JAPANESE POLITICAL

JAPAN (“Nippon” or “Nihon”)

Japan, island country lying off the east
coast of Asia. It consists of a great string
of islands in a northeast-southwest arc
that stretches for approximately 1,500
miles (2,400 km) through the western
North Pacific Ocean.
Nearly the entire land area is taken up
by the country’s four main islands; from
north to south these are Hokkaido
(Hokkaidō), Honshu (Honshū), Shikoku,
and Kyushu (Kyūshū).
SYSTEM
The Japanese political system is based
on Japan’s constitution, which was
drafted after the end of World War II.
Enacted on May 3, 1947, it firmly
established a democracy in form of a
constitutional monarchy, which,
similar to the U.K.
THE EMPEROR- carries out ceremonial
duties, such as appointing the Prime
Minister and the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court into office, and
presenting distinguished awards from

ECONOMY the government of Japan.

THE JAPAN’S EXECUTIVE BRANCH: THE
Japan is remarkable for its PRIME MINISTER AND CABINET- The
prime minister of Japan is the face of
extraordinarily rapid rate of
Japan’s acting government, driving
economic growth in the 20th domestic policy and guiding foreign
century, especially in the first several diplomacy for the nation.
decades after World War II. THE DIET- It is the highest level of state
·Recently, Japan’s economy power in the country, and the only
unexpectedly shrank for the first section of government that can enact
time in a year in the third quarter, new laws.

ASIA :
stoking further uncertainty about Currently, the conservative leaning Liberal

日本)
Democratic Party (LDP) has held strong
the outlook as global recession risks,
influence in national politics since 1955. There
a weak yen and higher import costs

JAPAN (
have been brief moments of weakness for the
took a toll on household LDP, but they have overwhelmingly controlled
consumption and businesses the government during the majority of its
current existence.
SOCIOLOGICAL
Japanese sociology divides roughly into
four stages of development: pre–World
War II, with emphasis on theoretical and
philosophical orientations, influenced
primarily by European (especially
German) sources; post–World War II,
with growing emphasis on empirical
orientations, influenced primarily by the
United States; diversification.
POPULATION
Japan's total population in 2021 was
125.50 million. This ranked 11th in the
world and made up 1.6 percent of the
world's total. Japan's population density
measured 338.2 persons per square
kilometer in 2020, ranking 12th among
countries or areas with a population of
10 million or more.
RELIGION ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
There are two main religions in
The list of environmental issues is
Japan: Shinto and Buddhism. Shinto
wide-ranging, from waste
is a Japanese religion, while
management to global warming.
Buddhism was imported in the 6th
Japan is, while pursuing regional
century from China. A recent poll
development at home, taking the
found that 39% of Japanese people
initiative in efforts to prevent global
identify as Buddhist, 3.9% as Shinto
warming and conserve the natural
and 2.3% as Christian.
environment to help achieve
Religion does not play a big role in
sustainable growth of the entire
the everyday life of most Japanese
world.
people today. The average person
typically follows the religious
The total volume of processed
rituals at ceremonies like birth,
nonindustrial waste was 41 million
weddings and funerals, may visit a
tons in fiscal 2019. The total volume
shrine or temple on New Year and
of recycled waste was 8 million tons,
participates at local festivals
with the recycling rate at 19.6
(matsuri), most of which have a
percent.
religious background.

JAPANESE
CULTURE
Early Japanese culture was
heavily influenced by China.
During the Edo era, Japan
exercised a strict isolationist
policy, closing its doors to all
relationships with the outside
world.
After the fall of that era in 1868, Japan reversed this
practice, adopting cultural practices from all over the
world and mixing them with what was established during
the Edo era. Over the years, Western culture has
influenced all aspects of Japanese culture including art,
lifestyle and food.
 ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF
PAKISTAN
Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country in the
world by area and 2nd largest in South Asia,
spanning 881,913 square kilometres
(340,509 square miles). It has a 1,046-
kilometre (650-mile) coastline along the
Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south,
and is bordered by India to the east,
Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the
southwest, and China to the northeast.
ECONOMY
The Economy of Pakistan is the 23rd-
largest in the world in terms of
purchasing power parity (PPP), and
42nd-largest in terms of nominal gross
domestic product.
Economists estimate that Pakistan was
part of the wealthiest region of the
world throughout the first millennium
CE, with the largest economy by GDP.
ASIA :
This advantage was lost in the 18th
century as other regions such as China
and Western Europe edged forward.
PAKISTAN
PAKISTANI POLITICAL
SYSTEM
Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary
federal republic, with Islam as the state
religion. The first constitution was adopted
in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in
1958, who replaced it with the second
constitution in 1962. Politics in Pakistan is
centred on, and dominated by, a
homegrown social philosophy comprising a
blend of ideas from socialism, conservatism,
and the third way.
Head of State: The President, who
is elected by an Electoral College is
the ceremonial head of the state and
is the civilian commander-in-chief of
the Pakistan Armed Forces
Legislative: The bicameral
legislature comprises a 104-member
Senate (upper house) and a 342-
member National Assembly (lower
house).
Executive: The Prime Minister is
usually the leader of the majority rule
party or a coalition in the National
Assembly— the lower house.
SOCIOLOGICAL
Sociological developments in Pakistan reflect
three major concerns. First is the concern
about the growth of sociology as an
academic discipline specially at the university
level. Secondly, there is a definite effort on
the part of some sociologists to develop
programs which may help understand and
promote Islamic ideology: and thirdly,
sociologists have been quite active in various
development projects as initiated by the
government agencies.
POPULATION
Population 242,923,845 (2022). Between
1951 and 2017, Pakistan's population
expanded over sixfold, going from 33.7
million to 207.7 million.
RELIGION
The state religion in Pakistan
is Islam. The majority of
Pakistanis are Muslims
(96.47%) followed by Hindus (2.14%)
andChristians (1.27%). There are also
people in Pakistan who follow other
religions, such as Sikhism, Buddhism,
Jainism and the minority of Parsi (who
follow Zoroastrianism). The Kalash people
maintain a unique identity and religion
within Pakistan. Freedom of religion is
guaranteed by the Constitution of
Pakistan, which provides all its citizens the
right to profess, practice and propagate
their religion subject to law, public order,
and morality.
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
Water pollution, soil erosion, land
degradation, water scarcity, global
warming, air pollution, and natural
disasters are just a few of the climatic
and environmental concerns that
Pakistan faces.
Pakistan’s natural resources and
ecosystems are becoming heavily
polluted and stressed. The country’s
most pressing environmental impacts
are around the exploitation of finite
natural resources, air and water
pollution, depleting energy resources,
deforestation, and waste
management.

PAKISTANI
CULTURE
The Culture of Pakistan is very unique in
terms of its social values revolving around
the religion of Islam. Civil society in
Pakistan is largely hierarchical,
emphasizing local cultural etiquette and
traditional Islamic values that govern
personal and political life.
The basic family unit is the extended family, although for socio-economic
reasons there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families. Pakistani
festivals, including Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Ramazan, Christmas, Easter, Holi,
and Diwali, are mostly religious in origin.
 CHINA
CHINA
It is the largest of all Asian countries and has
POLITICAL SYSTEM
the largest population of any country in the The Chinese political system is
world. Occupying nearly the entire East Asian authoritarian.There are no freely elected
landmass, it covers approximately one- national leaders, political opposition is
fourteenth of the land area of Earth. Among suppressed, all religious activity is controlled by
the major countries of the world, China is the CCP, dissent is not permitted and civil rights
surpassed in area by only Russia and Canada, are curtailed
and it is almost as large as the whole of
Europe.

ECONOMY SOCIOLOGICAL
China’s economy is projected to slow in 2022.
After a strong start in early 2022, the largest Confucianism- Confucianism
COVID-19 wave in two years has disrupted is a guiding philosophy in
China’s growth normalization. We project real China that emphasises the
GDP growth to slow sharply to 4.3 percent in importance of healthy human
2022 – 0.8 percentage points lower than interactions.
projected in the December China Economic
Unity and Interpersonal
Update. This downward revision largely
Interactions- People are
reflects the economic damage caused by
encouraged to share the same
Omicron outbreaks and the prolonged
mentality or goals as their
lockdowns in parts of China from March to
family, workplace and
May. Growth momentum is expected to
government. In return for
rebound in the second half of 2022, helped by
demonstrating loyalty and

ASIA :
aggressive policy stimulus to mitigate the
commitment to duty, an

中國)
economic downturn
individual gains a sense of
protection and unity.

CHINA (
SOCIOLOGICAL
Guanxi- Another important
concept in interpersonal
interactions is that of ‘guanxi’
POPULATION
The current population of China is
1,452,568,644 as of Tuesday, November 22,
2022.
China population is equivalent to 18.47% of
the total world population.
China ranks number 1 in the list of countries
(and dependencies) by population.
The population density in China is 153 per
Km2 (397 people per mi2)
RELIGION
Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism were
the three main philosophies and religions of
ancient China, which have individually and
collectively influenced ancient and modern
Chinese society.
Confucianism- was a way of life for
ancient Chinese people, and it
continues to influence Chinese culture
today.
Taoism (also called Daoism- In contrast to
Confucianism, Taoism is mainly concerned with the
spiritual elements of life, including the nature of the
universe.
Buddhism was the third major belief system of
ancient China. It was founded by Siddhartha
Gautama, also called the Buddha, who lived in India
around the sixth century B.C.E. Buddhism is a
philosophy that focuses on personal development
and attainment of deep knowledge.
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
China’s carbon emissions threaten global efforts to
fight climate change. Its broader environmental
degradation endangers economic growth, public
health, and government legitimacy.
China is the world’s top emitter, producing
more than a quarter of the world’s annual
greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to
climate change.
It pledged to cut emissions under the Paris
Agreement, reduce coal use, and invest in
renewable energy. But its Belt and Road
Initiative still finances coal-fired power plants
abroad.
Air pollution, water scarcity, and soil
contamination remain threats to the health
and livelihoods of China’s people, increasing
dissatisfaction with the government.

CHINESE
CULTURE
Chinese culture is one of the world’s oldest cultures,
tracing back to thousands of years ago. Important
components of Chinese culture includes ceramics,
architecture, music, literature, martial arts, cuisine,
visual arts, philosophy and religion.

The Chinese culture features an abundance of the material and spiritual values,
unchanged over millennia. In spite of the influence from outside and numerous
invasions, the Chinese culture preserved its individuality and unique identity.
Many of the achievements of the mankind date back to the Chinese civilization
 ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF
IRAN
Iran, a mountainous, arid, and ethnically
diverse country of southwestern Asia. Much
of Iran consists of a central desert plateau,
which is ringed on all sides by lofty
mountain ranges that afford access to the
interior through high passes. The capital is
Tehrān, a sprawling, jumbled metropolis at
the southern foot of the Elburz Mountains.
ECONOMY
The most formidable hurdle facing Iran’s
economy remains its continuing
isolation from the international
community.
In 2017, GDP was $427.7 billion ($1.631
trillion at PPP), or $20,000 at PPP per
capita. Iran is ranked as a lower-middle
income economy by the World Bank. In
the early 21st century, the service
sector contributed the largest
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percentage of the GDP, followed by
industry (mining and manufacturing)
IRAN
and agriculture
IRANIAN POLITICAL
SYSTEM
The political system of the Islamic Republic
is based on the 1979 Constitution. Juan José
Linz wrote in 2000 that "it is difficult to fit
the Iranian regime into the existing typology,
as it combines the ideological bent of
totalitarianism with the limited pluralism of
authoritarianism and holds regular elections
in which candidates advocating differing
policies and incumbents are often
defeated".
Supreme Leader. The Leader of the
Revolution ("Supreme Leader") is
responsible for delineation and
supervision of the policies of the
Islamic Republic of Iran.
Guardian Council. Presidential
candidates and parliamentary
candidates must be approved by the
Guardian Council or the Leader
before running to ensure their
allegiance to the Supreme Leader.
President. After the Supreme
Leader, the Constitution defines the
President of Iran as the highest state
authority.
SOCIOLOGICAL
Iranian sociology began its social and
academic function in two forms of formal
and informal. As the entrance of other
appearances, symbols, and modern
institutions to Iran in earlier days of the ''
Mashroote'' (that is constitutional
movement), their basis was designed and
developed during governmental modernist in
Pahlavi II's reign, sociology also has entered
Iran in two different phases and trends.
POPULATION
The current population of the Islamic
Republic of Iran is 86,556,112 as of 2022,
based on Worldometer elaboration of the
latest United Nations data. In recent years,
however, Iran's birth rate has dropped
significantly.
RELIGION
A 2020 survey by the World
Values Survey found that 96.6%
of Iranians believe in Islam.
On the other hand, another 2020 survey
conducted online by an organization based
outside of Iran found a much smaller
percentage of Iranians identifying as Muslim
(32.2% as Shia, 5.0% as Sunni, and 3.2% as
Sufi), and a significant fraction not identifying
with any organized religion (22.2% identifying
as "None," and some others identifying as
atheists, spiritual, agnostics, and secular
humanists). Twelver Shia Islam is the official
state religion, to which about 90% to 95% of
the population adhere. About 4% to 8% of the
population are Sunni Muslims, mainly Kurds
and Baloches.
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
Among the challenges encountered by the
Islamic Republic of Iran, climate change
looms as one of the most serious,
disrupting, and even life-threatening
issues facing both rural and urban
populations. This threat has worsened at a
time when Iran is politically polarized,
ideologically fractured, and economically
embattled.
Iran is confronting the drying up of rivers
and wetlands, severe groundwater
depletion, desertification, biodiversity
reduction, air and soil pollution, poor
waste management, soil erosion,
destruction of pastures and forests, and
dust storms.

IRANIAN
CULTURE

The earliest attested cultures in Iran date

back to the Lower Paleolithic. Owing to its
geopolitical position, Iran has influenced
cultures as far as Greece and Italy to the
west.

Iranians do celebrate several festive occasions. In addition to the two Eids

(from Arabic ʿīd: “holiday”), Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr—practiced by Sunnis and
Shiʿis alike—the most important holidays are Nōrūz, the Persian New Year, and
the birthday of the 12th imam, whose second coming the Shiʿah expect in the
end of days.
 INDONESIA
Indonesia is a country located off the coast
of main land Southeast Asia in the Indian
and Pacific oceans. Indonesia was formerly
known as the Dutch East Indies (or
Netherlands East Indies). Although
Indonesia did not become the country’s
official name until the time of
independence, the name was used as early
as 1884 by a German geographer; it is
thought to derive from the Greek indos,
meaning “India,” and nesos, meaning
“island.”
ECONOMY
·The Economy of Indonesia is the largest
in Southeast Asia and is one of the best
emerging market economies. As a
middle-income country and member of
the G20, Indonesia is classified as a
newly industrialized country.
·It is the 17th largest economy in the
world by nominal GDP and the 7th
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largest in terms of GDP (PPP). Estimated
ASIA
at US$40 billion in 2019, Indonesia's
ASIA : Internet economy is expected to cross
INDONESIA
IRAN
the US $130 billion mark by 2025.
INDONESIA
INDONESIAN POLITICAL
SYSTEM
The Politics of Indonesia take place in the
framework of a presidential representative
democratic republic whereby the President
of Indonesia is both head of state and head
of government and of a multi-party system.·
Executive power is exercised by the
government. Legislative power is vested in
both the government and the bicameral
People's Consultative Assembly. The
judiciary is independent of the executive
and the legislature.
Republic. A form of government in
which a state is ruled by
representatives of the citizen body.
Unitary State.. Sovereign state
governed as a single entity in which
the central government is the
supreme authority. The central
government may create or abolish
administrative divisions
President. a head of government
independently of the legislature, the
head of government in a
parliamentary system answers
directly to the legislature.
SOCIOLOGICAL RELIGION ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
According to population
The World Economics Social Impact Index
census data in 2010, 87 The main environment issues in Indonesia
weights multiple key social indicators
percent of Indonesian's include deforestation, water pollution from
covering Health (45%), Education (25%) and
declared themselve's to be industrial waste and sewage, air pollution
Employment (30%) to measure each nation's
Muslim in urban areas and smoke and haze from
relationship with it's citizens, population,
forest fires.
workers, and communities. ·followed by 9.87 percent who were Christian. Some environmental issues in Indonesia
Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in
POPULATION the world and for this reason is often
such as the cutting of mangrove forests
(i.e. in Java) to make room for fish farms
Indonesia 2020 population is estimated recognized as a Muslim nation. further worsen the effects of climate
at 273,523,615 people at mid year ·However, Indonesia is not a Muslim nation change (i.e. sea level rise). Jakarta has
according to UN data. according to its constitution. The archipelago been listed as the world's most vulnerable
Indonesia population is equivalent to is a multifaith country and officially recognizes city to climate change. In 2019 Indonesia is
3.51% of the total world population. six religions – Islam, Protestantism, estimated to have emitted 3.4% of world
Indonesia ranks number 4 in the list of Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and greenhouse gas emissions: from
countries (and dependencies) by Confucianism. Muslim (with Sunnis about 99%, deforestation, peatland fires, and fossil
population. Shias about 1% and Ahmadis 0.2%), fuels.
56.4 % of the population is urban Christianity (7.6% Protestantism, 3.12%
(154,188,546 people in 2020) Catholicism),

INDONESIAN
CULTURE
·The culture of Indonesia is varied, with its
melting pot of colonial and immigrant
influences as well as its indigenous
traditions, from the Portuguese traders to
the Dutch colonialists to Chinese, Indian and
Malay settlers.

I·Indonesian culture is focused around the community, with a hierarchical

structure. Indonesians believe in the concept of gotong royong (mutual
assistance) and mufakat (consensus), and the national motto is Bhinneka
Tunggal Ika (Unity in diversity).
 BANGLADESH BANGLADESHIS
Bangladesh is the eighth-most populous POLITICAL SYSTEM
country in the world, the most densely
populated countries in the world, and Politics of Bangladesh takes place in a
shares land borders with India to the west, framework of a parliamentary
north, and east, and Myanmar to the representative democratic republic,
southeast; to the south it has a coastline whereby the Prime Minister of Bangladesh
along the Bay of Bengal. Dhaka, the capital is the head of government, and of a multi-
and largest city, is the nation's political, party system. Executive power is exercised
financial and cultural center. Chittagong, the by the government.
second-largest city, is the busiest port on
the Bay of Bengal. The official language is
Bengali, one of the easternmost branches
Prime Minister the head of an
of the Indo-European language family
elected government; the principal
ECONOMY minister of a sovereign or state.

The economy of Bangladesh is

characterized as a developing market
economy.
It is the 35th largest in the world in
nominal terms, and 25th largest by
purchasing power parity. It is classified
among the Next Eleven emerging
market middle income economies and
Chief Justice. Chief Justice is the title
of the presiding judge of a supreme
court. The most senior member of
the court, regardless of how many
years they served on the bench.
President. a head of government

ASIA ::
independently of the legislature, the
as a frontier market. In the first quarter

ASIA
head of government in a

ASIA :
of 2019, Bangladesh's was the world's
parliamentary system answers

BANGLADESH
seventh fastest-growing economy with a
directly to the legislature.

IRAN
real GDP or GDP at constant prices

INDONESIA
annual growth rate of 8.3%.
SOCIOLOGICAL
The peasantry, artisans, and working classes
make up the great majority of rural society's
proletariat.
·Capitalist farmers, rich peasants, medium
peasants, marginal peasants, and the
landless are the various social classes that
have formed in rural areas.
POPULATION
Bangladesh has the 8th largest
population in the world with 163,317,317
or 2.11% of the Earth’s inhabitants living
there in 2019. However, the country only
has the 92nd largest land area which
means population density is high. The
result of this is over-population because
Bangladesh has more people than its
resources can support.
Bangladeshi culture is influenced by three great religions- Hinduism, Buddhism
and Islam in successive order, with Islam having the most pervading and lasting
impact. Like a colorful montage, the cultural tradition of the country is a happy
blending of many variants, unique in diversity but in essence greatly
symmetrical.
RELIGION ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
According to the 2013
·Bangladesh is consistently cited as one of
government census, Sunni
the countries in the world most vulnerable
Muslims constitute 89 percent
to natural disasters, including cyclones,
of the population and Hindus
storm surge, floods, earthquakes, and
10 percent. .
landslides. Long-term impacts from a rise
in sea level and global temperature could
The remainder of the population is
displace millions of people along
predominantly Christian (mostly Roman
Catholic) and Theravada-Hinayana Buddhist
Bangladesh's vulnerable coastline.
·Air, water and noise pollution and
The major religion in Bangladesh is Islam
disposal of solid wastes are the major
(91%), but a significant percentage of the
environmental problems of Bangladesh.
population adheres to Hinduism (8%) as per
Improving the country’s resilience to
the 2021 official estimation; other religious
immediate and future climate risks is
groups include Buddhists 0.6%, (mostly
essential to the continuing development of
Theravada), Christians (0.3%, mostly Roman
Bangladesh.
Catholics), and Animists (0.1%).
BANGLADESH
CULTURE
Bangladesh is a melting pot of races. She,
therefore, has a mixed culture. Her deep
rooted heritage is amply reflected in her
architecture, literature, dance, drama, music
and painting.
 PHILIPPINES
The Philippines officially the Republic of the
Philippines, is an archipelagic country in
Southeast Asia. It is situated in the western
Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641
islands that are broadly categorized under
three main geographical divisions from
north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao. The Philippines is bounded by
the South China Sea to the west, the
Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes
Sea to the southwest.
ECONOMY
A newly industrialized country, the
Philippine economy has been
transitioning from one based upon
agriculture to an economy with more
emphasis upon services and
manufacturing.
The unemployment rate as of October
2019, stands at 4.5%. The inflation rate
FILIPINOS
POLITICAL SYSTEM
The Philippines has a democratic
government in the form of a constitutional
republic with a presidential system. The
president functions as both head of state
and head of government[258] and is the
commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
The President The president
functions as both head of state and
head of government[258] and is the
commander-in-chief of the armed
forces.
The Senate. serving as the upper
house, with members elected to a
six-year term
Chief Justice officer and fourteen

ASIA ::
associate justices, all of whom are
eased to 1.7% in August 2019. Gross

ASIA
appointed by the president from

ASIA :
international reserves as of October
nominations submitted by the

PHILIPPINES
2022 are $94.074 billion.
Judicial and Bar Council.

IRAN
INDONESIA
SOCIOLOGICAL
The Philippine Sociological Review (PSR) is
the official journal of the Philippine
Sociological Society, Inc. It publishes
empiricalarticles on the Philippines, Filipinos,
Philippine society and culture,
conceptual or theoretical papers that
promote the understanding of these topics
and of the discipline.
POPULATION
The Commission on Population estimated the
country's population to be 107,190,081 as of
December 31, 2018, based on the latest
population census of 2015 conducted by the
Philippine Statistics Authority. The population
increased from 1990 to 2008 by
approximately 28 million, a 45% growth in
that time frame.
RELIGION ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
The Philippines is a secular
Today, environmental problems in the
state which protects freedom
Philippines include pollution, illegal mining
of religion. Christianity is the
and logging, deforestation, threats to
dominant faith, shared by
environmental activists, dynamite fishing,
and about 89% of the population.
landslides, coastal erosion, biodiversity
loss, extinction, global warming and
As of 2013, the country had the world's third
climate change.
largest Roman Catholic population, and was
Due to the paucity of extant documents, a
the largest Christian nation in Asia. Census
data from 2015 found that about 79.53% of
complete history of land use in the
archipelago remains unwritten. However,
the population professed Catholicism. Around
relevant data shows destructive land use
37% of the population regularly attend Mass.
increased significantly in the eighteenth
29% of self-identified Catholics consider
century when Spanish colonialism
themselves very religious. An independent
enhanced its extraction of the
Catholic church, the Philippine Independent
archipelago's resources for the early
Church, has around 756,225 adherents.
modern global market.
PHILIPPINE
CULTURE
The cultures within Mindanao and the Sulu
Archipelago developed in a particularly
distinct manner, since they had very limited
Spanish influence and greater influence from
nearby Islamic regions.
One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of Spanish names
and surnames among Filipinos; a Spanish name and surname, however, does
not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry. This peculiarity, unique among the
people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial edict by Governor-General
Narciso Clavería y Zaldua, which ordered the systematic distribution of family
names and implementation of Hispanic nomenclature on the population.
 TURKEY
One of the world's earliest permanently
settled regions, present-day Turkey was
home to important Neolithic sites like
Göbekli Tepe, and was inhabited by ancient
civilisations including the Hattians, Hittites,
Anatolian peoples, Mycenaean Greeks,
Persians and others.[12][13][14][15]
Following the conquests of Alexander the
Great which started the Hellenistic period,
most of the ancient regions in modern
Turkey were culturally Hellenised, which
continued during the Byzantine era
TURKEY
POLITICAL SYSTEM
Turkey is a presidential republic within a
multi-party system. The current constitution
was approved by referendum in 1982,
which determines the government's
structure, lays forth the ideals and
standards of the state's conduct, and sets
out the state's responsibility to its citizens.

ECONOMY Cumhurbaşkanı is the head of

state and head of government of
Turkey is a newly industrialized country,
Turkey.
with an upper-middle income economy,
which is the twentieth-largest in the
world by nominal GDP, and the
eleventh-largest by PPP. Turkey is one Ministries Ministers are chosen by
of the Emerging 7 countries. the president and they don’t have to
be members of Parliament. There
.Unemployment in Turkey was 13.6% in are 16 ministries in Turkey.
2019, and the middle-class population in

ASIA
ASIA :: Turkey rose from 18% to 41% of the

ASIA :
population between 1993 and 2010

TURKEY
according to the World Bank.

IRAN
INDONESIA
SOCIOLOGICAL
Sociology in Turkey has gone through several
stages of development beginning with proto-
sociologies in the 16th and 17th century. In
the mid-19th century, sociology was taught
within philosophy departments, and it
uncritically adopted Western social theories
and neglected research.
POPULATION
The population is relatively young, with 22.4%
falling in the 0–14 age bracket.[4] As of 2021,
the median age of the Turkish population is
33.1 years.[5] According to OECD/World Bank
population statistics, from 1990 to 2008 the
population growth in Turkey was 16 million or
29%
Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the
Turkic, Anatolian, Byzantine, Ottoman (Which was itself a continuation of both
Greco-Roman and Islamic cultures) and Western culture and traditions, which
started with the Westernisation of the Ottoman Empire and still continues
today.
RELIGION ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
Turkey is a secular state with
Turkey hosts more than three thousand
no official state religion; the
endemic plant species, has high diversity
Turkish Constitution provides
of other taxa, and is almost entirely
for freedom of religion and
covered by three of the world's thirty-five
conscience.
biodiversity hotspots.
Although some environmental pressures
A 2016 survey by Ipsos, interviewing 17,180
have been decoupled from economic
adults across 22 countries, found that Islam
growth the environment still faces many
was the dominant religion in Turkey, adhered
to by 82% of the total population; religiously
threats, such as coal and diesel fuel
emitting greenhouse gases and deadly
unaffiliated people comprised 13% of the
fine particulate air pollution. As of 2019
population, while 2% were Christians.[387] The
there is no fine particulate limit and coal in
level of religiosity study by Konda found that
Turkey is subsidized. Some say the country
9.7% of the population who are 'fully devoted',
is a pollution haven.
52% who 'strives to fulfill religious obligations',
34.3% who 'does not fulfill religious
obligations' and 3.2% 'Nonbeliever/Irreligious'.
TURKISH
CULTURE
Turkish culture also influenced the European
art and fashion particularly during the period
of 16th to 18th centuries at the peak of
Ottoman power.
 VIETNAM
Vietnam’s total land areas is mountainous, which
presents great physical and cultural diversity.
Approximately half of Vietnam is officially
classified as “forested area”, but nearly half of
this area (5.9 million hectares) is already heavily
degraded.The country is divided into seven
distinct ecological zones namely North Mountain
and Mid-land, Red River Delta. Central Coast
Northland, Central Coast South land, Central
Highland, North-East Southland Mekong River
Delta.
ECONOMY
Economic co-operation between Vietnam and
other countries and international organizations
has progressed greatly after lifting the trade
embargo against Vietnam by the Government of
the United State. Furthermore, investment co-
operation with foreign investment projects were
licensed with total registered capital of over 31
billion USD with 2000 investment projects (GSO,
1997). A 1990 programmer called for a doubling
ASIA ::
ASIA
of per capita income, a 50% increase in the rice
ASIA :
crop, and a fivefold increase in the value of
VIETNAM
export by the year 2000. The 1998 budget
IRAN
comprised revenue of US$ 4,7 billion and
INDONESIA
expenditure of US$ 5 billion
VIETNAM
POLITICAL SYSTEM
The set of formal legal institutions that
constitute a “government” or a “state.” This
is the definition adopted by many studies of
the legal or constitutional arrangements of
advanced political orders. More broadly
defined, however, the term comprehends
actual as well as prescribed forms of
political behaviour, not only the legal
organization of the state but also the reality
of how the state functions..
President As head of state, the
President represents Vietnam both
domestically and internationally, and
maintains the regular and
coordinated operation and stability
of the national government and
safeguards the independence and
territorial integrity of the country.
Ministries The first constitution of
the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,
adopted in 1980, established a
Council of State as a collective
presidency and a Council of
Ministers. In 1992 this document was
superseded by a second constitution,
which, in addition to replacing the
Council of State with an elected
president and otherwise reforming
Vietnam’s government and political
structure
SOCIOLOGICAL
There has been an increase in social
stratification based upon wealth, particularly
in urban areas where some individuals, often
with links to business or the government,
have become very wealthy. Another
important axis of stratification is the
distinction between mental and manual labor.
Given the recent origin of this wealth-based
stratification and the widespread poverty,
these groups have yet to congeal into clearly-
defined classes.
POPULATION
Vietnam 2020 population is estimated at
97,338,579 people at midyear according to
UN data is equivalent to 1.25% of the total
world population it is ranks number 15 in the
list of countries (and dependencies) by
population.
RELIGION
Buddhism and Catholicism,
although the largest
percentage of the population
follows Vietnamese folk
traditions or identifies as non-
religious.
Historically the country is mostly Buddhist, a
reflection of Chinese influence. To the
traditional religion of Mahayana Buddhism has
been added the newer faiths of Cao Dai and
Hoa Hao. The philosophical creeds of
Confucianism and Daoism, along with related
Chinese religion, are also important. There are
an estimated 4,5 million Roman Catholics.
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
Vietnam is struggling with alarming air
pollution. According to the Yale 2019
Environmental Performance Index (EPI),
Vietnam ranks 141th out of 180 countries in
terms of air quality and modest biodiversity
protection (with 180 being the worst possible
performance).
lack of clean water supply, waste water, air
pollution, and solid waste. Not only do these
issues effect Vietnam, but also its population,
urbanization, and surrounding countries.
One of the water issues Vietnam is dealing
with includes a lack of clean water supply.
Another water issue is that there is not a
good drainage and sewage system in order
for waste water to be treated correctly which
causes flooding in some areas of the country.
Between both of this systems surrounding
these issues, only about 70% of the issues
are helped and/or covered.

VIETNAM
CULTURE
The culture of Vietnam is highly multicultural.
The early culture in Vietnam started with the
Bronze Age Đông Sơn culture considered to
be one of its most important progenitors for
its Ancient history. Vietnamese culture was
heavily influenced by Chinese culture due to
the 1000 years of Northern rule.

Chinese influence permeated all aspects of traditional Vietnamese culture,

while Western influences became strong in the 20th century. Since the
loosening of economic and political controls in the late 1980s, Vietnam has
experienced both increased exposure to the lifestyles of the capitalist world
and a resurfacing of old cultural practices. Folk traditions such as shamanism
and soothsaying have experienced a revival despite official disapproval.
 INDIA
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country
in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by
area, the second-most populous country, and
the most populous democracy in the world.
India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic
Republic with a Parliamentary system of
Government.
According to the latest research, India ranks
second in the world’s most popular countries
that people want to visit, beating popular
destinations such as Greece and Japan.
ECONOMY
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country
in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by
area, the second-most populous country, and
the most populous democracy in the world.
GDP growth rate: 8.9% annual change (2021)
World Bank
Gross domestic product: 3.173 trillion USD
(2021) World Bank
ASIA ::
ASIA
ASIA :
GDP per capita: 2,277.43 USD (2021) World Bank
INDIA
IRAN
Gross national income: 10.06 trillion PPP dollars
INDONESIA
(2021) World Bank
INDIA POLITICAL
SYSTEM
The politics of India works within the
framework of the country's Constitution.
India is a parliamentary democratic secular
republic in which the president of India is
the head of state & first citizen of India and
the prime minister of India is the head of
government. It is based on the federal
structure of government, although the word
is not used in the Constitution itself.
President The President of India is
the Head of the State and exercises
powers as defined in the Constitution
of India. The President's Secretariat
provides secretarial assistance to the
President in discharging
constitutional, ceremonial and other
State responsibilities.
Ministries A ministry is composed of
employed officials, known as civil
servants, and is politically
accountable through a minister.
Most major ministries are headed by
a Cabinet Minister, who sits in the
Union Council of Ministers, and is
typically supported by a team of
junior ministers called the Ministers
of State.
SOCIOLOGICAL
Initially, Indian sociology was influenced by
colonialism and indology. After Independence,
Indian sociology moved towards
indigenisation on the one hand and critical
examination of the Western theories,
concepts and methods of study on the other.
Indigenisation and use of regional texts,
sources and observations weakened the
Western impact on Indian sociology.
POPULATION
The current population of India is
1,412,347,731. India population is equivalent
to 17.7% of the total world population. India
ranks number 2 in the list of countries (and
dependencies) by population
RELIGION
Current environmental issues in India are :
India is considered the
birthplace of some of the
world's major religions:
Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism
and Sikhism. Today, other
religions such as Muslim and
Christianity have worked their
way into the population as
well, though Hinduism
remains the most popular.
According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the
population of India practices Hinduism, 14.2%
adheres to Islam, 2.3% adheres to Christianity,
1.7% adheres to Sikhism, 0.7% adheres to
Buddhism and 0.4% adheres to Jainism.
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
Air Pollution-Vehicular emissions, industrial
waste, smoke from cooking, the construction
sector, crop burning, and power generation
are among the biggest sources of air
pollution in India
Water Pollution- 70% of surface water
estimated to be unfit for consumption
. Waste Management- about 5% of the total
collected waste is recycled, 18% is
composted, and the remaining is dumped at
landfill sites.
Food and Water Shortages- the country
often experiences long heatwaves and
droughts that dry up its water sources
Biodiversity- India has already lost almost
90% of the area under the four hotspots,
according to a 2021 report.

INDIA
Indian culture CULTURE
is the heritage of social norms,
ethical values, traditional customs, belief
systems, political systems, artifacts and
technologies that originated in or are
associated with the ethno-linguistically diverse
India.
Food in India is often served on a ‘thali’ – a tray or plate that can hold several
dishes
The Indian culture has absorbed and amalgamated many different customs
and ideas throughout its long history which has led to a rich tradition and folk
culture
Folk dances are regional and often celebrated during festivals
Sitar, an instrument similar to a guitar is popular in India
‘Bollywood’ is the informal namerefer to Mumbai-based film industry