REMINDERS:

01 02
NO GADGETS Written Works
Do NOT use your phone Summative Test 1 – Sept 8
or smart watch in any Summative Test 2 – Sept 15
means during class Summative Test 3 – Sept 22
session. Summative Test 4 – Sept 29
Summative Test 5 – Oct13

03 04
Seating Arrangement Missed Exams
Follow the SEATPLAN Present an admission slip to
take the missed exam
Q1 OPPORTUNITY CLASS
WED 3:30-6:00
 If you THINK you
CAN, then you CAN,
but if you THINK you
CAN’T then you’re
CORRECT.
The only way to LEARN
Mathematics is to DO
Mathematics.
-Paul Halmos
 Module 7
Factoring
Polynomials
BAPS
Perform the indicated operation.

1. 2x3 + 5x3 = 7x3

2. (2x 2 – 3x) + (x 2 –2x) =

3x 2 – 5x
BAPS
Perform the indicated operation on algebraic
equations.

3. 4x – 5x = –x
4. 4a 3
(3a )= 12a 4
Common factoring Methods
Greatest Common Monomial Factoring
Difference of Two Squares
Perfect Square Trinomial
Sum or Difference of Two Cubes
Factoring Trinomials of the form ax2 + bx + c
Common Factoring Methods

Greatest Common Monomial Factor

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 𝑎 ( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 )
example
Factor: 9x + 3x2 + 6x3
= 3x (3 + x+ 2x2)
= 3x (2x 2 + x + 3)
Common Factoring Methods

Difference of Two Squares

𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = ( 𝑎 + 𝑏 )( 𝑎 − 𝑏 )
example
Factor: 25x y
2 4 – z6

= (5 x y2 + z3 ) (5 x y2 – z3 )
Common Factoring Methods

Perfect Square Trinomial

𝑎 2+ 2𝑎𝑏 + =
𝑏2(𝑎 + 𝑏) 2

𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 =
2 2 (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
example

Factor: x2 + 16x + 64 Factor: x2 − 14x + 49

2 2
= (x+ 8) = (x − 7 )
Common Factoring Methods

Sum of Two Cubes

𝑎 3 + 𝑏3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 )
2 2

example
Factor: 27x3 + 64y3
= (3x + 4y) (9x2 − 12xy + 16y2)
Common Factoring Methods

Difference of Two Cubes

𝑎 3 − 𝑏3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏)
2

example
Factor: 8x3 – 27y3
= (2x – 3y) (4x2 + 6xy + 9y2)
Common Factoring Methods
Factoring Trinomials of the form ax2 + bx + c, depends
on the value of a.
Example: for a = 1 Example: for a ≠ 1
Factor: x2 – 5x + 4 Factor: 3x2 + 5x – 2
a = 3 b = 5 c = –2 ac= (3)(–2) =–6
= (x – 4 ) (x – 1 ) 3x2 + (6+(– 1))x – 2
3x2 + 6x – x – 2
( 3x2 + 6x ) +( – x – 2 )
3x (x + 2) –1 (x + 2)
(x + 2) (3x –1)
 Factoring Polynomials using Remainder
Theorem and Factor Theorems

Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by a divisor (x – r), then
P(r )= remainder.

Factor Theorem
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by a divisor (x – r),
then P(r )=0.
Factoring Polynomials using Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorems
1. Find the other factors of P x = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 if
x − 1 is one of its factors.
x3 + 3x2 – x – 3 x – 1 (divisor)
opposite
1
+ + +
3
1
– 1
4
– 3
3
x 1

1 4 3 0
x2 + 4x + 3 FACTOR

= (x + 3 ) (x + 1 ) OTHER
FACTORS
Factoring Polynomials using Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorems
2. Find the other factors of 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 15
if 𝑥 − 3 is one of its factors.
x3 – 7x2 + 7x + 15 ; x – 3
opposite

1 –7 7 15 3
3 –12 –15
x2 – 4x – 5
1 –4 –5 0
(x – 5) (x + 1)
x2 – 4x – 5
(x – 5) , (x + 1)
Factoring Polynomials using Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorems
3. Factor of 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 completely if x + 1 is
3 2
given as one of its factors.
x+1=0
x=−1
P x = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘
3 2
P −1 = 2(−1) − −1 − 5(−1) + 𝑘
0 = −2 − 1 + 5 + 𝑘
0=2+𝑘
−𝟐 = 𝒌
Factoring Polynomials using Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorems
3. Factor of 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑘 completely if x + 1 is given
as one of its factors.
2 −1 −5 −2 −1 −2 = 𝑘
−2 3 2
2 − 3 −2 0
2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 2 𝒂𝒄 = 𝟐 −𝟐 = −𝟒
factor completely
2𝑥2 + (−4 + 1)𝑥 − 2
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 1)
2 − 4𝑥 + (𝑥 − 2 )
( 2𝑥 )
2𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 − 2)
(𝑥 − 2) (2𝑥 + 1)OTHER FACTORS
Factoring Polynomials using Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorems

TRY THIS
Determine whether 𝑥 + 2 is a factor
of 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 4.
If it is, find the other factors.
Factoring Polynomials using Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorems
ACTIVITY
Determine whether the binomial at the right is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥)
If it is, find the other factors.

1. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 3 ; 𝑥 + 1

2. 𝑃(𝑥) = 3𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 12𝑥 − 4 ; 𝑥 – 2

3. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 8 ; 𝑥 + 3

4. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥4 − 1 ; 𝑥 + 1
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM
𝑃
“If a rational number in lowest terms is
𝑄
a zero of the polynomial function 𝑃(𝑥) =
𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑎0 where
𝑛 𝑛−1 2

𝑎𝑛, 𝑎𝑛−1, 𝑎𝑛−2, … , 𝑎2, 𝑎1, 𝑎0 are all integers

then 𝑃 is a factor of 𝑎0 and 𝑄 is a factor of
𝑎𝑛.
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM
𝑃
= 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑄
𝑄 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑛(𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎0(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)

Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs

DESCARTES’ RULE of SIGNS

Descartes’ Rule of Signs is a method
for finding the number positive and
negative real zeros of a polynomial
function.
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
DESCARTES’ RULE of SIGNS
a. The number of positive real zeros of
a polynomial function 𝑃(𝑥) is either
equal to the number of sign changes
(from positive sign to negative sign, or
vice versa) between the coefficients of
the terms of 𝑃(𝑥), or is less than this
number by a multiple of two.
a multiple of two.
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
DESCARTES’ RULE of SIGNS
b. The number of negative real zeros
of a polynomial function 𝑃(𝑥) is either
equal to the number of sign changes
between the coefficients of the terms
of 𝑃(−𝑥), or is less than this number by
a multiple of two.
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
DESCARTES’ RULE of SIGNS
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 15
changes in signs 1st 2nd

Number of Positive = 2 or 0
Roots/Zeros
Number of Negative
Roots/Zeros = 1
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
DESCARTES’ RULE of SIGNS
𝑃(-𝑥) = (-𝑥) − 7(-𝑥) + 7(-𝑥) + 15
3 2

𝑃(-𝑥) = −𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 15
3 2

changes in signs 1st

Number of Positive = 2 or 0
Roots/Zeros
Number of Negative
Roots/Zeros = 1
Find all the roots/zeros of 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 15.

an a0
Q P
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎0(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)

𝑄 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑛(𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)

𝑃
𝑄 = 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
Find all the roots/zeros of 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 15.

1 15
𝑃 = 1, 3, 5, 15 (1)(1) (15)(1)
(−1)(−1) (−15) (−1)
𝑄 = 1 (5)(3)
(−5)(−3)
𝑃
= 1, 3, 5, 15
𝑄
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
examples
1. Find all the possible roots/zeros of 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 15.
𝑷
𝑸
= 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟏𝟓
2. How many possible positive roots/zeros 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 + 7𝑥 +
15.
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 15.
3 2 2 positive
roots/zeros
1 1 none
3. How many possible negative roots/zeros 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 + 7𝑥 +
15.
𝑃(-𝑥) = (-𝑥)3 − 7(-𝑥)2 + 7(-𝑥 )+ 15. 1 negative
𝑃(-𝑥) = − 𝑥3 − 7𝑥2 − 7𝑥 + 15. root/zero
none none 1
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
DIRECTION: Find all the real zeros of the following polynomial functions
and determine their number of positive and negative roots.
1. P(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 – 14x + 8 2 –5 –14 8 4 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
1 none 1 8 12 –8
no. of (+) zeros = 2 2 3 –2 0 remainder
no. of (–) zeros = 1 2x2 + 3x – 2 ∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒
all possible zeros
𝑝 (x + 2) (2x – 1) = 0 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠
𝑞 1
x+2=0 2x – 1 = 0 𝑎𝑟𝑒 4, −2, 2
p (factors of a0):(8): 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟒 𝟖
x = –2 2x =___
___ 1
q (factors of an):(2): 𝟏, 𝟐 2 2
1 1
: 𝟏, 2, 4, 8,  2
𝑝
all possible zeros x=2
𝑞
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
DIRECTION: Find all the real zeros of the following polynomial functions
and determine their number of positive and negative roots.
2. P(x) = x3 + 5x2 + 2x – 8

no. of (+) zeros = ___

no. of (–) zeros = ___
𝑝
all possible zeros 𝑞

p (factors of a0):
q (factors of an):
𝑝
all possible zeros : ______________
𝑞
Rational Root Theorem & Descartes’ Rule of Signs
DIRECTION: Determine the number of positive and
negative roots following polynomials then find all its
rational roots.
1. 𝑃(𝑥) = +𝑥 3 10𝑥
+ 23𝑥 + 14
2

2. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 3
3 2

3. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4
3 2

4. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 10
3 2

5. 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 4
3 2
 Individual Performance Task (IPT)
FRIDAY, October 6, 2023
Write a reflection journal titled
“Polynomials" using the following
format:
Ι. concepts learned and insights
ΙΙ. challenges/ problems
encountered
ΙΙΙ. interventions