TPCC 1

Fundamentals of Surveying

Session 4
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE AND TAPING CORRECTIONS

I. Distance by Pacing
II. Distance by Taping
 Slope Correction
 Temperature Correction
 Tension Correction
 Sag Correction
 Combined Corrections

TAPING CORRECTIONS

CORRECTIONS DUE TO TENSION

During the tape’s standardization, it is subjected

to certain standard amount of pull. Thus, if the
tape pulled to much, the tape will be stretched.
And if not pulled enough, the tape would be
short. This concept was based accordingly to
material’s elasticity and stress.

The concept of tape correction rules also applies

here.

PROCEDURE TOO LONG TOO SHORT

Measuring + -
Laying Out - +
CORRECTIONS DUE TO SAG

The tape attains its correct length when it is fully

supported to its entire length and subjected to a
standard pull. If the tape was only supported on
the selected portion on its length, the tape will
sag and will be too short every time.
COMBINED CORRECTIONS
Session 5
This type of problem includes almost all types of MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL
corrections namely; slope, sag, temperature, and DISTANCE
tension in one single procedure combined which
depends on surveyor’s tolerance when using a LEVELING
tape. Of course, tape corrections are still It is a process of directly or indirectly measuring
applicable but depend on the type of correction. vertical distances to determine the elevation of
points or their differences in elevation.

Main Importance of Leveling

- Provides necessary data for engineering
design and construction
- Production of topographic maps

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Level Line
- a curved line in a level surface all points of
which are normal to the direction of gravity and
equidistant from the center of the earth.
2. Vertical Line
- a line parallel to the direction of gravity.
3. Mean Sea Level
- an imaginary surface of the sea which is
midway between high and low tides.
4. Vertical Datum
- any convenient level surface coincident or
parallel with mean sea level to which
elevations of a particular area are referred.
5. Elevation
- vertical distance above or below sea level or
any other selected datum.
6. Difference in Elevation
- vertical distance between the two level
surfaces in which the points lie.
LEVELING METHODS