LF & OPF

AVR & ALFC

But
 Exciter Types
• Dc generator driven by the main shaft
– Slip rings & brushes required
– Not in use now a days
• Static exciters
– Very fast
– Improve transient stability
– Slip rings & brushes required
• Brushless exciters
– Inverted 3-ph synchronous generator
– Slip rings & brushes not required
Brushless AVR Loop
Simplified Functional Diagram of Primary ALFC Loop
• The governor has two inputs
– Changes ΔPref in the reference power setting
– Changes Δf in the frequency of the generator
• An increase in ΔPg results from
– An increase in ΔPref
– A decrease in Δf
• For small increments
ΔPg= ΔPref – (1/R) Δf
• Laplace Transform:
ΔPg(s)= ΔPref(s) – (1/R) Δf(s)
• R= regulation or droop (Hz/MW)
Hydraulic Valve Actuator
• ΔxD= ΔPg – ΔPV
• ΔPV =kH ∫ ΔxDdt

ΔPV 1
• GH(s) = --------- = ---------
ΔPg 1+ sTH

Where, hydraulic time constant: TH = 1/kH

(0.1s)
TT : Several seconds
Example Consider the 100 MW generator. If
the frequency drops by 0.1 Hz but the
turbine power must remain unchanged; by
how much should the reference setting be
changed?

Solution ΔPT,0 = 0
ΔPref,0 = (1/R) Δf0
= (1/0.024)(-0.1)
= -4.17MW
We must command the speed changer to
lower by 4.17 MW
Example Two generators are supplying power to a
system. Their ratings are 50 and 500 MW
respectively. The frequency is 60 Hz and each
generator is half loaded. The system load
increases by 110 MW and as a result the
frequency drops to 59.5 Hz. What must the
individual regulations be if the two generators
should increase their turbine powers in proportion
to their ratings?
Solution
R = -(-0.5)/10 = 0.05 Hz/MW (smaller unit)
R = -(-0.5)/100 = 0.005 Hz/MW (larger unit)
Or
R = -(-0.5/60)/(10/50)=0.0417 pu Hz/ pu MW (both)
 Assignment Problem
• Two 500 kW alternators run in parallel.
The governors on the prime movers are so
set that the frequency drops from 51 Hz to
49 Hz from no load to full load in one,
while in the other from 51 to 49.5 Hz.
Calculate the load on each machine when
the total load is 750 kW and the frequency
at this load.
Closing the ALFC Loop
2
 f 
Wkin  W 0 kin  0 
 f 
P
D D
f
dWkin
PT  PD  Df 
dt
f  f 0  f
2
 f 0  f 
Wkin  W kin 
0
0 
 f 
 f 
 W 0 kin 1  2 0 
 f 
 W 0 kin d
PT  PD  Df   2 0   f 
 f  dt
 H d
PT  PD  Df   2 0   f  (in pu )
 f  dt
  H 
PT ( s )  PD ( s )  Df ( s )   2 0  sf  s 
 f 
f  s  Kp
G p ( s)  
PT ( s )  PD ( s ) 1  sTp
2H
Tp  0
f D
1
Kp 
D
Closing the ALFC Loop