electron of hydrogen atom from its (i) second permitted energy level to the
first level, and (ii) the highest permitted energy level to the first permitted
level.
Q.4. A radioactive sample decays 7/8 times its original quantity in 15

minutes. The half-life of the sample is.
Q.5. The equation λ=1.227/X nm can be used to find the de-Brogli

wavelength of an electron. In this equation X stands for :
Where
m= mass of electron
P= momentum of electron
K= Kinetic energy of electron
V= Accelerating potential in volts for electron
Q.6. The activity of a radioactive material is 6.4×10−4 curie. Its half life is 5
days. The activity will become 5×10−6 curie after:
Q.7. What is the half-life period of a radioactive material if its activity

drops to th 1/16th of its initial value in 30 years?
Q.8. A nucleus of mass M at rest splits into two parts having

masses . The ratio of de Broglie wavelength of two
parts will be :
Q.9. Mass numbers of two nuclei are in the ratio of 4:3. Their nuclear
densities will be in the ratio of.
Q.10. The disintegration rate of a certain radioactive sample at any instant

is 4250 disintegrations per minute. 10 minutes later, the rate becomes
2250 disintegrations per minute. The approximate decay constant is :

Q.11. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 900 nm and intensity
100Wm−2 is incident on a surface perpendicular to the beam. The number
of photons crossing 1 cm2 area perpendicular to the beam in one second is
:
Q.12. The ratio of wavelengths of proton and deuteron accelerated by

potential Vp and Vd is 1 : √2. Then the ratio of Vp to Vd will be :
Q.13. Hydrogen atom from excited state comes to the ground state by
emitting a photon of wavelength λ. The value of principal quantum number
'n' of the excited state will be : (R: Rydberg constant)
Q.14. The momentum of an electron revolving in th nth orbit is given by :

(Symbols have their usual meanings)
Q.15. A cyclotron is working at a frequency of 10 MHz. If the radius of its

dees is 60 cm. The maximum kinetic energy of accelerated proton will be :
(Take : e = 1.6 × 10−19 C, mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg)

Q.16. A hydrogen atom in ground state absorbs 12.09 eV of energy. The

orbital angular momentum of the electron is increased by :
Q.17. In the following nuclear reaction,
Mass number of D is 182 and atomic number is 74. Mass number and
atomic number of D4 respectively will be _________.
Q.18. The activity of a radioactive material is 2.56 × 10−3 Ci. If the half life
of the material is 5 days, after how many days the activity will become
2 × 10−5 Ci ?
Q.19. Let K1 and K2 be the maximum kinetic energies of photo-electrons

emitted when two monochromatic beams of wavelength λ1 and λ 2,
respectively are incident on a metallic surface. If λ 1 = 3 λ 2 then :
Q.20. Following statements related to radioactivity are given below :

(A) Radioactivity is a random and spontaneous process and is dependent
on physical and chemical conditions.
(B) The number of un-decayed nuclei in the radioactive sample decays

exponentially with time.
(C) Slope of the graph of loge (no. of undecayed nuclei) Vs. time represents
the reciprocal of mean life time (r).
(D) Product of decay constant (λ) and half-life time (T1/2) is not constant.
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Q.21. The de Broglie wavelengths for an electron and a photon are λ e
and λ p respectively. For the same kinetic energy of electron and photon,
which of the following presents the correct relation between the de Broglie
wavelengths of two?
Q.22. An α particle and a carbon 12 atom has same kinetic energy K. The
ratio of their de-Broglie wavelengths (λα: λc12) is :
Q.23. A hydrogen atom in its ground state absorbs 10.2 eV of energy. The
angular momentum of electron of the hydrogen atom will increase by the
value of :
(Given, Planck's constant = 6.6 × 10−34 Js).
Q.24. A radioactive nucleus can decay by two different processes. Half-life

for the first process is 3.0 hours while it is 4.5 hours for the second
process. The effective half-life of the nucleus will be:
Q.25. An electron with speed v and a photon with speed c have the same
de-Broglie wavelength. If the kinetic energy and momentum of electron are
Ee and pe and that of photon are Eph and pph respectively. Which of the
following is correct?
Q.26. A proton, a neutron, an electron and an α particle have same energy.

If λp, λn, λe and λa are the de Broglie's wavelengths of proton, neutron,
electron and α particle respectively, then choose the correct relation from
the following:
Q.27. Which of the following figure represents the variation

of (if R = radius of a nucleus and A = its mass number)
Q.28. The ratio for the speed of the electron in the 3rd orbit of He+ to the
speed of the electron in the 3rd orbit of hydrogen atom will be :
Q.29. In Bohr's atomic model of hydrogen, let K, P and E are the kinetic
energy, potential energy and total energy of the electron respectively.
Choose the correct option when the electron undergoes transitions to a
higher level:
Q.30. Choose the correct option from the following options given below:
1. Ans. (B)
Explanation
We know,
2. Ans. (B)
Explanation
We know,
3. Ans. (A)
Explanation
4. Ans. (A)
Explanation
5. Ans. (D)
Explanation
6. Ans. (D)
Explanation
7. Ans. (C)
Explanation
8. Ans. (C)
Explanation
Linear momentum is conserved
9. Ans. (C)
Explanation
10. Ans. (C)

Explanation
11. Ans. (B)

Explanation
12. Ans. (D)
Explanation
13. Ans. (B)

Explanation
14. Ans. (A)
Explanation
15. Ans. (A)

Explanation
Given,
Cyclotron oscillation frequency should be equal to the pendulum evolution

frequency.
16. Ans. (B)
Explanation
17. Ans. (A)

Explanation
18. Ans. (B)
Explanation
By Radioactive Decay law,
19. Ans. (B)
Explanation
20. Ans. (C)

Explanation
Radioactive decay is a random and spontaneous process it depends on
unbalancing of nucleus.
21. Ans. (A)
Explanation
22. Ans. (B)

Explanation
23. Ans. (B)

Explanation
24. Ans. (D)

Explanation
25. Ans. (B)
Explanation
26. Ans. (B)

Explanation
27. Ans. (B)

Explanation
28. Ans. (D)
Explanation
29. Ans. (B)

Explanation
As electron makes transition to higher level, total energy and potential

energy increases (due to negative sign) while the kinetic energy reduces.
30. Ans. (C)

Explanation
An atom based on classical theory of Rutherford's model should collapse
as the electrons in continuous circular motion that is a continuously
accelerated charge should emit EM waves and so should lose energy.
These electrons losing energy should soon fall into heavy nucleus
collapsing the whole atom.
2021
Numerical
Q.1 X different wavelengths may be observed in the spectrum from a hydrogen
sample if the atoms are exited to states with principal quantum number n = 6 ? The
value of X is ______________.
27th Aug Evening Shift 2021
Q.2 A particle of mass 9.1 × 10−31 kg travels in a medium with a speed of 106 m/s
and a photon of a radiation of linear momentum 10−27 kg m/s travels in vacuum. The
wavelength of photon is __________ times the wavelength of the particle.
27th July Morning Shift 2021
Q.3 In Bohr's atomic model, the electron is assumed to revolve in a circular orbit of
radius 0.5
If the speed of electron is 2.2 × 166 m/s, then the current associated with the
electron will be _____________ × 10−2 mA.

Q.4 The nuclear activity of a radioactive element becomes of its initial value
in 30 years. The half-life of radioactive element is _____________ years.
25th July Evening Shift 2021
Q.5 From the given data, the amount of energy required to break the nucleus of
27
aluminium
13
Al is __________ x × 10−3 J.
Mass of neutron = 1.00866 u
Mass of proton = 1.00726 u
Mass of Aluminium nucleus = 27.18846 u
(Assume 1 u corresponds to x J of energy)
(Round off to the nearest integer)
Q.6 A radioactive substance decays to of its initial activity in 80 days. The

half life of the radioactive substance expressed in days is ____________.
Q.7 A particle of mass m moves in a circular orbit in a

central potential field U(r) = U0r4. If Bohr's quantization conditions
are applied, radii of possible
orbitals rn vary with where α is ____________.

17th Mar Evening Shift 2021
Q.8 The first spectral lines of H-atom in the Balmer series are
given λ1, λ2, λ3 considering the Bohr atomic model, the wave lengths of first and third
spectral lines are related by a factor of approximately 'x' × 10−1.

The value of x, to the nearest integer, is _________.
16th Mar Morning Shift 2021
Q.9 The wavelength of an X-ray beam is 10 The mass of a fictitious particle having
𝑥
the same energy as that of the X-ray photons is h kg. The value of x is __________. (h =
3
Planck's constant)
25th Feb Evening Shift 2021
Numerical Answer Key
1. Ans. (15)
2. Ans. (910)
3. Ans. (112)
4. Ans. (10)
5. Ans. (27)
6. Ans. (20)
7. Ans. (3)
8. Ans. (15)
9. Ans. (10)
Numerical Explanation
Ans 1.
Ans 2.
Ans 3.
= 1.12 mA
= 112 × 10−2 mA
Ans 4.
For half life
And when radioactive element becomes of its initial value in 30 years
Putting value of λ in (1), we get

Ans 5.
= (13 ×× 1.00726 + 14 × 1.00866) − 27.18846

= 27.21562 − 27.18846
= 0.02716 u
E = 27.16 x × 10−3 J
Ans 6.
Ans 7.
So the value of α = 3
Ans 8.
For 1st line
For 3rd line
Dividing (ii) by (i),
Ans 9.
Given wavelength of an x-ray beam = 10

The mass of a fictitious particle having the same energy as that of the x-ray photons
𝑥
= h kg
3
x = 10
Q.1 A moving proton and electron have the same de-Broglie wavelength. If K and P
denote the K.E. and momentum respectively. Then choose the correct option :
31st Aug Morning Shift 2021
Q.2 A sample of a radioactive nucleus A disintegrates to another radioactive nucleus

B, which in turn disintegrates to some other stable nucleus C. Plot of a graph
showing the variation of number of atoms of nucleus B versus time is:
(Assume that at t = 0, there are no B atoms in the sample)
31st Aug Morning Shift 2021
Q.3 There are 1010 radioactive nuclei in a given radioactive element, its half-life time
is 1 minute. How many nuclei will remain after 30 seconds?

27th Aug Morning Shift 2021
Q.4 At time t = 0, a material is composed of two radioactive atoms A and B, where

NA(0) = 2NB(0). The decay constant of both kind of radioactive atoms is λ. However,
A disintegrates to B and B disintegrates to C. Which of the following figures
represents the evolution of NB(t) / NB(0) with respect to time t?
[NA (0) = No. of A atoms at t = 0
NB (0) = No. of B atoms at t = 0]
26th Aug Evening Shift 2021
Q.5 A particular hydrogen like ion emits radiation of frequency 2.92 ×× 1015 Hz
when it makes transition from n = 3 to n = 1. The frequency in Hz of radiation
emitted in transition from n = 2 to n = 1 will be:
26th Aug Morning Shift 2021
Q.6 Consider the following statements:

A. Atoms of each element emit characteristics spectrum.
B. According to Bohr's Postulate, an electron in a hydrogen atom, revolves in a
certain stationary orbit.
C. The density of nuclear matter depends on the size of the nucleus.
D. A free neutron is stable but a free proton decay is possible.
E. Radioactivity is an indication of the instability of nuclei.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
Q.7 An electron and proton are separated by a large distance. The electron starts
approaching the proton with energy 3 eV. The proton captures the electron and
forms a hydrogen atom in second excited state. The resulting photon is incident on a
photosensitive metal of threshold wavelength 4000 What is the maximum kinetic

energy of the emitted photoelectron?
Q.8 An electron moving with speed v and a photon moving with speed c, have same
D-Broglie wavelength. The ratio of kinetic energy of electron to that of photon is:
Q.9 A particle of mass 4M at rest disintegrates into two particles of mass M and 3M
respectively having non zero velocities. The ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of
particle of mass M to that of mass 3M will be :
Q.10 What should be the order of arrangement of de-Broglie wavelength of electron

(λe), an α-particle (λa) and proton (λp) given that all have the same kinetic energy?
Q.11 An electron of mass me and a proton of mass mp are accelerated through the
same potential difference. The ratio of the de-Broglie wavelength associated with
the electron to that with the proton is

Q.12 A nucleus with mass number 184 initially at rest emits an α-particle. If the Q
value of the reaction is 5.5 MeV, calculate the kinetic energy of the α-particle.

Q.13 For a certain radioactive process the graph between In R and t(sec) is obtained
as shown in the figure. Then the value of half life for the unknown radioactive
material is approximately :
Q.14 A nucleus of mass M emits γ -ray photon of frequency 'v'. The loss of internal
energy by the nucleus is :
[Take 'c' as the speed of electromagnetic wave]

Q.15 A radioactive material decays by simultaneous emissions of two particles with
half lives of 1400 years and 700 years respectively. What will be the time after
which one third of the material remains ? (Take ln 3 = 1.1)
Q.16 A proton and an α-particle, having kinetic energies Kp and Kα respectively,

enter into a magnetic field at right angles.
The ratio of the radii of trajectory of proton to that of α-particle is 2 : 1. The ratio of
Kp : Kαα is :

Q.17 The decay of a proton to neutron is :
Q.18 The speed of electrons in a scanning electron microscope is 1 × 107 ms-1. If the
protons having the same speed are used instead of electrons, then the resolving
power of scanning proton microscope will be changed by a factor of :
Q.19 A radioactive sample disintegrates via two independent decay processes

having half lives
and respectively. The effective half-life T1/2 of the nuclei is :

Q.20 A particle is travelling 4 time as fast as an electron. Assuming the ratio of de-
Broglie wavelength of a particle to that of electron is 2 : 1, the mass of the particle is
:
Q.21 Imagine that the electron in a hydrogen atom is replaced by a muon (μ). The
mass of muon particle is 207 times that of an electron and charge is equal to the
charge of an electron. The ionization potential of this hydrogen atom will be
Q.22 The atomic hydrogen emits a line spectrum consisting of various series. Which
series of hydrogen atomic spectra is lying in the visible region?
Q.23 An electron of mass m and a photon have same energy E. The ratio of
wavelength of electron to that of photon is : (c being the velocity of light)
Q.24 Which level of the single ionized carbon has the same energy as the ground
state energy of hydrogen atom?

Q.25 If an electron is moving in the nth orbit of the hydrogen atom, then its velocity
(vn) for the nth orbit is given as :
Q.26 The half-life of Au198 is 2.7 days. The activity of 1.50 mg of Au198 if its atomic
weight is 198 g mol−1 is, (Na = 6 × 1023/mol).
Q.27 The de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron and a proton were
calculated by accelerating them through same potential of 100 V. What should
nearly be the ratio of their wavelengths? (mp = 1.00727u me = 0.00055u)
Q.28 Calculate the time interval between 33% decay and 67% decay if half-life of a
substance is 20 minutes.
Q.29 A radioactive sample is undergoing αα decay. At any time t1, its activity is A
𝐴
and another time t2, the activity is What is the average life time for the sample?
5
Q.30 If λ1 and λ2 are the wavelengths of the third member of Lyman and first
member of the Paschen series respectively, then the value of λ1 : λ2 is :
26th Feb Morning Shift 2021

Q.31 An electron of mass me and a proton of mass mp = 1836 me are moving with
the same speed. The ratio of their de Broglie wavelength will be :
Q.32 Two radioactive substances X and Y originally have N1 and N2 nuclei

respectively. Half life of X is half of the half life of Y. After three half lives of Y,
𝑁1
number of nuclei of both are equal. The ratio will be equal to :
𝑁2
Q.33 The de-Broglie wavelength of a proton and α-particle are equal. The ratio of
their velocities is :
Q.34 In the given figure, the energy levels of hydrogen atom have been shown along
with some transitions marked A, B, C, D and E.
The transitions A, B and C respectively represent :

MCQ Answer Key
1. Ans. (a) 10. Ans. (c) 19. Ans. (c) 28. Ans. (d)
2. Ans. (d) 11. Ans. (d) 20. Ans. (d) 29. Ans. (d)
3. Ans. (b) 12. Ans. (c) 21. Ans. (b) 30. Ans. (b)
4. Ans. (c) 13. Ans. (d) 22. Ans. (b) 31. Ans. (b)
5. Ans. (d) 14. Ans. (b) 23. Ans. (b) 32. Ans. (d)
6. Ans. (b) 15. Ans. (a) 24. Ans. (b) 33. Ans. (c)
7. Ans. (b) 16. Ans. (b) 25. Ans. (a) 34. Ans. (c)
8. Ans. (c) 17. Ans. (b) 26. Ans. (b)
9. Ans. (d) 18. Ans. (b) 27. Ans. (d)
MCQ Explanation
Ans 1.
Ans 2.
A → B → C (stable)
Initially no. of atoms of B = 0 at t = 0, no. of atoms of B will starts increasing &
reaches maximum value when rate of decay of B = rate of formation of B.
After that maximum value, no. of atoms will starts decreasing as growth & decay
both are exponential functions, so best possible graph is (d).
Ans 3.
Ans 4.
A → B, B → C
Ans 5.
Ans 6.
(A) True, atom of each element emits characteristic spectrum.
(B) True, according to Bohr's postulates mvr = and hence electron resides into
orbits of specific radius called stationary orbits.
(C) False, density of nucleus is constant.
(D) False, A free neutron is unstable decays into proton and electron and
antineutrino.
(E) True, unstable nucleus show radioactivity.
Ans 7.
initially, energy of electron = + 3eV
finally, in 2nd excited state,
Loss in energy is emitted as photon,
Now, photoelectric effect equation
Ans 8.
Ans 9.
both the particles will move with momentum same in magnitude & opposite in
direction.
So De-Broglie wavelength of both will be same i.e. ratio 1 : 1
Ans 10.
Ans 11.
Ans 12.
= 5.38 MeV
Ans 13.
−λ is slope of straight line
Ans 14.
Energy of γ-ray, Eγ = hv
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Since, during the emission of γ-ray photon, momentum is conserved.
⇒ pγ = pdecayed nuclei
Kinetic energy of decayed nuclei,
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get

∴ Loss in internal energy = Eγ + KEdecayed nuclei
Ans 15. The given situation can be shown as
Here, radioactive material X is decayed into two particles Y and Z with their
respective decay constant, λa and λb. It means that
where, t1/2(a) = 700 yr

and t1/2(b) = 1400 yr
Suppose the initial number of radioactive nuclei was N0.
where, N = number of nuclei present at time = t and N0 = number of nuclei present at

time = 0
Taking log on both the sides of above equation, we get

Ans 16.
=4
Ans 17. Positron emission or Beta plus decay is a subtype of radioactive decay
called Beta decay, in which a proton inside a nucleus is converted into a neutron
while releasing a positron and an electron neutrino.
So, decay of a proton to neutron is possible only inside the nucleus. Free proton
cannot decay to neutron as mass of proton is less compared to neutron so to decay
into higher mass, proton need extra energy which free proton can’t get, only proton
inside nucleus can get.
Ans 18.
We know, de-Broglie wavelength

Ans 19.
Ans 20.
Ans 21.
mm = 207 me
In hydrogen atom one electron present. Now that the electron in hydrogen atom is
replaced by a muon (μ).
For electron,
For muon,
= 13.6 × 207 = 2815.2 eV

Ans 22. Balmer series of hydrogen atomic spectrum is lying in the visible region,
when electron jumps from a higher energy level to n = 2 orbit.
Ans 23.
Ans 24.
Enth of Carbon = E1st of Hydrogen
⇒n=6
Ans 25. We know velocity of electron in nth shell of hydrogen atom is given by
Ans 26.
∴ Nearest answer is 357 Ci.
Ans 27.
Ans 28.
Ans 29. Let initial activity be A0

Ans 30. For Lyman series
n1 = 1, n2 = 4
For paschen series

n1 = 3, n2 = 4
Ans 31. Given mass of electron = me

Mass of proton = mp
From de-Broglie wavelength

Ans 32. Let Half life of x = t
then half life of y = 2t
when 3 half life of y is completed then 6 half life of x is completed.
From question,
Ans 33. Let λp, λα, mp, mα, vp, vα, pp and pαα be the wavelength, mass, velocity and
momentum of proton and α-particle, respectively.
As we know that,
λ = h/p
⇒ pp = p α
Ans 34. In transition A, hydrogen atom comes from higher energy state n = ∞ to
lower energy state n = 1. Hence, transition A represents series limit of Lyman series.
In transition B, hydrogen atom comes from higher energy state n = 5 to lower
energy state n = 2. Hence, transition B represents 3rd line of Balmer series. In
transition C, hydrogen atom comes from higher energy state n = 5 to lower energy
state n = 3. Hence, transition C represents 2nd line of Paschen series.
Hence, option (c) is correct.
26
4. An a-particle of energy 5 MeV is scattered through 180º by a
Atomic Structure and
TOPIC 1 fixed uranium nucleus. The distance of closest approach is of
Rutherford's Nuclear Model the order of [2004]
1. The graph which depicts the results of Rutherford gold (a) 10–12 cm (b) 10–10 cm
foil experiment with [8 Jan. 2020 I] (c) 10–14 cm (d) 10–15 cm
a-particles is:
q: Scattering angle
Y: Number of scattered a-particles detected
TOPIC 2 Bohr's Model and the Spectra
of the Hydrogen Atom
(Plots are schematic and not to scale)
5. A particle of mass 200 MeV/c2 collides with a hydrogen
atom at rest. Soon after the collision the particle comes
to rest, and the atom recoils and goes to its first excited
state. The initial kinetic energy of the particle (in eV)
(a) (b)
N
is . The value of N is : [NA Sep. 05, 2020 (I)]
4
(Given the mass of the hydrogen atom to be 1 GeV/c2)
6. In the line spectra of hydrogen atom, difference between
the largest and the shortest wavelengths of the Lyman
(c) (d) series is 304 Å. The corresponding difference for the
Paschan series in Å is : __________.
[NA Sep. 04, 2020 (I)]
2. In the Rutherford experiment, a-particles are scattered from 7. In a hydrogen atom the electron makes a transition from (n
a nucleus as shown. Out of the four paths, which path is + 1)th level to the nth level. If n >> 1, the frequency of
not possible? [Online May 7, 2012] radiation emitted is proportional to : [Sep. 02, 2020 (II)]
A 1 1
(a) (b)
n n3
B
1 1
(c) (d) 4
C n2 n
D 8. The energy required to ionise a hydrogen like ion in its
ground state is 9 Rydbergs. What is the wavelength of
(a) D (b) B (c) C (d) A the radiation emitted when the electron in this ion jumps
from the second excited state to the ground state?
1 2 [9 Jan. 2020 II]
3. An alpha nucleus of energy mv bombards a heavy
2 (a) 24.2 nm (b) 11.4 nm
nuclear target of charge Ze. Then the distance of closest (c) 35.8 nm (d) 8.6 nm
approach for the alpha nucleus will be proportional to 9. The first member of the Balmer series of hydrogen atom
[2006]
has a wavelength of 6561 Å. The wavelength of the
1 1 1 second member of the Balmer series (in nm) is ______.
(a) v 2 (b) (c) 2 (d) [NA 8 Jan. 2020 II]
m v Ze
P-450 Physics
10. The time period of revolution of electron in its ground 19. In a hydrogen like atom, when an electron jumps from the
state orbit in a hydrogen atom is 1.6 ´ 10–16 s. The M-shell to the L-shell, the wavelength of emitted radiation
frequency of revolution of the electron in its first excited is l. If an electron jumps from N-shell to the L-shell, the
state (in s–1) is: [7 Jan. 2020 I] wavelength of emitted radiation will be: [11 Jan 2019 II]
(a) 1.6 ´ 1014 (b) 7.8 ´ 1014 27 16 25 20
(a) l (b) l (c) l (d) l
(c) 6.2 ´ 1015 (d) 5.6 ´ 1012 20 25 16 27
11. An excited He+ ion emits two photons in succession, with 20. An electron from various excited states of hydrogen atom
wavelengths 108.5 nm and 30.4 nm, in making a transition emit radiation to come to the ground state. Let ln, lg be
to ground state. The quantum number n, corresponding the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in the nth state
to its initial excited state is (for photon of wavelength », and the ground state respectively. Let L n be the
wavelength of the emitted photon in the transition from
1240eV the nth state to the ground state. For large n, (A, B are
energy E = [12 April 2019 II]
l (innm) constants) [2018]
(a) n = 4 (b) n = 5 (c) n = 7 (d) n = 6 B
12. The electron in a hydrogen atom first jumps from the third (a) L n » A+ 2 (b) Ln » A + Bln
ln
excited state to the second excited state and subsequently
to the first excited state. The ratio of the respective (c) L 2n » A + B l 2n (d) L 2n » l
wavelengths, l1/ l2, of the photons emitted in this process
is : [12 April 2019 II] 21. If the series limit frequency of the Lyman series is v1, then
(a) 20/7 (b) 27/5 (c) 7/5 (d) 9/7 the series limit frequency of the P-fund series is :
13. Consider an electron in a hydrogen atom, revolving in its [2018]
second excited state (having radius 4.65 Å). The de-Broglie (a) 25 nL (b) 16 nL (c) nL/16 (d) nL/25
wavelength of this electron is : [12 April 2019 II] 22. The de-Broglie wavelength (lB) associated with the
(a) 3.5 Å (b) 6.6 Å (c) 12.9 Å (d) 9.7 Å electron orbiting in the second excited state of hydrogen
14. In Li++, electron in first Bohr orbit is excited to a level by a atom is related to that in the ground state (lG) by
radiation of wavelength l. When the ion gets deexcited [Online April 16, 2018]
to the ground state in all possible ways (including (a) lB = lG/3 (b) lB = lG/2
intermediate emissions), a total of six spectral lines are
(c) lB = 2lG (d) lB = 3lG
observed. What is the value of l ? [10 April 2019 II]
23. The energy required to remove the electron from a singly
(Given : h = 6.63×10–34 Js; c = 3 × 108 ms–1)
ionized Helium atom is 2.2 times the energy required to
(a) 11.4 nm (b) 9.4 nm (c) 12.3 nm (d) 10.8 nm
remove an electron from Helium atom. The total energy
15. Taking the wavelength of first Balmer line in hydrogen required to ionize the Helium atom completely is:
spectrum (n = 3 to n = 2) as 660 nm, the wavelength of the
[Online April 15, 2018]
2nd Balmer line (n = 4 to n = 2) will be; [9 April 2019 I]
(a) 889.2 nm (b) 488.9 nm (a) 20 eV (b) 79 eV (c) 109 eV (d) 34 eV
(c) 642.7 nm (d) 388.9 nm 24. Muon (m–1) is negatively charged ( q = e ) with a mass
16. A He+ ion is in its first excited state. Its ionization energy mm = 200me, where me is the mass of the electron and e is
is: [9 April 2019 II] the electronic charge. If m–1 is bound to a proton to form a
(a) 48.36 eV (b) 54.40 eV hydrogen like atom, identify the correct statements
(c) 13.60 eV (d) 6.04 eV [Online April 15, 2018]
17. Radiation coming from transitions n = 2 to n = 1 of (A) Radius of the muonic orbit is 200 times smaller than
hydrogen atoms fall on He+ ions in n = 1 and n = 2 states. that of the electron
The possible transition of helium ions as they absorb
1
energy from the radiation is : [8 April 2019 I] (B) the speed of the m–1 in the nth orbit is times
(a) n = 2 ® n = 3 (b) n = 1 ® n = 4 200
that of the election in the nth orbit
(c) n = 2 ® n = 5 (d) n = 2 ® n = 4
18. A hydrogen atom, initially in the ground state is excited (C) The lonization energy of muonic atom is 200 times
more than that of an hydrogen atom
by absorbing a photon of wavelength 980Å. The radius of
the atom in the excited state, in terms of Bohr radius a0, (D) The momentum of the muon in the nth orbit is 200
times more than that of the electron
will be: [11 Jan 2019 I]
(a) 25a0 (b) 9a0 (c) 16a0 (d) 4a0 (a) (A), (B), (D) (b) (B), (D)
(c) (C), (D) (d) (A), (C), (D)
Atoms P-451
25. Some energy levels of a molecule are shown in the figure. 31. If one were to apply Bohr model to a particle of mass ‘m’
The ratio of the wavelengths r = l1/l2, is given by and charge ‘q’ moving in a plane under the influence of a
[2017] magnetic field ‘B’, the energy of the charged particle in
the nth level will be : [Online April 10, 2015]
æ hqB ö æ hqB ö
(a) n çè ÷ (b) n çè ÷
2pm ø 8pm ø
æ hqB ö
(c) n æç
hqB ö
(d) n ç
è 4pm ÷ø è pm ÷ø
3 1 4 2 32. The radiation corresponding to 3 ® 2 transition of
(a) r = (b) r = (c) r = (d) r =
4 3 3 3 hydrogen atom falls on a metal surface to produce
26. The acceleration of an electron in the first orbit of the photoelectrons. These electrons are made to enter a
hydrogen atom (z = 1) is : [Online April 9, 2017] magnetic field of 3 × 10–4 T. If the radius of the largest
circular path followed by these electrons is 10.0 mm, the
h2 h2 work function of the metal is close to: [2014]
(a) (b)
p 2 m2 r 3 8p 2 m 2 r 3 (a) 1.8 eV (b) 1.1 eV
2 2
h h (c) 0.8 eV (d) 1.6 eV
(c) 2 2 3 (d) 2 3
4p m r 4 pm r 33. Hydrogen (1 H1), Deuterium ( 2
1H ), singly ionised Helium
27. According to Bohr’s theory, the time averaged magnetic
( He4 ) and doubly ionised lithium ( Li 6 )
+ ++
all have
field at the centre (i.e. nucleus) of a hydrogen atom due to 2 3
the motion of electrons in the nth orbit is proportional to : one electron around the nucleus. Consider an electron
(n = principal quantum number) [Online April 8, 2017] transition from n = 2 to n = 1. If the wavelengths of emitted
(a) n –4 (b) n –5 (c) n –3 (d) n –2 radiation are l1, l 2 , l3 and l 4 respectively then
28. A hydrogen atom makes a transition from n = 2 to n = 1 and approximately which one of the following is correct?
emits a photon. This photon strikes a doubly ionized lithium [2014]
atom (z = 3) in excited state and completely removes the
(a) 4l1 = 2l 2 = 2l 3 = l 4
orbiting electron. The least quantum number for the excited
state of the ion for the process is : (b) l1 = 2l 2 = 2l 3 = l 4
(c) l1 = l 2 = 4l3 = 9l4
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 3
29. As an electron makes a transition from an excited state to (d) l1 = 2l 2 = 3l3 = 4l4
the ground state of a hydrogen - like atom/ion : 34. Match List - I (Experiment performed) with List-II
[2015] (Phenomena discovered/associated) and select the correct
(a) kinetic energy decreases, potential energy increases option from the options given below the lists:
but total energy remains same [Online April 19, 2014]
(b) kinetic energy and total energy decrease but potential
energy increases List - I List - II
(c) its kinetic energy increases but potential energy and
total energy decrease (1) Davisson and Germer (i) Wave nature of
(d) kinetic energy, potential energy and total energy decrease experiment electrons
30. The de–Broglie wavelength associated with the electron (2) Millikan's oil drop (ii) Charge of an electron
in the n = 4 level is : [Online April 11, 2015] experiment
1 (3) Rutherford (iii) Quantisation of
(a) th of the de–Broglie wavelength of the electron experiment energy levels
4
in the ground state. (4) Franck-Hertz (iv) Existence of nucleus
(b) four times the de–Broglie wavelength of the electron experiment
in the ground state
(c) two times the de–Broglie wavelength of the electron (a) (1)-(i), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iii), (4)-(iv)
in the ground state (b) (1)-(i), (2)-(ii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(iii)
(d) half of the de–Broglie wavelength of the electron in (c) (1)-(iii), (2)-(iv), (3)-(i), (4)-(ii)
the ground state
(d) (1)-(iv), (2)-(iii), (3)-(ii), (4)-(i)
P-452 Physics
35. The binding energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is 42. A diatomic molecule is made of two masses m1 and m2
13.6 eV, the energy required to remove the electron from which are separated by a distance r. If we calculate its
the first excited state of Li++ is: [Online April 9, 2014] rotational energy by applying Bohr's rule of angular
(a) 122.4 eV (b) 30.6 eV momentum quantization, its energy will be given by : (n is
(c) 13.6 eV (d) 3.4 eV an integer) [2012]
36. Ina hydrogen like atom electron make transition from an (m1 + m2 )2 n2 h 2 n2 h 2
energy level with quantum number n to another with (a) (b)
quantum number (n – 1). If n>>1, the frequency of 2m12 m22 r 2 2(m1 + m2 )r 2
radiation emitted is proportional to : [2013]
2n 2 h 2 (m1 + m2 )n2 h2
1 1 1 1 (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (m1 + m2 )r 2 2m1m2 r 2
n n2 n3 n3
2 43. Which of the plots shown in the figure represents speed
37. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous (vn) of the electron in a hydrogen atom as a function of the
hydrogen at room temperature. It will emit : principal quantum number (n)? [Online May 26, 2012]
(a) 2 lines in the Lyman series and 1 line in the Balmar
series
(b) 3 lines in the Lyman series
(c) 1 line in the Lyman series and 2 lines in the Balmar series
(d) 3 lines in the Balmer series
38. In the Bohr’s model of hydrogen-like atom the force
between the nucleus and the electron is modified as
e2 æ 1 b ö
F= ç + ÷ , where b is a constant. For this atom,
4pe0 è r 2 r 3 ø
(a) B (b) D (c) C (d) A
the radius of the nth orbit in terms of the Bohr radius
44. A doubly ionised Li atom is excited from its ground state
æ e h2 ö (n = 1) to n = 3 state. The wavelengths of the spectral lines
ç a0 = 0 ÷ is : [Online April 23, 2013] are given by l32, l31 and l21. The ratio l32/l31 and
ç mp e 2 ÷
è ø l21/l31 are, respectively [Online May 12, 2012]
(a) rn = a0n – b (b) rn = a0n2 + b (a) 8.1, 0.67 (b) 8.1, 1.2
(c) rn = a0n – b
2 (d) rn = a0n + b (c) 6.4, 1.2 (d) 6.4, 0.67
39. Orbits of a particle moving in a circle are such that the 45. A hypothetical atom has only three energy levels. The
perimeter of the orbit equals an integer number of de- ground level has energy, E1 = – 8 eV. The two excited
Broglie wavelengths of the particle. For a charged states have energies, E2 = – 6 eV and E3 = – 2 eV. Then
particle moving in a plane perpendicular to a magnetic which of the following wavelengths will not be present in
field, the radius of the nth orbital will therefore be the emission spectrum of this atom?
proportional to : [Online April 22, 2013]
[Online May 12, 2012]
(a) n 2 (b) n (c) n 1/2 (d) n 1/4 (a) 207 nm (b) 465 nm
40. In the Bohr model an electron moves in a circular orbit around (c) 310 nm (d) 620 nm
the proton. Considering the orbiting electron to be a circular
current loop, the magnetic moment of the hydrogen atom, 46. The electron of a hydrogen atom makes a transition from
when the electron is in nth excited state, is : the (n + 1) th orbit to the nth orbit. For large n the
wavelength of the emitted radiation is proportional to
[Online May 7, 2012]
æ e n2 h ö æ e ö nh (a) n (b) n 3 (c) n 4 (d) n 2
(a) ç ÷ (b) ç ÷
ç 2m 2p ÷ è m ø 2p 47. Energy required for the electron excitation in Li++ from the
è ø
2
first to the third Bohr orbit is : [2011]
æ e ö nh æ e ön h (a) 36.3 eV (b) 108.8 eV
(c) ç ÷ (d) ç ÷
è 2m ø 2p è m ø 2p (c) 122.4 eV (d) 12.1 eV
41. Hydrogen atom is excited from ground state to another 48. The transition from the state n = 4 to n = 3 in a hydrogen
state with principal quantum number equal to 4. Then the
like atom results in ultraviolet radiation. Infrared
number of spectral lines in the emission spectra will be :
[2012] radiation will be obtained in the transition from : [2009]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 (a) 3 ® 2 (b) 4 ® 2 (c) 5 ® 4 (d) 2 ® 1
Atoms P-453
49. Suppose an electron is attracted towards the origin by a n=4

n =3
k
force where ‘k’ is a constant and ‘r’ is the distance of
r n=2
the electron from the origin. By applying Bohr model to
this system, the radius of the nth orbital of the electron
is found to be ‘rn’ and the kinetic energy of the electron n =1
I II III IV
to be ‘Tn’. Then which of the following is true? [2008]
(a) IV (b) III (c) II (d) I
1 2
(a) Tn µ 2 , rn µ n 52. The wavelengths involved in the spectrum of deuterium
n
(b) Tn independent of n, rn µ n
1
( D)
2
1 are slightly different from that of hydrogen
(c) Tn µ , rn µ n spectrum, because [2003]
n
(a) the size of the two nuclei are different
1 2 (b) the nuclear forces are different in the two cases
(d) Tn µ 3 , rn µ n
n (c) the masses of the two nuclei are different
50. Which of the following transitions in hydrogen atoms emit (d) the attraction between the electron and the nucleus
photons of highest frequency? [2007] is differernt in the two cases
(a) n = 1 to n = 2 (b) n = 2 to n = 6 53. If 13.6 eV energy is required to ionize the hydrogen atom, then
(c) n = 6 to n = 2 (d) n = 2 to n = 1 the energy required to remove an electron from n = 2 is
[2002]
51. The diagram shows the energy levels for an electron in a
certain atom. Which transition shown represents the (a) 10.2 eV (b) 0 eV
emission of a photon with the most energy? [2005] (c) 3.4 eV (d) 6.8 eV
P-454 Physics
1. (c) 6. (10553.14)
2. (c) As a-particles are doubly ionised helium He++ i.e. From Bohr's formula for hydrogen atom,
Positively charged and nucleus is also positively charged
and we know that like charges repel each other. 1 æ 1 1 ö
3. (b) Work done to stop the a particle is equal to K.E. = Rç 2 - 2 ÷
l ç ÷
è n1 n2 ø
1 2 K (Ze) 1 2
\ qV = mv Þ q ´ = mv
2 r 2 R = 1.097 ´ 107 m –1
2(2e) K ( Ze) 4 KZe

2 For Lyman series :
Þr= 2
= 2
mv mv 1
= R (1) = R Q n2 = ¥ and n1 = 1
l min .
1 1
Þrµ
2
and r µ .
v m 1 ì 1 ü 3R
= R í1 - ý = Q n1 = 2, n1 = 1
4. (a) Distance of closest approach l max. î 4þ 4
Ze(2e)
r0 = 4 1 1
æ 1 2ö \ l max. - l min. = - = = 304 (Given)
4pe 0 ç mv ÷ 3R R 3R
è2 ø
For Paschen series :
Energy, E = 5 ´ 106 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19 J
æ 1ö æ1 1 ö 7R
9 -19 -19 l 'min. = R ç ÷ and l 'max. = R ç - ÷ =
\ r0 = 9 ´ 10 ´ (92 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 ) (2 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 ) è 9ø è 9 16 ø 16 ´ 9
5 ´ 106 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-19
16 ´ 9 9 81
Þ rh = 5.2 ´ 10
- 14
m = 5.3 × 10–12 cm l 'max. - l min.
'
= - =
7R R 7R
5. (51) 81 81 ´ 3 81 ´ 3
or, l 'max. - l 'min. = = = ´ 304
Before collision After collision 7 R 7 ´ 3R 7
Rest Rest æ 1 ö
v v' çèQ = 304Å÷
ø
m 5m m 5m 3R
Particle Hydrogen Particle Hydrogen \ For Pachen series, l 'max. - l min.

'
= 10553.14
From linear momentum conservation, Li = Lf 7. (b) Total energy of electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom
v Rhc
mV + 0 = 0 + 5mV ' Þ V ' = En = -
5 n2
2
Total energy of electron in (n + 1)th level of hydrogen atom
1 2 1 æ vö
Loss of KE = KEi - KE f = mv - (5m) ç ÷ Rhc
2 2 è 5ø En +1 = -
( n + 1)2
1 2 æ 1 ö 4 æ mv 2 ö When electron makes a transition from (n + 1)th level to nth
= mv ç1 - ÷ = ç
2 è 5 ø 5 è 2 ÷ø level
Change in energy,
4 DE = En +1 - En
=
KEi = 10.2 eV
5
é1 1 ù
[Q Energy in first excited state of atom = 10.2 eV] hn = Rhc × ê 2 - ú (Q E = hn)
ën (n + 1)2 û
N
KEi = 12.75eV= Þ N = 51
4 é (n + 1) 2 - n 2 ù
n = R×c ê 2 2 ú
The value of N = 51. ë n (n + 1) û
Atoms P-455
11. (b) E = E1 + E2
é 1 + 2n ù
n = R×c ê 2 2ú z 2 1240 1240
ë n (n + 1) û 13.6 2 = +
n l1 l2
For n > > 1
é 2n ù 2 RC 13.6(2) 2 æ 1 1 ö 1
Þ n = R×c ê 2 = 3 or = 1240 ç + ÷ø ´ -9
ë n ´ n 2 úû n n 2 è 108.5 30.4 10
On solving, n = 5
1
Þnµ 1 æ 1 1ö
n3 12. (a) = R ç - ÷ = 7R
8. (b) According to Bohr's Theory the wavelength of the l1 è 32 42 ø 16 ´ 9
radiation emitted from hydrogen atom is given by
1 æ 1 1 ö 5R
= Rç -
1 é1 1ù
And
l2 è 22 32 ÷ø = 36
= RZ 2 ê 2 – 2 ú
l ëê n1 n2 úû l1 (5R / 36) 20
Q Z= 3 Now l = =
2 7 R / (16 ´ 9) 7
1 æ 1ö
\ = 9 R ç1 – ÷ c c
l è 9ø 13. (d) v = =
137 n 137 ´ 3
1 1
Þ l= = (R = 10973731.6 m–1) h h h h
8 R 8 ´ 10973731.6 l = p = mv = æ m ´ c ö = mc ´ (3 ´ 137) = 9.7 Å
Þ l = 11.39 nm çè ÷
9. (486.00) 3 ´ 137 ø
The wavelength of the spectral line of hydrogen spectrum 14. (d) Spectral lines obtained on account of transition from
is given by formula
n(n - 1)
æ 1 ö nth orbit to various lower orbits is
1 1 2
= Rç – ÷
l çè n2f ni2 ÷ø n(n - 1)
Þ6=
Where, R = Rydberg constant 2
For the first member of Balmer series nF = 2, ni = 3 Þn=4
1 æ 1 1ö hc –Z 2
\ =Rç 2 – 2÷ ...(i) DE = = 2 (13.6eV )
l è2 3 ø l n
For last member of Balmer series, nf = 2, ni = 4
1 é1 1 ù 1 æ 13.6eV ö æ 1 1ö
=Rê – ú Þ = Z2 ç ÷ ç 2 – 2÷
So,
l'
...(ii) l è hc ø è n2 n1 ø
ë 4 16 û
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get
é 1ù
l¢ 5 ´ 16 = (13.4)(3)2 ê1 - ú eV
Þ = ë 16 û
l 9´ 4´3
1242 ´ 16
5 ´ 4 ´ 656.1 Þl= nm ; 10.8nm
Þ l' = (nm) = 486 nm (13.4) ´ (9)(15)
9´3
10. (b) For first excited state n' = 3 1 æ 1 1 ö 5R
= -R ç - =
n 3
15. (b)
l1 è 2 2 32 ÷ø 36
Time period T µ 2
z 1 æ 1 1 ö 3R
= Rç - =
T2 n ' 3 l2 è 22 42 ÷ø 16
Þ =
T1 n3 l 2 80
\ =
\ T2 = 8T1 = 8 × 1.6 × 10–16s l1 108
1 1
\ Frequency, v = T = 80 80
8 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 –16 l2 = l1 = ´ 660 = 488.9 nm.
2 108 108
» 7.8 × 1014 Hz
P-456 Physics
Since n is very large, using binomial theorem

Z2
16. (c) En = -13.6 2 1 æ 1 ö
n Ln = ç1 + ÷
RZ 2 è n 2 ø
+ -13.6(2) 2
For He , E2 = = -13.60eV 1 1 æ 1 ö
22 Ln = 2
+ ç ÷
RZ RZ 2 è n 2 ø
Ionization energy = 0 – E2 = 13.60 eV
17. (d) Energy released by hydrogen atom for transition 2 pr æ n 2h 2 ö 1
n = 2 to n = 1 As we know, l n = n = 2p çç 2 2 ÷÷
µn
è 4 p mZe ø n
æ1 1ö 3
\ DE1 = 13.6 ´ ç 2 - 2 ÷ = ´ 13.6 eV B
è1 2 ø 4 Ln » A +
l n2
= 10.2 eV
This energy is absorbed by He+ ion in transition from 21. (d) hnL = E ¥ - E1 ...(i)
n = 2 to n = n1 (say) hnf = E ¥ - E5 ...(ii)
æ1 1 ö 2
\ DE2 = 13.6 ´ 4 ´ ç - 2 ÷ = 10.2 eV z2 E5 æ 1 ö 1
ç4 n ÷ Eµ Þ =ç ÷ =
è 1 ø n2 E1 è 5 ø 25
Þ n1 = 4
hn L E1
So, possible transition is n = 2 ® n = 4 Eqn (i) / (ii) Þ =
hn f E 5
hc 12500
18. (3) Energy of photon = = = 12.75eV n L 25 n
l 980 Þ = Þ nf = L
Energy of electron in n th orbit is given by nf 1 25
h
–13.6 é 1 –1 ù 22. (d) de-Broglie wavelength, l =
En = Þ E n – E1 = –13.6 ê 2 2 ú P
n2 ën 1 û
l B Pa mvG
= =
é 1 –1 ù l G PB mv B
Þ12.75 = 13.6 ê 2 2 ú Þ n = 4
ë1 n û z
Speed of electron V µ
\ Electron will excite to n = 4 n
We know that ‘R’ µ n2
lB n B 3
\ Radius of atom will be 16a0 so = = Þ l B = 3l G
lG nG 1
19. (d) When electron jumps from M ® L shell
23. (b) Energy required to remove e– from singly ionized
1 æ 1 1 ö K´5
= Kç 2 - 2 ÷ = ..... (i)
l è2 3 ø 36 (13.6)Z 2
helium atom = = 54.4 eV (Q Z = 2)
When eletron jumps from N ® L shell 12
Energy required to remove e– from helium atom = x eV
1 æ 1 1 ö K´3 According to question, 54.4 eV = 2.2x Þ x = 24.73 eV
=Kç 2 - 2 ÷ = ....(ii)
l' è2 4 ø 16 Therefore, energy required to ionize helium atom
solving equation (i) and (ii) we get = (54.4 + 24.73) eV = 79.12 eV
20 Radius of hydrogen
l' = l 24. (d) (A) Radius of muon =
27 200
20. (a) Wavelength of emitted photon from nth state to the Î0 n2h2
ground state, Radius of H atom = r =
pme2
1 æ1 1 ö
= RZ 2 ç 2 - 2 ÷ Î0 n 2 h 2
Ln è1 n ø Radius of muon = rm =
p ´ 200 me2
-1
1 æ 1 ö r
Ln = 2ç
1- 2 ÷ rm =
RZ è n ø 200
Atoms P-457
(B) Velocity relation given is wrong 27. (d) Magnetic field at the centre of nucleus of H-atom,
(C) Ionization energy in e– H atom m0 I
B= ..... (i)
+ me 4 2r
E= According to Bohr's model, radius of orbit r µ n 2
8 Î20 n 2 h2
from eq. (i) we can also write as B µ n–2
28. (b) A hydrogen atom makes a transition from n = 2 to
200me 4 n=1
Em = = 200 E
8 Î02 n 2 h 2 n2
(D) Momentum of H-atom
nh
mvr = n1
2p
Hence (A), (C), (D) are correct.
é 1 ù 2é 1ù
Then wavelength = Rcz êê 2 , 2 úú < Rc(1) êê1, úú
2 1
hc
25. (b) From energy level diagram, using DE = ëê n1 n 2 ûú ë 4û
l
hc é 3ù
For wavelength l1 DE = – E – (–2E) = l < Rc ê ú ...(1)
l1 êë 4 úû
For ionized lithium
hc
\ l1 = é 1 ù é 1ù
E l < Rc(3) 2 ê ú < Rc 9 ê ú ...(2)
êë n úû
2 êë n 2 úû
æ 4E ö hc
For wavelength l2 DE = – E – ç - ÷ = é 3ù é 1 ù
è 3 ø l2 Rc ê ú = Rc9 ê 2 ú
4
ë û ën û
hc l1 1
\ l2 = \r= = 3 9
æ Eö l2 3 Þ < Þ n < 12 < 2 3
çè ÷ø 4 n2
3
\ The least quantum number must be 4.
26. (c) Speed of electron in first orbit (n = 1) of hydrogen 29. (c) Kinetic energy of electron is
atom (z = 1),
2
æZö
e 2 K.E. µ ç ÷
v= èNø
2e 0 h When the electron makes transition from excited state to
radius of Bohr's first orbit, ground state, then n increases and kinetic energy increases.
Total energy = – KE
h 2e 0 rpme2 \ Total energy also decreases.
r= Þ e0 = ....... (i)
pme 2 h2 Potential energy is lowest for ground state.
Acceleration of electron, h
30. (b) De-Broglie wavelength of electron l =
mV
v2 e4 pme 2
= 2 2´ 2 1
r 4e 0 h h e0 As we know, V µ
n
e 4 ´ pme 2 So, lµn
= ....... (ii)
4h 4 e30 l 4 = 4l1
l1 is the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron in the
eliminating e0 from eq (ii),
ground state.
e4 pme2 h 6 mv 2
= 4 3 3 3 6 from eqn (i) 31. (c) qVB = ....(i)
4h r p m e r
nh
h2 = mvr ....(ii)
= 2 2 3 2p
4p m r
P-458 Physics
Multiplying equation (i) and (ii),

1 æ 1 1 ö
qBnh = Rç - ÷
= m2v 2 l çn 2 n 2 ÷
2p è 1 2 ø
(where Rydberg constant , R = 1.097 × 107)
1
Now multiplying both sides by ,
2m 1 æ1 1 ö
or, = 1.097 ´ 107 ç - ÷
993 ´10 -10 ç 12 n 2 ÷
qBh 1 2 è 2 ø
n = mv
4pm 2 Solving we get n 2 = 3
Spectral lines
é qBh ù Total number of spectral lines = 3
i.e. KE = n ê ú
ë 4pm û Two lines in Lyman series for n 1 = 1, n2 = 2 and n1 = 1,
32. (b) Radius of circular path followed by electron is given by, n2 = 3 and one in Balmer series for n 1 = 2 , n2 = 3
n=3
mu 2meV 1 2m Balmer
r= = = V n=2
qB eB B e Lyman Lyman
n=1
B2 r 2 e
Þ V= = 0.8V
2m mv2 e2 æ 1 b ö
38. (c) As F = = ç + ÷
For transition between 3 to 2. r 4p Î0 è r 2 r 3 ø
æ 1 1 ö 13.6 ´ 5 nh nh
E = 13.6 ç - ÷ = = 1.88eV and mvr = Þv=
è 4 9ø 36 2p 2 pmr
Work function = 1.88 eV – 0.8 eV = 1.08 eV » 1.1eV 2
æ nh ö 1 e2 æ 1 b ö
\ mç ÷ ´ = ç + ÷
1 é1 1ù è 2pmr ø r 4p Î0 è r 2 r 3 ø
33. (c) Wave number = RZ 2 ê 2 - 2 ú
l êë n1 n úû
1 b mn 2 h 2 4p Î0
1 or, + =
Þ lµ r2 r3 4p 2 m 2 e 2 r 3
Z2
\ lZ2 = constant
a n2 1 b æ Î h2 ö
By question n = 1 and n1 = 2 or, 0 = + çQa 0 = 0 Given ÷
Then, l1 = l2 = 4l3 = 9l4 r3 r 2 r3 ç mpe 2 ÷
è ø
34. (b) For nth atom
(1) Davisson and Gemner experiment-wave nature of \ rn = a0n2 – b
electrons. 39. (c) According to the question,
(2) Millikan’s oil drop experiment - charge of an elec-
tron. nh nh
2pr = nl = =
(3) Rutherford experiment - Existance of nucleus. p mv
(4) Frank-Hertz experiment - Quantisation of energy
levels. nh nh
or mvr = or mv =
35. (b) For first excited state, n = 2 and for Li + + Z = 3 2p 2pr
13.6 13.6
En = ´ Z2 = ´ 9 = 30.6 eV mv2 mv nh
n 2 4 F = qv B = or, q B = =
r r 2pr.r
36. (d) DE = hv
DE 1 ù k(2n - 1) nh nh
é 1 or, r2 = or, r =
n= =kê 2
- 2ú = 2 2pqB 2pqB
h ë (n - 1) n û n (n - 1)2
i.e., r µ n1/2
2k 1
» 3 or n µ 3 40. (c) Magnetic moment of the hydrogen atom, when the
n n
electron is in nth excited state, i.e., n ' = (n + 1)
-34
hc hc 6.62 ´10 ´ 3 ´108
37. (a) E= Þl= = = 993Ao As magnetic moment M n = In A = in (prn2 )
l E -19
12.5 ´1.6 ´10
Atoms P-459
Substituting the values we get,

mz 2 e5
i n = eVn = 2.2 ´ 106 1
4e02 n 3 h 3 Vn = m/s or Vn µ
n n
As principal quantum number increases, velocity
n2h2 æ 1 ö decreases.
rn = çk = ÷
2
4p kzme è 2 4p Î0 ø
1 æ 1 1ö
Solving we get magnetic moment of the hydrogen atom 44. (c) = Rç - ÷ where R = Rydberg constant
for nth excited state l è n12 n22 ø
æ e ö nh 1 æ 1 1ö 5 36
Mn ' = ç ÷ =ç - ÷ = l 32 =
è 2m ø 2p l32 è 4 9 ø 36 Þ
5
41. (d) For ground state, the principal quantum no. (n) = 1. Similarly solving for l31 and l21
Principal quantum number 4 belongs to 3rd excited state.
9 4
The possible number of the spectral lines from a state n to l 31 = and l 21 =
ground state is 8 3
n(n - 1) 4(4 - 1) l32 l

= = =6 \ = 6.4 and 21 ; 1.2
2 2 l31 l 31
42. (d) The energy of the system of two atoms of diatomic
45. (b) hc
1 2 E=
molecule E = I w l
2 46. (b) If n1 = n and n2 = n + 1
where I = moment of inertia
n 2 ( n + 1)
2
L Maximum wavelength lmax =
w = Angular velocity = , ( 2n + 1) R
I
L = Angular momentum
Therefore, for large n, l max µ n3
1 47. (b) Energy of excitation (DE) is
I = (m1r12 + m2 r22 )
2
æ1 1 ö
1 2 2 2 DE = 13.6 z2 ç n - n ÷ eV
Thus, E = (m1r1 + m2 r2 )w … (i) è 1 2ø
2
æ1 1 ö
1 L2 Þ DE = 13.6 (3)2 ç 2 - 2 ÷ = 108.8 eV
E= (m1r12 + m2 r2 2 ) 2 è1 3 ø
2 I
48. (c) It is given that transition from the state n = 4 to n = 3
L= nh in a hydrogen like atom result in ultraviolet radiation. For
(According to Bohr's Hypothesis)
æ 1 1 ö
2 infrared radiation ç 2 – 2 ÷ should be less. The only
E=
1
(m1r12 + m2 r22 )
L è n1 n2 ø
2 (m1r1 + m2 r22 )2
2 option is 5 ® 4.
Increasing
Energy
1 L2 n2 h 2 n=5
E= =
2 (m1r12 + m2 r22 ) 8p2 (m1r12 + m2 r22 ) n=4
n=3
(m1 + m2 )n 2 h 2 n=2
E=
8 p2 r 2 m1m2 n=1
49. (b) Given,
43. (a) Velocity of electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom k
is given by : Centripetal force =
r
2pKZe 2 Then
Vn =
nh k mv 2
=
r r
P-460 Physics
1 2 1
Þ k = mv2 Þ Tn = mv = k é ù
2 2 E will be maximum for the transition for which ê 1 - 1 ú
2 2
Tn is independent of n êë n1 n2 úû
Also,
is maximum. Here n2 is the higher energy level.
nh
Angular momentum, L =
2p é 1 1 ù
Clearly, ê - ú is maximum for the third transition,
nh êë n12 n2 2 úû
Þ mvrn = (Q L = mvr)
2p
i.e., 2 ® 1. I transition is showing the absorption of energy.
nh æQ m 2v 2 = km ö
ç ÷ 52. (c) The wavelength of spectrum is given by
Þ rn =
2p km çè or mv = km ÷ø
1 æ 1 1 ö
Clearly, rn µ n = Rz 2 ç 2 - 2 ÷
l ç ÷
50. (d) We have to find the frequency of emitted photons. è n1 n2 ø
For emission of photons electron should makes a transition
from higher energy level to lower energy level. so, option 1.097 ´107
(a) and (b) are incorrect. where R =
m
Frequency of emitted photon is given by 1+
M
æ 1 1 ö
h n = -13.6 ç 2 - 2 ÷ where m = mass of electron
çn ÷
è 2 n1 ø M = mass of nucleus.
For transition from n = 6 to n = 2, Thus, wavelength involved in the spectrum of hudrogen
-13.6 æ 1 1 ö 2 æ 13.6 ö like atom depends upon masses of nucleus. The mass
n1 = ç 2
- 2 ÷ = ´ç ÷ number of hydrogen and deuterium is 1 and 2 respectively,
h è6 2 ø 9 è h ø
so spectrum of deuterium will be different from hydrogen.
For transition from n = 2 to n = 1,
53. (c) The energy required to remove the electron from the
-13.6 æ 1 1 ö 3 æ 13.6 ö . nth orbit of hydrogen is given by
n2 = - = ´ç ÷
h çè 22 12 ÷ø 4 è h ø
13.6
\ n1 < n2 En = 2
eV /atom
n
51. (b) Eenrgy of radiation that corresponds to energy
difference between two energy levels n1 and n2 is given 13.6
as For n = 2, En = = 3.4 eV
4
é 1 1 ù æ 1 1ö Therefore the energy required to remove electron from
E = Rhc ê 2 - 2 ú \ E a ç 2 – 2÷ n = 2 is + 3.4 eV.
è n1 n2 ø
ëê n1 n2 ûú
27
(a) 4.5 × 105 (b) 8 × 106
Composition and Size of the
TOPIC 1 (c) 6.82 × 105 (d) 1.33 × 106
Nuclei
7. Given the masses of various atomic particles mp = 1.0072 u,
1. The radius R of a nucleus of mass number A can be mn = 1.0087 u, me = 0.000548 u, mv = 0, md = 2.0141 u, where
estimated by the formula R = (1.3 × 10–15)A1/3 m. It follows
p º proton, n º neutron, e º electron,
that the mass density of a nucleus is of the order of :
v º antineutrino and d º deuteron. Which of the follow-
( M prot. @ M neut. ; 1.67 ´ 10 -27 kg) [Sep. 03, 2020 (II)] ing process is allowed by momentum and energy conser-
(a) 103 kg m–3 (b) 1010 kg m–3 vation? [Sep. 06, 2020 (II)]
(c) 1024 kg m–3 (d) 1017 kg m–3 (a) n + n ® deuterium atom (electron bound to the nucleus)
2. The ratio of the mass densities of nuclei of 40Ca and 16O is (b) p ® n + e+ + v
close to : [8 April 2019 II] (c) n + p ® d + g
(a) 1 (b) 0.1 (c) 5 (d) 2
(d) e+ + e– ® g
3. An unstable heavy nucleus at rest breaks into two nuclei
which move away with velocities in the ratio of 8:27. The 8. Find the Binding energy per neucleon for 120
50 Sn. Mass of
ratio of the radii of the nuclei (assumed to be spherical ) is: proton mp = 1.00783 U, mass of neutron mn = 1.00867 U and
[Online April 15, 2018] mass of tin nucleus mSn = 119.902199 U.
(a) 8 : 27 (b) 2 : 3 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 4 : 9 (take 1U = 931 MeV) [Sep. 04, 2020 (II)]
4. Which of the following are the constituents of the nucleus? (a) 7.5 MeV (b) 9.0 MeV
[2007] (c) 8.0 MeV (d) 8.5 MeV
(a) Electrons and protons (b) Neutrons and protons 9. In a reactor, 2 kg of 92U235 fuel is fully used up in 30 days.
(c) Electrons and neutrons (d) Neutrons and positrons The energy released per fission is 200 MeV. Given that the
5. If radius of the 27 nucleus is estimated to be 3.6 fermi Avogadro number, N = 6.023 × 1026 per kilo mole and 1 eV
13 Al
= 1.6 × 10–19 J. The power output of the reactor is close to:
then the radius of 125 nucleus be nearly [2005]
52 Te [Sep. 02, 2020 (I)]
(a) 8 fermi (b) 6 fermi (a) 35 MW (b) 60 MW
(c) 5 fermi (d) 4 fermi (c) 125 MW (d) 54 MW
10. Consider the nuclear fission
TOPIC 2 Mass-Energy Equivalence and Ne20 ® 2He4 + C12
Nuclear Reactions
Given that the binding energy/nucleon of Ne20, He4 and
6. You are given that mass of 73 Li = 7.0160 u, C12 are, respectively, 8.03 MeV, 7.07 MeV and 7.86 MeV,
4 identify the correct statement: [10 Jan. 2019 II]
Mass of 2 He = 4.0026 u
(a) energy of 12.4 MeV will be supplied
and Mass of 11 H = 1.0079 u. (b) 8.3 MeV energy will be released
When 20 g of 73 Li is converted into 42 He by proton (c) energy of 3.6 MeV will be released
capture, the energy liberated, (in kWh), is : (d) energy of 11.9 MeV has to be supplied
[Mass of nucleon = 1 GeV/c2] [Sep. 06, 2020 (I)]
P-462 Physics
11. Imagine that a reactor converts all given mass into energy 19. Statement-1: Energy is released when heavy nuclei
and that it operates at a power level of 109 watt. The mass undergo fission or light nuclei undergo fusion and
of the fuel consumed per hour in the reactor will be : Statement-2 : For heavy nuclei, binding energy per
(velocity of light, c is 3 × 108 m/s) [Online April 9, 2017] nucleon increases with increasing Z while for light nuclei
(a) 0.96 gm (b) 0.8 gm it decreases with increasing Z. [2008]
(c) 4 × 10–2 gm (d) 6.6 × 10–5 gm (a) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
12. Two deuterons undergo nuclear fusion to form a Helium (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
nucleus. Energy released in this process is : (given binding is a correct explanation for Statement-1
energy per nucleon for deuteron=1.1 MeV and for (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
helium=7.0 MeV) [Online April 8, 2017] is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(a) 30.2 MeV (b) 32.4 MeV (d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(c) 23.6 MeV (d) 25.8 MeV
20. If MO is the mass of an oxygen isotope 8 O17 ,MP and MN
13. When Uranium is bombarded with neutrons, it undergoes
are the masses of a proton and a neutron respectively, the
fission. The fission reaction can be written as :
nuclear binding energy of the isotope is [2007]
235
92 U + 0 n1 ® 56 Ba141 + 36 Kr 92 + 3 x + Q(energy) (a) (MO –17MN)c2 (b) (MO – 8MP)c2
where three particles named x are produced and energy Q (c) (MO– 8MP –9MN)c2 (d) MO c 2
21. When 3Li7 nuclei are bombarded by protons, and the
is released. What is the name of the particle x ?
resultant nuclei are 4Be8, the emitted particles will be
[Online April 9, 2013] [2006]
(a) electron (b) a-particle (a) alpha particles (b) beta particles
(c) neutron (d) neutrino (c) gamma photons (d) neutrons
14. Assume that a neutron breaks into a proton and an
electron. The energy released during this process is : (mass 22. If the binding energy per nucleon in 73 Li and 42 He nuclei
of neutron = 1.6725 × 10–27 kg, mass of proton = 1.6725 × are 5.60 MeV and 7.06 MeV respectively, then in the
10–27 kg, mass of electron = 9 × 10–31 kg). [2012] reaction
(a) 0.51 MeV (b) 7.10 MeV p + 73 Li ¾¾
® 2 42 He
(c) 6.30 MeV (d) 5.4 MeV
15. Ionisation energy of Li (Lithium) atom in ground state is energy of proton must be [2006]
5.4 eV. Binding energy of an electron in Li+ ion in ground (a) 28.24 MeV (b) 17.28 MeV
state is 75.6 eV. Energy required to remove all three (c) 1.46 MeV (d) 39.2 MeV
electrons of Lithium (Li) atom is [Online May 19, 2012] 23. A nuclear transformation is denoted by X (n, a ) 73 Li .
(a) 81.0 eV (b) 135.4 eV Which of the following is the nucleus of element X ?
(c) 203.4 eV (d) 156.6 eV [2005]
16. After absorbing a slowly moving neutron of mass mN
(momentum » 0) a nucleus of mass M breaks into two (a) 10
5 B (b) 12 C 6 (c) 11 4 Be (d) 95 B
nuclei of masses m1 and 5m1 (6m1 = M + mN) respectively. 24. A nucleus disintegrated into two nuclear parts which have
If the de Broglie wavelength of the nucleus with mass m1 their velocities in the ratio of 2 : 1. The ratio of their nuclear
is l, the de Broglie wavelength of the nucleus will be [2011] sizes will be [2004]
(a) 5l (b) l / 5 (c) l (d) 25l (a) 3½ : 1 (b) 1:21/3 (c) 21/3:1 (d) 1:3½
DIRECTIONS: Questions number 17-18 are based on the
following paragraph.
25. The binding energy per nucleon of deuteron 1 H and ( )
2
A nucleus of mass M + Dm is at rest and decays into two daughter

M
( )
4
helium nucleus 2 He is 1.1 MeV and 7 MeV respectively..
nuclei of equal mass each. Speed of light is c. [2010] If two deuteron nuclei react to form a single helium nucleus,
2
then the energy released is [2004]
17. The binding energy per nucleon for the parent nucleus is (a) 23.6 MeV (b) 26.9 MeV
E1 and that for the daughter nuclei is E2. Then (c) 13.9 MeV (d) 19.2 MeV
(a) E2 = 2E1 (b) E1 > E2
26. When a U 238 nucleus originally at rest, decays by emitting
(c) E2 > E1 (d) E1 = 2 E2
an alpha particle having a speed ‘u’, the recoil speed of
18. The speed of daughter nuclei is the residual nucleus is [2003]
Dm 2Dm 4u
(a) c (b) c (a) (b) - 4u
M + Dm M 238 234
4u
Dm Dm (c) (d) - 4u
(c) c (d) c 234 238
M M + Dm
Nuclei P-463
27. In the nuclear fusion reaction 33. Two radioactive substances A and B have decay
2 3 4 constants 5l and l respectively. At t = 0, a sample has the
1 H + 1 H ® 2 He + n same number of the two nuclei. The time taken for the
given that the repulsive potential energy between the two 2
æ 1ö
nuclei is ~ 7.7 ´ 10 -14 J , the temperature at which the ratio of the number of nuclei to become ç ÷ will be :
è eø
gases must be heated to initiate the reaction is nearly
[10 April 2019, II]
[Boltzmann’s Constant k = 1.38 ´ 10 -23 J/K ] [2003] (a) 1/2l (b) 1/4l (c) 1/l (d) 2/l
(a) 10 7 K (b) 10 5 K (c) 10 3 K (d) 10 9 K 34. In a radioactive decay chain, the initial nucleus is 232
90 Th .
At the end there are 6 a-particles and 4 b-particles which
TOPIC 3 Radioactivity are emitted. If the end nucleus is A , A and Z are given by :
ZX
[12 Jan. 2019, II]

28. Acitvities of three radioactive substances A, B and C are
(a) A = 208 ; Z = 80 (b) A = 202 ; Z = 80
represented by the curves A, B and C, in the figure. Then (c) A = 208 ; Z = 82 (d) A = 200; Z = 81
their half-lives T1 (A) : T1 (B) : T1 (C) are in the ratio : 35. Using a nuclear counter the count rate of emitted
2 2 2 [Sep. 05, 2020 (I)] particles from a radioactive source is measured. At t =
0 it was 1600 counts per second and t = 8 seconds it
In R was 100 counts per second. The count rate observed,
6 as counts per second, at t = 6 seconds is close to:
[10 Jan. 2019 I]
4 A (a) 200 (b) 150 (c) 400 (d) 360
2 C B
36. A sample of radioactive material A, that has an activity of
0 10 mCi (1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 decays/s), has twice the number of
5 10 t nuclei as another sample of a different radioactive material B
(yrs)
which has an acitvity of 20 mCi. The correct choices for half-
(a) 2 : 1 : 1 (b) 3 : 2 : 1 lives of A and B would then be respectively: [9 Jan. 2019 I]
(a) 5 days and 10 days (b) 10 days and 40 days
(c) 2 : 1 : 3 (d) 4 : 3 : 1 (c) 20 days and 5 days (d) 20 days and 10 days
29. A radioactive nucleus decays by two different processes. 37. At a given instant, say t = 0, two radioactive substances
The half life for the first process is 10 s and that for the R
second is 100 s. The effective half life of the nucleus is A and B have equal activities. The ratio B of their
RA
close to : [Sep. 05, 2020 (II)]
activities after time t itself decays with time t as e–3t. If
(a) 9 sec. (b) 6 sec. the half-life of A is ln2, the half-life of B is:
(c) 55 sec. (d) 12 sec. [9 Jan. 2019, II]
30. In a radioactive material, fraction of active material
ln2 ln2
remaining after time t is 9/16. The fraction that was (a) 4ln2 (b) (c) (d) 2ln2
remaining after t/2 is : [Sep. 03, 2020 (I)] 2 4
38. At some instant, a radioactive sample S1 having an activity
4 3 3 7 5mCi has twice the number of nuclei as another sample S2
(a) (b) (c) (d) which has an activity of 10mCi. The half lives of S1 and S2
5 5 4 8
are [Online April 16, 2018]
31. The activity of a radioactive sample falls from 700 s –1 to 500 (a) 10 years and 20 years, respectively
s –1 in 30 minutes. Its half life is close to: [7 Jan. 2020, II] (b) 5 years and 20 years, respectively
(a) 72 min (b) 62 min (c) 20 years and 10 years, respectively
(c) 66 min (d) 52 min (d) 20 years and 5 years, respectively
39. A solution containing active cobalt 27 60Co having activity
32. Two radioactive materials A and B have decay constants
of 0.8 µCi and decay constant l is injected in an animal's
10 l and l, respectively. If initially they have the same
body. If 1cm3 of blood is drawn from the animal's body
number of nuclei, then the ratio of the number of nuclei of
after 10 hrs of injection, the activity found was 300 decays
A to that of B will be 1/e after a time : [10 April 2019, I]
per minute. What is the volume of blood that is flowing in
1 1 11 1 the body? ( 1Ci = 3.7 × 1010 decay per second and at t
(a) (b) (c) (d) = 10 hrs e–lt = 0.84) [Online April 15, 2018]
9l 11l 10l 10l
(a) 6 litres (b) 7 litres (c) 4 litres (d) 5 litres
P-464 Physics
40. A radioactive nucleus A with a half life T, decays into a 47. The counting rate observed from a radioactive source at
nucleus B. At t = 0, there is no nucleus B. At sometime t, the t = 0 was 1600 counts s–1, and t = 8 s, it was 100 counts
ratio of the number of B to that of A is 0.3. Then, t is given
by [2017] s–1. The counting rate observed as counts s–1 at t = 6 s
T will be [Online May 26, 2012]
(a) t = T log (1.3) (b) t = log(1.3) (a) 250 (b) 400 (c) 300 (d) 200
log 2 log1.3 48. The decay constants of a radioactive substance for a and
(c) t = T (d) t = b emission are la and lb respectively. If the substance
log1.3 log 2 emits a and b simultaneously, then the average half life of
41. Half-lives of two radioactive elements A and B are 20 the material will be [Online May 19, 2012]
minutes and 40 minutes, respectively. Initially, the samples
have equal number of nuclei. After 80 minutes, the ratio of 2Ta Tb
decayed number of A and B nuclei will be : [2016] (a) T + T (b) Ta + Tb
a b
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 5 : 4 (c) 1 : 16 (d) 4 : 1
42. Let Nb be the number of b particles emitted by 1 gram Ta Tb
of Na24 radioactive nuclei(half life = 15 hrs) in 7.5 hours,
(c) T + T
a b
(d)
1
2
(Ta + Tb )
Nb is close to (Avogadro number = 6.023 × 1023/g. mole): 49. Which of the following Statements is correct?
[Online April 11, 2015] [Online May 12, 2012]
(a) The rate of radioactive decay cannot be controlled
(a) 6.2 × 1021 (b) 7.5 × 1021
but that of nuclear fission can be controlled.
(c) 1.25 × 1022 (d) 1.75 × 1022 (b) Nuclear forces are short range, attractive and charge
43. A piece of wood from a recently cut tree shows 20 decays dependent.
per minute. A wooden piece of same size placed in a (c) Nuclei of atoms having same number of neutrons are
museum (obtained from a tree cut many years back) shows known as isobars.
(d) Wavelength of matter waves is given by de Broglie
2 decays per minute. If half life of C14 is 5730 years, then formula but that of photons is not given by the same
age of the wooden piece placed in the museum is formula
approximately: [Online April 19, 2014] 50. A sample originally contained 1020 radioactive atoms,
(a) 10439 years (b) 13094 years which emit a-particles. The ratio of a-particles emitted in
the third year to that emitted during the second year is 0.3.
(c) 19039 years (d) 39049 years How many a-particles were emitted in the first year?
44. A piece of bone of an animal from a ruin is found to have [Online May 7, 2012]
14C activity of 12 disintegrations per minute per gm of its (a) 3 × 1018 (b) 3 × 1019
(c) 5 × 1018 (d) 7 × 1019
carbon content. The 14C activity of a living animal is 16 51. The half life of a radioactive substance is 20 minutes. The
disintegrations per minute per gm. How long ago nearly
did the animal die? (Given half life of 14C is t1/2 = 5760 approximate time interval (t2 – t1) between the time t2 when
years) [Online April 12, 2014] 2 1
of it had decayed and time t1 when of it had decayed
(a) 1672 years (b) 2391 years 3 3
(c) 3291 years (d) 4453 years is : [2011]
45. A radioactive nuclei with decay constant 0.5/s is being
produced at a constant rate of 100 nuclei/s. If at t = 0 there (a) 14 min (b) 20 min (c) 28 min (d) 7 min
were no nuclei, the time when there are 50 nuclei is: 52. Statement - 1 : A nucleus having energy E1 decays by
[Online April 11, 2014] b– emission to daughter nucleus having energy E2, but
the b– rays are emitted with a continuous energy spectrum
(b) 2ln æç ö÷ s
4
(a) 1s having end point energy E1 – E2.
è 3ø
Statement - 2 : To conserve energy and momentum in
æ 4ö b– decay at least three particles must take part in the
(c) ln 2 s (d) ln ç ÷ s
è 3ø
transformation. [2011 RS]
46. The half-life of a radioactive element A is the same as the (a) Statement-1 is correct but statement-2 is not correct.
mean-life of another radioactive element B. Initially both (b) Statement-1 and statement-2 both are correct and
substances have the same number of atoms, then : statement-2 is the correct explanation of statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is correct, statement-2 is correct and
(a) A and B decay at the same rate always.
statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
(b) A and B decay at the same rate initially.
Statement-1
(c) A will decay at a faster rate than B.
(d) Statement-1 is incorrect, statement-2 is correct.
(d) B will decay at a faster rate than A.
Nuclei P-465
53. A radioactive nucleus (initial mass number A and atomic 57. The intensity of gamma radiation from a given source is I.
number Z emits 3 a - particles and 2 positrons. The ratio of I
On passing through 36 mm of lead, it is reduced to . The
number of neutrons to that of protons in the final nucleus 8
will be [2010] I
thickness of lead which will reduce the intensity to will
A- Z -8 A- Z -4 2
(a) (b)
Z -4 Z -8 be [2005]
A - Z - 12 A- Z -4 (a) 9 mm (b) 6mm
(c) (d) (c) 12mm (d) 18mm
Z -4 Z -2 58. Which of the following cannot be emitted by radioactive
54. The half-life period of a radio-active element X is same as substances during their decay? [2003]
the mean life time of another radio-active element Y. Initially (a) Protons (b) Neutrinoes
they have the same number of atoms. Then [2007] (c) Helium nuclei (d) Electrons
(a) X and Y decay at same rate always 59. A nucleus with Z= 92 emits the following in a sequence:
(b) X will decay faster than Y
(c) Y will decay faster than X a, b - , b - a, a, a, a, a, b - , b - , a, b + , b + , a
(d) X and Y have same decay rate initially Then Z of the resulting nucleus is [2003]
55. The energy spectrum of b-particles [number N(E) as (a) 76 (b) 78 (c) 82 (d) 74
a function of b-energy E] emitted from a radioactive source 60. A radioactive sample at any instant has its disintegration
is [2006] rate 5000 disintegrations per minute. After 5 minutes, the
rate is 1250 disintegrations per minute. Then, the decay
constant (per minute) is [2003]
(a) N(E) (b) N(E) (a) 0.4 ln 2 (b) 0.2 ln 2
(c) 0.1 ln 2 (d) 0.8 ln 2
E0
E
E0
E 61. At a specific instant emission of radioactive compound is
deflected in a magnetic field. The compound can emit
(i) electrons (ii) protons
(c) N(E) (d) N(E) (iii) He2+ (iv) neutrons
The emission at instant can be [2002]
E0
E
E0
E (a) i, ii, iii (b) i, ii, iii, iv
(c) iv (d) ii, iii
7 66
56. Starting with a sample of pure Cu ,
of it decays into 62. If N0 is the original mass of the substance of half-life period
8 t1/2 = 5 years, then the amount of substance left after 15
Zn in 15 minutes. The corresponding half life is [2005] years is [2002]
(a) 15 minutes (b) 10 minutes (a) N0/8 (b) N0/16 (c) N0/2 (d) N0/4
1
(c) 7 minutes (d) 5 minutes
2
P-466 Physics
Mass mA Dmc 2
1. (d) Density of nucleus, r = = In use of 1 g Li energy released =
Volume 4 3 mLi
pR
3
Dmc 2
In use of 20 g energy released = ´ 20 g
mA mLi
Þr= (Q R = R0 A1/ 3 )
4 1/ 3 3
p( R0 A ) [(7.016 + 1.0079) - 2 ´ 4.0026]u ´ c 2
3 = ´ 20 g
7.016 ´ 1.6 ´ 10-24
Here m = mass of a nucleon
3 ´1.67 ´ 10-27 æ 0.0187 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 -19 ´ 109 ö
\r = (Given, R0 = 1.3 × 10–15) =ç -24
´ 20÷ = 480 ´ 1010 J
4 ´ 3.14 ´ (1.3 ´10-15 )3 è 7.016 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 ø
Þ r = 2.38 ´1017 kg/m3 Q1 J =2.778×10–7 kWh

\ Energy released = 480 × 1010 × 2.778 × 10–7
2. (a) Nuclear density is independent of atomic number.
3. (c) Let heavy nucleus breaks into two nuclei of mass m1 = 1.33 × 106 kWh
and m 2 and move away with velocities V 1 and V 2 7. (c) For the momentum and energy conservation, mass
respectively. defect (Dm) should be positive. Since some energy is lost
in every process.
V1 8
According to question, = (m p + mn ) > md
V2 27
m1V1 = m2V2 (Law of momentum conservation) 8. (d) Mass defect,
m1 V2 27 Dm = (50m p + 70mn ) - (msn )

Þ = =
m2 V1 8 = (50×1.00783 + 70 × 1.008) – (119.902199)
= 1.096
4
r ´ pR13 æ mass ö
3 çèQ density r = ÷ Binding energy = (Dm)C 2 = ( Dm) ´ 931 = 1020.56
4 volume ø
r ´ pR23
3 Binding energy 1020.5631
= = 8.5 MeV
1
3´
1 Nucleon 120
æ R1 ö æ 27 ö 3 æ 3ö 3 R1 3
Þ çè R ÷ø = çè 8 ÷ø = çè 2 ÷ø \ R =2 9. (b) Power output of the reactor,
2 2
4. (b) energy
P=
5. (b) Radius of a nucleus, time
R = R0 ( A)1/ 3 2 6.023 ´ 1026 ´ 200 ´ 1.6 ´ 10 -19

= ´ ; 60 MW
Here, R0 is a constant 235 30 ´ 24 ´ 60 ´ 60
A = atomic mass number
10. (d)
1/ 3 1/ 3
æA ö
R1 æ 27 ö 3
\ = 1 =ç = E Dmc 2
R2 çè A2 ÷ø è 125 ÷ø 5 11. (c) Power level of reactor, P = =
Dt Dt
5 mass of the fuel consumed per hour in the reactor,
Þ R2 = ´ 3.6 = 6 fermi Dm P 109
3 = 2= 8 2
= 4 ´ 10 -2 gm
Dt c (3 ´ 10 )
6. (d)
7 1
3 Li + 1H ¾¾
®2 ( 4
2 He ) 12. (c) 1H2 + 1H2 ® 2He4
Total binding energy of two deuterium nuclei = 1.1 × 4 =
Dm ® [mLi + mH ] - 2[ M He ] 4.4 MeV
Binding energy of a (2He4) nuclei = 4 × 7 = 28 MeV
Energy released = Dmc 2 Energy released in this process = 28 – 4.4 = 23.6 MeV
Nuclei P-467
13. (c) Nuclear fission equation æMö 2 2

çè ÷ø v1 = Dmc
92 U
135 1
+ 0 n ¾¾
® 56 Ba 141
+ 36 Kr 92 1
+ 3 0 n + Q(energy) 2
Hence particle x is neutron. 2Dmc 2 2 Dm
Þ v12 = Þ V1 = c
14. (a) 1
¾¾ ® 11H + -1e 0 + n + Q M M
0n
The mass defect during the process 19. (d) We know that energy is released when heavy nuclei
undergo fission or light nuclei undergo fusion. Therefore
Dm = mn - mH - me = 1.6725 × 10–27 statement (1) is correct.
– (1.6725 × 10–27+ 9 × 10–31kg) The second statement is false because for heavy nuclei the
–31
= – 9 × 10 kg binding energy per nucleon decreases with increasing Z
The energy released during the process
and for light nuclei, B.E/nucleon increases with increasing
E = Dmc2
Z.
E = 9 × 10–31× 9 × 1016 = 81 × 10–15 Joules
20. (c) Number of protons in oxygen isotope, Z = 8
81 ´ 10-15 Number of neutrons = 17 – 8 = 9
E= = 0.511MeV
1.6 ´ 10 –19 Binding energy
15. (d) = [ZMP + (A – Z)MN – M]c2
= [8MP + (17 – 8)MN – M]c2
16. (c) Initial momentum of system, pi = 0
= [8MP + 9MN – M]c2
Let p1 and p2 be the momentum of broken nuclei of masses
m1 and 5m1 respectively. = [8MP + 9MN – Mo]c2
p f = p1 + p 2 21. (c) 7
+ 11p ¾
¾® 8
+ 0
3 Li 4 Be 0g
From the conservation of momentum We see that both proton number and mass number are
pi = p f equal in both sides, so emitted particle should be massless
0 = p1 + p 2 gamma photons.
22. (b) Given,
p1 = - p 2
Binding energy per nucleon of 73 Li = 5.60 MeV
From de Broglie relation, wavelength
Binding energy per nucleon of 42 He = 7.06 MeV
h h
l1 = l2 = Let E be the energy of proton, then
p1 and p2
E + 7 ´ 5.6 = 2 ´ [4 ´ 7.06]
l1 = l 2 Þ E = 56.48 - 39.2 = 17.28MeV
l1 = l 2 = l. A
23. (a) ZX + 0 n1 ¾¾
® 3 Li 7 + 2 He 4
17. (c) In nuclear fission, the binding energy per nucleon of
Using conservation of mass number
daughter nuclei is always greater than the parent nucleus.
A+1=4+7
é æM M öù Þ A = 10
18. (b) Mass defect, DM = ê( M + Dm ) – çè 2 + 2 ÷ø ú
ë û Using conservation of charge number
Z+0=2+3 ÞZ=5
= [ M + Dm – M ] = Dm
It is boron 5B10
Energy released, Q = DMc2 = Dmc2 ...(i)
From the law of conservation of momentum 24. (b) Given :
v1 2
M M =
(M + Dm) × 0 = v1 – ´ v2 v2 1
2 2 From conservation of momentum m1v1 = m2 v2
Þ v1 = v2
1æMö 2 1æMö 2 1 æ m ö æv ö 1
Þç 1 ÷=ç 2 ÷ =
Now, Q = ç ÷v + ç ÷v –
2è 2 ø 1 2è 2 ø 2 2 è m2 ø è v1 ø 2
(M + Dm) × (0)2 We know that mass of nucleus, m µ A
Nuclear size R µ A1/3µ m1/3
M 2
= v1 (Q v1 = v2 ) ...(ii) 1/3
2 R1 æ m1 ö R
3
1 æ R ö æ 1 ö1/3
=ç ÷ Þ 13 = Þç 1 ÷=ç ÷
From equation (i) and (ii), we get R2 è m2 ø R2 2 è R2 ø è 2 ø
P-468 Physics
25. (a) The chemical reaction of process is 212 H ® 42He ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 æ ln 2 ö

Þ = + çèQ l = ÷
Binding energy of two deuterons, T T1 T2 T ø
4 × 1.1 = 4.4 MeV
1 1 1
Binding energy of helium nucleus = 4 × 7 = 28 MeV Þ = +
T T1 T2
Energy released = 28 – 4.4 = 23.6 MeV
26. (c) Mass of a particle, ma = 4 u 1 1 1 11
Mass of nucleus after fission, mn = 234u From Þ = + = [Given: T1 = 10 s & T2 = 100 s]
T 10 100 100
conservation of linear momentum we have
238 × 0 = 4 u + 234 v 100
ÞT = = 9 sec.
4 11
\ v=- u
234 30. (c) As we know, for first order decay, N (t ) = N0 e -lt
r 4 According to question,
\ Speed =| v |= u
234
27. (d) The average kinetic energy per molecule N (t ) 9
= = e - lt
at temperature T is N0 16
3 After time, t/2;
= kT
2
Where k = Boltzmann's constant N ( t / 2) = N 0 e -l ( t / 2)
This kinetic energy should be able to provide the repulsive
potential energy N ( t / 2) 9
= e-lt =
3 -14
N0 16
\ kT = 7.7 ´ 10
2 3
\ N (t / 2) =
N0
-14 4
2 ´ 7.7 ´ 10 9
ÞT = -23
= 3.7 ´ 10 K 31. (b) We know that
3 ´ 1.38 ´ 10
Activity, A = A0 e – l t
28. (c) Since, R = R0e -lt
ln R = ln R0 + (-l ln t ) æ In2 ö
A = A0 e – tIn 2/T1/ 2 çèQ l = T ÷ø
1/2
ln 2
l= = Slope
t1/ 2 Þ 500 = 700 e -tIn 2/T1/ 2
6 10 7 30 In 2
lA = Þ TA = ln 2 Þ In = (Q t = 30 minute)
10 6 5 T1/2
6 5ln 2 In 2
lB = Þ TB = Þ T1/2 = 30 = 61.8 minute
5 6 In 1.4
2 5ln 2 (Q ln 2 = 0.693 and ln.1.4 = 0.336)
lC = Þ TC =
5 6 Þ T1/2 » 62 minute
32. (a) As, N = N0e–lt
10 5 15
\ T1 : T1 : T1 = : : = 2 :1: 3
6 6 6 NA ( l B -l A ) t = 1 Þ ( l - l ) t = -1
so, N = e
A B C
2 2 2 B A
B e
29. (a) Let l1 and l2 be the decay constants of two process.
Þ (lA – lB) . t = 1
N be the number of nuclei left undecayed after two process.
From the law of radioactive decay we have 1 1 1
Þ t = (l - l ) t = =
dN é dN ù B A 10l - l 9 l
-
dt
= l1 N + l 2 N êëQ - dt = lN úû 33. (a) Let N1 and N2 be the number of radioactive nuclei of
substance at anytime t.
dN
Þ- = ( l1 + l 2 ) N N1 (at t ) = N 0 e -5lt (i)
dt
Þ l eq. = (l1 + l 2 ) N2 (at t ) = N 0 e -lt (ii)
Nuclei P-469
Dividing equation (i) by (ii), we get 38. (b) Given : N1 = 2N2

Activity of radioactive substance = lN
N1 1
= = e -4 lt Þ 4lt = 2
N 2 e2 ln 2 ln 2
Half life period t = or, l =
l T
2 æ 1ö ln 2
Þt = =ç ÷ l1N1 = ´ N1 = 5 mci ..... (i)
4l è 2l ø t1
34. (c) When one a- particle emitted then danghter nuclei ln 2
has 4 unit less mass number (A) and 2 unit less atomic (z) l2 N2 = ´ N 2 = 10 mci ..... (ii)
number (z). t2
Dividing equation (ii) by (i)
90 Th ® 78 Y + 6 2 He
232 208 4
t 2 N1 1
208
Y ® 82
208
X + 4 b praticle ´ =
78
t1 N 2 2
dN t2 1
35. (a) According to question, at t = 0, A0 = =1600 C/s = Þ t1 = 4t 2
dt t1 4
and at t = 8s, A = 100 C/s i.e., Half life of S1 is four times of sample S2.
A 1 Hence 5 years and 20 years.
\ A = 16 in 8s 39. (d) Let initial activity = No = 0.8 m ci
0
0.8 × 3.7 × 104 dps
Therefore half life period, t1/2 = 2s Activity in 1 cm3 of blood at t = 10 hr,
3
æ 1ö 300
\ Activity at t = 6s = 1600 çè ÷ø = 200C/s n= dps = 5 dps
2 60
36. (c) Activity A = l N N = Activity of whole blood at time t = 10 hr.
For material, A 10 = (2 N0)lA N
For material, B 20 = N0lB Total volume of the blood in the person, V =
n
é 0.693 ù N 0 e – lt 0.8 ´ 3.7 ´104 ´ 0.7927
Þ l B = 4l A \T12 A = 4T12 B êQ T12 = @ 5 litres
ë l úû =
n
=
5
40. (d) Let initially there are total N0 number of nuclei
( )
i.e. 20 days half-lives for A and 5 days T1 2 B
For material B. At time t
37. (c) Half life of A = l n2 NB
= 0.3(given)
NA
ln2 Þ NB = 0.3NA
(t1/2 ) A = l N0 = NA + NB = NA + 0.3NA
\ lA= 1 N0
at t = 0 RA = RB \ NA =
1.3
NAe–lAT = NBe–lBT As we know Nt = N0e – lt
NA = NB at t = 0 N0
or, = N0e – lt
1.3
–l t
RB N0 e B 1
At t = t R = –l t 1.3
= e–lt Þ ln(1.3) = lt
A N0 e A
ln(1.3) ln (1.3) ln(1.3) T
or, t = Þ t= = ln(2)
l ln(2)
e ( B A ) = e -3t
- l -l t
T
Þ lB - lA = 3 41. (b) For At½ = 20 min, t = 80 min, number of half lifes n = 4
N0
lB = 3 + lA = 4 \ Nuclei remaining = . Therefore nuclei decayed
24
ln2 ln2 N0
( t1/2 )B = lB
=
4
= N0 -
24
For Bt½ = 40 min., t = 80 min, number of half lifes n = 2
P-470 Physics
N0
\ Nuclei remaining = . Therefore nuclei decayed 2.303 A
22 Then, from, t = log10 0
N0 l A
= N0 -
22 2.303 ´ 5760 16
= log10
N0
1 0.693 12
N0 - 1-
24
16 15 4 5
\Required ratio = N0 =
1 = ´ = 2.303 ´ 5760
N0 - 2 1- 16 3 4 = log10 1.333
2 4 0.693
42. (b) We know that Nb = N0 (1 – e–lt)
2.303 ´ 5760 ´ 0.1249
= = 2390.81 » 2391 years.
6.023 ´ 1023 é ln2 ù 0.693
Nb = ê1 – e 15 ´ 7.5 ú
24 ë û 45. (b) Let N be the number of nuclei at any time t then,
on solving we get,
Nb = 7.4 × 1021 dN N
dN
t
dt
= 100 – lN or ò (100 - lN ) = ò dt
dN0 0 0
43. (c) Given: = 20 decays/min
dt
1
dN
-
l
[ log (100 - lN )]0N = t
= 2 decays/min
dt
log (100 – l N) – log 100 = – lt
T1/2 = 5730 years
As we know, 100 - l N
log = – lt
100
N = N0 e -lt
100 - lN lN
N0 = e -lt 1 - = e -lt
Log = lt 100 100
N
N 100
1
Log 0 N= (1 - e -l t )
\t= l
l N
As, N = 50 and l = 0.5/sec
2.303 ´ T1/ 2 N
= ´ Log10 0
0.693 N 100
\ 50 = (1 – e–0.5t)
0.5
dN 0 Solving we get,
N 20
But dt = 0 = = 10
dN N 2 æ 4ö
t = 2ln ç ÷ sec
dt è 3ø
2.303 ´ 5730 46. (d) ( T1/2 )A = ( t mean )B

\ t= ´1
0.693
0.693 1
= 19039 years Þ l = l Þ l A = 0.693 l B
A B
44. (b) Given, for 14C
A0 = 16 dis min–1 g–1 or lA < lB
A = 12 dis min–1 g–1
Also rate of decay = lN
t1/2 = 5760 years
Initially number of atoms (N) of both are equal but since
0.693 l B > l A , therefore B will decay at a faster rate than A
Now, l =
t1/ 2
47. (d) As we know,
l=
0.693 é N ù é 1 ùn
per year ê ú=ê ú ...(i)
5760
ë N0 û ë 2 û
Nuclei P-471
n = no. of half life 53. (b) When a radioactive nucleus emits 1 a-particle, the
N - no. of atoms left mass number decreases by 4 units and atomic number
decreases by 2 units. When a radioactive nucleus emits 1
N0 - initial no. of atoms
positron the atomic number decreases by 1 unit but mass
By radioactive decay law, number remains constant.
dN \ Mass number of final nucleus = A – 12
= kN
dt Atomic number of final nucleus = Z – 8
k - disintegration constant
\ Number of neutrons, Nn = (A – 12) – (Z – 8) = A – Z – 4
dN
Number of protons, Np = Z – 8
N
\ dt = ...(ii) Nn A- Z -4
dN 0 N0 \ Required ratio = =
dt Np Z -8
From (i) and (ii) we get
54. (c) Let lX and lY be the decay constant of X and Y.
dN
n Half life of X, = average life of Y
dt = é 1 ù
dN 0 êë 2 úû T1 2 = Tav
dt 0.693 1
n 4 n Þ =
é 100 ù é 1 ù é1ù é1 ù lX lY
or, ê ú =ê ú Þ ê ú =ê ú
ë 1600 û ë 2 û ë2û ë2û Þ l X = (0.693). l Y
\ n = 4, Therefore, in 8 seconds 4 half life had occurred
\ lX < lY .
in which counting rate reduces to 100 counts s–1.
Now, the rate of decay is given by
T1 æ dN ö
\ Half life, = 2 sec -ç = l X N0
2 è dt ÷ø x
In 6 sec, 3 half life will occur
æ dN ö
-ç = l y N0
é dN ù è dt ÷ø y
3 dN
ê ú
\ ê dt ú = é 1 ù Þ = 200 counts s–1 As the rate of decay is directly proportional to decay constant,
ë 1600 û êë 2 úû dt Y will decay faster than X.
55. (c) The range of energy of b-particles is from zero to
TaTb some maximum value.
48. (c) Tav = T + T 56. (d) It is given that
a b
7
If a and B are emitted simultaneously. of Cu decays in 15 minutes.
8
49. (a) Radioactive decay is a continuous process. Rate of \ Cu left undecayed is
radioactive decay cannot be controlled. Nuclear fission 3
can be controlled but not of nuclear fusion. 7 1 æ1ö
N=1– = =ç ÷
50. (b) 8 8 è2ø
51. (b) Number of undecayed atom after time t2 ; \ No. of half lifes = 3
N0 t 15
= N 0 e -lt2 ...(i) n= Þ 3=
3 T T
Number of undecayed atom after time t1;
15
2N0 Þ T = half life period = = 5 minutes
= N 0 e -lt1 ...(ii) 3
3 57. (c) Let intensity of gamma radiation from source be I0.
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get
Intensity I = I 0 . e - md ,
2 = el ( 2 1 )
t –t
Þ In 2 = l(t2 – t1) Where d is the thickness of lead.

Þ t2 – t1 = In 2/l Applying logarithm on both sides,
52. (b) Statement-1: A nucleus having energy E1 decays
æ I ö
by b- emission to daughter nucleus having energy E2 then - md = log ç ÷
b- rays are emitted with continuous energy spectrum with è I0 ø
energy E1 – E2.
Statement-2: For energy conservation and momentum I
For d = 36 mm, intensity =
conservation at least three particles, daughter nucleus, b 8
particle and antineutrino are required.
P-472 Physics
Therefore the final atomic number of resulting nucleus

æ I/8ö
- m ´ 36 = logç ÷ ..........(i) = Z –16 + 4 – 2 = Z –14
è I ø
= 92 – 14 = 78
For intensity I/2, thickness = d
60. (a) Initial activity, Ao = 5000 disintegration per minute
æ I / 2ö Activity after 5 min, A = 1250 disintegration per minute
-m ´ d = log ç ...........(ii)
è I ÷ø A = Aoe–lt
Dividing (i) by (ii), A
Þ e–lt = o
A
æ 1ö æ 1ö
log ç ÷ 3log ç ÷ 1 A 1 5000
36 è 8ø è 2ø 36 Þ l = log e o = log e
= = = 3 or d = = 12 mm t A 5 1250
d æ 1ö æ 1ö 3
log ç ÷ log ç ÷
è 2ø è 2ø 2
= log e 2 = 0.4 log e 2
58. (a) The radioactive substances emit a -particles (Helium 5
nucleus), b-particles (electrons) and neutrinoes. Protons 61. (a) Charged particles are deflected in magnetic field.
Electrons, protons and He2+ all are charged species. Hence,
cannot be emitted by radioactive substances during their
correct option is (a).
decay. 62. (a) After every half-life, the mass of the substance
59. (b) The number of a-particles released = 8 reduces to half its initial value.
Decrease in atomic number = 8 × 2 = 16 5 years N 5 years N /2
N 0 ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 ¾¾¾¾ ® 0
The number of b–-particles released = 4 2 2
Increase in atomic number = 4 × 1 = 4 N 0 5years N 0 / 4 N 0
= ¾¾¾¾ ® =
Also the number of b+ particles released is 2, which should 4 2 8
decrease the atomic number by 2.

Atoms and Nuclei

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Atoms and Nuclei

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Atoms and Nuclei

Q.1. n election in a hydrogen atom revolves around its nucleus

of the two wavelengths is 7/4n, then the value of n will

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 15th April Morning Shift

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 12th April Morning Shift

Q.5. A nucleus disintegrates into two nuclear parts, in such a

Q.6. If 917 Ao be the lowest wavelength of Lyman series then

Q.7. The decay constant for a radioactive nuclide is

Q.10. The radius of fifth orbit of the Li++ is

Take: radius of hydrogen atom

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 6th April Morning Shift

Another nucleus B of Z=12 has total 26 nucleons

The difference of binding energy of B and A will be

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 1st February Evening Shift

Q.13. If the binding energy of ground state electron in a

Q.14. For hydrogen atom, λ1 and λ 2 are the wavelengths

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 31st January Morning Shift

Q.15. A radioactive nucleus decays by two different process.

Q.16. A radioactive element 242/92X emits two α -particles, one

Q.17. A nucleus disintegrates into two smaller parts, which

Q.18. The wavelength of the radiation emitted is λ 0 when an

Q.19. The energy released per fission of nucleus of 240X is 200

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 24th January Evening Shift

1. Ans. Correct answer is 40

where μ 0 is the permeability of free space, q is the charge of

In this case, we're interested in the magnetic field produced by

where e is the charge of an electron. We know that the radius of

9. Ans. Correct answer is 121

11. Ans. Correct answer is 6

13. Ans. Correct answer is 136

15. Ans. Correct answer is 300

17. Ans. Correct answer is 2

19. Ans. Correct answer is 6

Q.1. The half-life of a radioactive nucleus is 5 years. The

In the given nuclear reaction, the approximate amount of

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 13th April Morning Shift

Q.3. A proton and an α-particle are accelerated from rest

Q.4. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 12th April Morning Shift

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 11th April Evening Shift

Q.7. Two radioactive elements A and B initially have same

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 11th April Morning Shift

Q.8. The half life of a radioactive substance is T. The time

Q.9. The angular momentum for the electron in Bohr's orbit is L.

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 10th April Morning Shift

Q.10. A radio active material is reduced to 1/8 of its original

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 8th April Morning Shift

Q.13. A small particle of mass m moves in such a way that its

Q.14. The kinetic energy of an electron, α-particle and a proton

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 6th April Morning Shift

Q.15. An electron of a hydrogen like atom, having Z=4, jumps

(Given Rch = 13.6 eV)

Where R = Rydberg constant

c = Speed of light in vacuum

Q.16. A proton moving with one tenth of velocity of light has a

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 1st February Morning Shift

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 1st February Morning Shift

Q.18. The radius of electron's second stationary orbit in Bohr's

Q.19. A free neutron decays into a proton but a free proton

JEE Main 2023 (Online) 31st January Morning Shift

Q.21. Speed of an electron in Bohr's th 7th orbit for Hydrogen