PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM

Efficacy of Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound

Healing

A Case Study
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Veterinary Medicine
Pampanga State Agricultural University
Magalang, Pampanga

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology

JUAN RAFAEL REYES GUTIEREZ

JON RENZO CASTILLO ROQUE
SER GABRIEL SANTIAGO GENER
JOHN DERICK ELMIDO FLORES

March 2023

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
ABSTRACT

Psidium guajava or guava is a plant known not only for its fruit but also its leaves which

are used for medical purposes. It is commonly used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, diabetes, wounds,

coughs, and many more. The leaves contain compounds such as antioxidants, antibacterial, anti-

inflammatory, etc. Its effectiveness for wound healing is tested in this study and also compared

to a readily available product; Povidone-Iodine or commonly known as betadine. Process includes

decoction of guava extract and incorporated with petroleum jelly as base. The total end product

contains 20% concentration of guava extract. The products were tested in mice which are

grouped into control and treatment having three each. Mice is wounded with abrasion on the tail

with almost 1 inch in length and in the dorsolateral spinal column with one centimeter diameter.

The two products were applied every day for 10 days and results were compared depending on

how fast the wound heals. Using the wound gross scoring, the signs are scored depending on its

presence.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
INTRODUCTION

A wound is a rift in the skin's integrity. Healing is the body's reaction to harm and the

process by which the injury is repaired. Trauma triggers the biological process of wound healing,

which is frequently completed by the development of scar tissue (Delorino, Ogalesco, Rebadulla,

Rongcales, Salubre V, Talacay, & Tuballas, 2021). When a person or an animal gets a wound,

one of the most used for first aid treatment is betadine or the povidone-iodine. It is used to

disinfect the damaged area and prevent further infection as the wound leaves an open access for

germs or bacteria to enter. Betadine is usually used in small cuts, abrasions, or any damage to the

skin surface.

Guava (Psidium guajava) is a tropic tree which is abundantly grown for its fruit. Psidium

guajava belongs to the Phylum Magnioliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, and Myrtaceae family. It

consists of 133 genera with more than 3,800 species. This plant widely grows in tropical regions

due to the fact that it can be grown in different types of soil. It has wide spread branches which

are curved. Leaves are wide and clear green with prominent veins. It produces white flowers with

a nice fragrance. The fruit’s size varies from small to medium sized which is pear shaped or round

and yellow in color if ripened (Naseer, Hussain, Naeem, Pervaiz, & Rahman, 2018).

Guava is one of the tropical plants used for medicinal purposes. It has a long history in

many countries for its use as medicine. It is mainly grown for its fruit but the leaves of this tree

are also used for different diseases. The diseases that the guava is used for treatment includes

diarrhea, dysentery, gastroenteritis, diabetes, etc. Specifically, the extract from its leaves is

commonly used in coughs, oral ulcers, and swollen gums wound. The fruit contains vitamin A,

C, iron, phosphorus, calcium, and minerals. It also has high levels of organic and inorganic

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
compounds like secondary metabolites such as antioxidants, polyphenols, antiviral and anti-

inflammatory compounds. The leaves contain compounds which can serve as fungistatic and

bacteriostatic agents. The ethyl acetate extract from this plant can prevent germ infection and

thymus production (Naseer, et al., 2018).

Guava, specifically the leaves, has been traditionally prepared in folk medicine as a

remedy for diarrhea in different countries. With the exception of Europe, other several uses of the

guava have been described in different continents. It can be applied oral or topical depending

upon the illness being treated. The decocted, infused, and boiled preparations consumption is the

most common way in treating disorders such as rheumatism, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, and

cough in countries such as India, China, Pakistan, and etc. In Southeast Asia, decoction is used in

gargling the mouth for ulcers. In Nigeria, it is commonly used as anti-bactericidal and they also

use chewing sticks for oral care. In the countries Mexico, Brazil, Philippines, and Nigeria, guava

leaves are used in wound applications and poultice is used (Díaz-de-Cerio, o Verardo, Gómez-

Caravaca, Fernández-Gutiérrez, & Segura-Carretero, 2017).

Guava's antibacterial properties have been the subject of published studies, although these didn't

actually concentrate on its usage in perineal treatment and instead looked at other wounds

affecting different regions of the body. Research have also indicated that guava leaves are a good

antibacterial for wound healing, however it is unknown whether they are employed in hospitals.

Although there have been reports of women using a decoction of guava leaves as a perineal wash,

such as in one of the Cordillera regions, its efficacy has not been scientifically proven, particularly

with regard to its effects on the healing of perineal lacerations and episiorrhaphy.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

Although the Psidium guajava is said to be effective for its medicinal uses, its availability

as a pharmaceutical agent is relatively low compared to povidone-iodine for wound treatment.

This study strengthens and confirms the notion that guava possessed analgesic, antiseptic, and

antimicrobial properties. Guava leaves' flavonoid concentration promotes healing by reducing

pain, edema, and inflammation. Guavas are rich in vitamins, including vitamins A and C, which

help with tissue healing and fortify cells against microbial invasion by boosting collagen

resistance.

This is an experimental study on the effects of the use of guava leaves decoction in the

healing of abrasion wounds among the Sub adult male mice. This study primarily aims to

determine and compare the effects of guava leaves decoction and povidone-iodine solution in the

healing of abrasion wounds among the experimental subjects of the study. Specifically, this study

also sought to determine if there is an existing difference in the effects of guava leaves decoction

and povidone-iodine solution to the healing of abrasion wounds in terms of the number of days

until the wound completely heals.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

Wound Healing Efficacy of Pure Guava Leaf Extract

According to a recent study by Delorino et.al, 2021, they proved that pure extract made

from the juices of young guava leaves have positive results when it comes to wound healing. They

prepared the said extract by subjecting the guava leaves to an electric juicer to reduce it into liquid

form and strained it afterwards to get rid of the solid parts of the extract, which is deemed to be

not useful by the researchers. Preservation of the extract is thru refrigeration, and whenever

possible, they prepare fresh extract every day to keep the freshness of their treatment that are

being administered to their mice. The said extract in the aforementioned study is compared to a

mainstream treatment for wounds, which is Povidone Iodine or commonly known as “betadine”

to the general public, and to distilled water. 18 lab mice were used in the study, which is divided

into 3 groups, each group have their corresponding treatments. To observe the efficacy of the 3

different treatments, all 18 mice we’re inflicted with one aseptic surgical incision each with at

least 2 cm in length. The whole treatment and observation had a total duration of 9 days, and the

results concluded that their Guava leaf extract preparation is an effective agent for the healing of

the surgically inflicted wounds subjected to the lab mice.

The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Guava Leaf Extract on Oral Mucosal Wound in Rats

According to a study conducted by Ghaderi et.al, 2022, they proved that the

hydroalcoholic preparation of the extract is also effective in wound healing. They prepared their

extract by air-drying the freshly acquired guava leaves at ambient temperature after being washed.

Then, a total of 100 grams of the leaves is used and are submerged to a 500 ml hydro-ethanol

solution (70% ethanol) at room temperature. Afterwards, the final extract is filtered and was

subjected to vacuum concentration using a rotary flash evaporator. After all the process, they

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
came up with a total of 24 grams of concentrated extract. The said extract is then diluted to 10%

by mixing it with distilled water for mouth washing. To test the effectivity of the extract, the

researchers used a total of 170 Sprague Dawley rats with equal number of male and female, and

each of them was subjected to a surgically induced wound in the oral buccal mucosa. The

treatment and observation lasted for a total of 14 days, and the results proved that the

hydroalcoholic guava extract is an effective wound healing solution since the progress has been

observed in histopathologic manner. The histopathological samples indicated that the guava

extract promoted epithelialization of the wounds and ulcers, which promotes faster wound

healing.

Healing and cytotoxic effects of Psidium guajava leaf extracts

The clinical and histological evaluation of traumatic lesions in the oral mucosa of rats

treated with these compounds allowed researchers to study the healing impact in vivo. The

medication under test was administered twice daily to each rat, and were slaughtered after 1, 3,

5, 7 and 14 days. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue slices underwent analysis. A 5-point

grading system based on the level of healing, ranging from 1 to 5, was used for the histological

evaluation. The histology scores underwent statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Each

drug was administered to mucosa fibroblast cell cultures in conditioned medium for the in vitro

toxicity experiment. By exposing the compounds to fresh culture medium for 24 hours, the media

were condition. The MTT test was used to perform the cytotoxicity investigation. ANOVA and

the Tukey's test were used to statistically assess the data at the 5% level of significance. In the

study of Healing and cytotoxic effect of Psidium guajava leaf extracts the Results shows that in

compared to the control and corticosteroids in vitro, the guava extracts reduced cell viability and

proliferation. In contrast, corticosteroids delayed tissue regeneration and were linked to bacterial

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
surface colonization, the occurrence of micro-abscesses, and severe inflammatory infiltration in

the submucosa. In vivo, guava extract produced faster wound healing starting on the third day.

This study concluded that the guava extract decreased the number of cells in vitro during a short-

term cytotoxicity analysis, but it sped up wound healing in vivo.

Wound Healing Effect of Psidium guajava (Guava Leaf) Extract Ointment in Comparison

to Fucidin® and Topiderm® on Incisional Wounds in ICR Mice.

The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of Guava (Psidium guajava) extract

ointment to cure wounds on male ICR mouse skin to Fucidin and Topiderm. Six mice from each

of the four groups of 24 male ICR mice were used as the experimental group (guava leaf extract),

the negative control group (distilled water), and the two positive control groups (Fucidin and

Topiderm). After administering P. guajava leaf extract, Fucidin, and Topiderm to the mice's

bilateral 2.5cm dorsal skin incisions, the wound healing characteristics were evaluated. Each day,

the three categories of body, appearance, and attitude were evaluated. The day before the dosage

was given, the patient's weight was taken, and it was also checked on days one, three, five, and

seven of the experimental therapy periods. The findings indicated that P. guajava leaf extract is

effective in promoting wound healing, however it might take longer than Fucidin and Topiderm

in the control group. According to the results of the investigation, P. guajava leaf extract exhibited

a slower ability for wound healing than Fucidin and Topiderm. Future researchers were advised

to use a leaf extract with a higher concentration.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
Health Effects of Psidium guajava L. Leaves

Traditional remedies made from guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves have been used to

treat a variety of medical conditions. The potential of the guava leaf extracts for the concurrent

treatment of various diseases with high prevalence worldwide has been extensively demonstrated

by pharmacological research conducted in vitro as well as in vivo, supporting traditional medicine

in conditions like diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and parasitic infections.

Moreover, the biological activity has been linked to certain phytochemical subclasses, particular

molecules, or even the bioactive makeup of the leaves. Guava leaf aqueous and organic extracts

have been shown to have antibacterial action because they suppress the growth of Staphylococcus

aureus clinical isolates that are resistant to antibiotics. The development of various kinds of

bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus

spp., and Shigella spp., was inhibited by a methanol extract. Aqueous, acetone-water, methanolic,

spray-dried, and essential oil extracts of the leaves, among others, demonstrated potential

inhibitory efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungus. This

article discussed the antibacterial activity of a leaf extract against Propionibacterium acnes, the

primary cause of acne lesions, and other species isolated from those lesions. Moreover,

pathogenic microorganisms linked to diseases of the skin, soft tissues, and wounds were shown

to exhibit the antibacterial action (Qa’dan et al). The acetone and methanol extracts shown

meaningful action against dermatophytic fungus and may therefore represent novel medicines for

treating skin conditions. In addition, phenols from the leaves shown antifungal activity when

tested on human skin fibroblast cells. (Díaz-de-Cerio et al.)

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
Methodology

Simple randomization is used in this study to find out the medicinal effect of Psidium

guajava leaves extract with the comparison from the readily available povidone-iodine

(betadine) in treating wounds. The sample is divided into two groups; the control group treated

with betadine and the treatment group medicated with the guava extract. Three mice (3) are

allocated for each group which is randomly selected by picking and marked with two different

colors for separation.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
Data Gathering Procedure

A. Preparation of Materials

Psidii guajavae folium, distilled water, ethanol, pots, petroleum jelly, glass flasks, sterile glass

containers, sterile cotton buds, stir rod scissors, and an electronic weighing scale were among the

supplies utilized in the study.

To ensure there was no contamination near the mice's wound incision, sterile cotton buds and

disposable gloves were utilized.

800 grams of psidii guajavae folium were harvested from a few trees in the city of Arayat.

Preparation of Ethanolic Extract

To get rid of residue, the guava leaves were cleaned and submerged in water. The leaves were

then allowed to dry for three days in the shade. With a pair of scissors, the 300 g of dried leaves

were cut into smaller pieces.

Figure 2: air drying the Psidium guajava

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM

Figure 3: mincing the Psidium guajava into smaller pieces.

Figure 4: Soaking of dried bits of Psidium guajava into ethanol sealed jar.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM

Figure 5: Filtering of Psidium guajava ethanolic mixture into a container

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
Ointment preparation and formulation

The petroleum jelly employed as the ointment foundation was first melted over a water bath.

Psidium guajavaethanolic extract was then added to create the wound healing treatment, and the

mixture was continuously stirred until it had a homogeneous appearance.

Figure 6: Heating in a hot bath and mixing of petroleum jelly and Psidium guajava ethanolic

extract.

Formulation and Ratios

The mixture was then transferred to a fresh container for topical treatment during the

experiment after being taken off the heat to cool.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
Wound Healing Activity Testing

Grouping of Test Animals

After adjusting for five days to life in their cage, healthy male subadult white albino

mice were employed. They were given unlimited access to food and water.

Figure 7: Five days Acclimation of test animals to their cage environment

With the incision model, two groups of mice were created, each having three mice from

the treatment group and the control group. Animals in the control group received a povidone-

iodine treatment, while those in the treatment group received a treatment extract that was

concentrated to 100%.

The three mice in each of the two groups of two mice had one each with an abrasion

wound.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
Abrasion Wound Model

Before and after shaving the mice's dorsal fur with a blade to create an abrasion wound,

the wound area was cleaned with isopropyl alcohol.

Figure 8: shaving of the dorsal fur of the mice

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
The mouse's back was where the wound was intended to be. The skin of the mice had an

abrasion wound with a diameter of one centimeter along the dorsolateral spinal column and one

inch or so on the tail.

Figure 9: abrasion wound on the Test animal

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
Two groups of mice were formed. Three mice each for the treatment group and the control

group were housed in separate cages.

Figure 10. Topical Application of the treatment extract on the abrasion wound

The topical application of treatment was done twice a day in treatment group, the topical

application of povidone-iodine treatment was also done twice a day in control group. Day 0 was

regarded as beginning on the day of injury. Throughout the course of 10 days, the respective

treatment for each group was administered topically.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this case study, the results of the experiment are presented in a tabular form,

TABLE 1.1. Day 0 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Control group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse +++ +++ - - + - -

1
Mouse +++ +++ - - + - -
2
Mouse +++ +++ - - + - -
3

Legend:
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on table 1.1, at day 0, the initial signs of a freshly induced wound are present

since the observation is done 2 hours after inducing them. Signs such as swelling and redness are

prominently observed grossly at this point. Slight scab formation is also observed due to drying

of the exudates present on the surface of the wound. Therefore, there are no significant signs of

healing is observed yet at this point.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
TABLE 1.2. Day 0 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Treatment Group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse +++ +++ - - + - -

1
Mouse +++ +++ - - + - -
2
Mouse +++ +++ - - + - -
3

Legend:
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on the table 1.2, at day 0, the same signs observed on the control group is also

present in the treatment group. Therefore, there are no significant signs of healing is observed in

this section either.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
TABLE 2.1 Day 2 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Control group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse +++ +++ + - + - -

1
Mouse ++ ++ - - ++ - -
2
Mouse ++ ++ - - ++ - -
3

Legend:
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on table 2.1, mice 2 and 3 displayed improvement with the reduction of swelling,

redness and increased scab formation. But one of them displayed the same signs of swelling and

redness form the initial day of observation, with slight pus formation and slight scab formation.

Other than the said observations there are nothing else.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
TABLE 2.2 Day 2 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Treatment group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse ++ ++ - - ++ + -
1
Mouse ++ ++ - - ++ + -
2
Mouse ++ ++ - - ++ + -
3

Legend:
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on table 2.2, all 3 mice displayed improvements due to the reduction of swelling

and redness of the affected area, moderate scab formation is observed and slight epithelialization

of the wound is also observed on the edges of the wound.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
TABLE 3.1 Day 4 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Control group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse ++ +++ - - ++ - -
1
Mouse + ++ - - +++ + -
2
Mouse + ++ - - +++ + -
3

Legend:
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on table 3.1, mice 2 and 3 showed further improvement in the reduction of swelling,

redness is on the same level as the second day, scab formation is prominently observed and

epithelialization of the wound is slightly observed in this day. Slight improvement is also shown

by Mouse 1, reduction of swelling is observed but is accompanied with the same amount of

redness with day 2, pus formation is now absent and scab formation is moderately observed.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
TABLE 3.2 Day 4 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Treatment group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse + ++ - - +++ ++ -
1
Mouse + ++ - - +++ ++ -
2
Mouse + ++ - - +++ ++ -
3

Legend:
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on table 3.2, the treatment group have a more satisfactory results compared to the

control group. Swelling in the treatment group is now slightly observed only, redness is still

present but it is now moderately observed compared from the past few days. Scab formation is

prominently observed and epithelialization is moderately observed, no pus formation and necrosis

are observed.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
TABLE 4.1 Day 6 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Control group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse + ++ - - +++ ++ -
1
Mouse + ++ - - +++ ++ -
2
Mouse + ++ - - +++ ++ -
3

Legend
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on table 4.1, all 3 mice showed significant improvement. Swelling is now slightly

observed, redness is moderately seen. No pus formation and necrosis are found. Scab formation

is prominent and epithelialization is moderately observed, no scar formation is seen.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
TABLE 4.2 Day 6 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Treatment group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse - + - - ++ ++ -
1
Mouse - + - - ++ ++ -
2
Mouse - + - - ++ ++ -
3

Legend:
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on table 4.2, improvements is more significant compared to the control group, at

this point, swelling is now absent and only slight redness is observed, no pus formation an necrosis

are observed as usual. Scab formation is reduced to moderate prominence and epithelialization is

moderately observed also. No scar formation is found.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
TABLE 5.1 Days 8 to 10 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Control group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse - + - - ++ +++ -
1
Mouse - + - - ++ +++ -
2
Mouse - + - - ++ +++ -
3

Legend:
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on table 5.1, significant improvement has been observed at this point, swelling is

now absent and redness is slightly observed, no necrosis or pus formation are found. Scab

formation is moderately present and epithelialization is prominently seen. Scar formation is not

found.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
TABLE 5.2 Day 8 to 10 Gross Scoring for Wound Healing (Treatment group)

Swelling Redness Pus Necrosis Scab Epithelialization Scar

Formation Formation Formation

Mouse - - - - + +++ +
1
Mouse - - - - + +++ +
2
Mouse - - - - + +++ +
3

Legend:
Negative -

Slightly Present +

Moderate ++

Prominent +++

Based on the results presented in table 5.2, significant observations include the absence

of swelling and redness in the affected area. No pus formation and necrosis are found. Scab

formation is slightly observed and epithelialization is prominent, scar formation slightly observed.

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

The researchers were able to arrive at these conclusions based on the findings of the study:

1. The ointment made from guava leaf extract and petroleum jelly is an effective agent to

treat abrasion wounds, and is better compared to povidone-iodine in the progression of

wound healing.

2. The guava leaf ointment is effective in the elimination of swelling compared to povidone-

iodine, which is evident on the 4th and 6th day of the observation where the swelling starts

to subside, as well as the elimination of the redness of the wound, scab formation and

epithelialization of the wound, which is observed from the 6th to 10th day of the treatment

3. Scar tissue is slightly observed on the last day of the treatment, but is not significant to be

noticeable.

4. The researchers’ method of preparation of the extract does not impact the effectiveness of

the treatment, which is evident to the result provided by this study

5. The researchers recommend the usage of this method of preparing the extract since the

method is very simple and low cost.

6. Further studies and analysis must be done to en the safety of using this

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing
 PAMPANGA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY – CVM
REFERENCES

Delorino et.al (2021), ”Wound Healing Efficacy of Guava Leaf Extract”

Retrieved from: https://journaljpri.com/index.php/JPRI/article/view/1882/3772

Diaz-de-Cerio et.al (2017), “Health Effects of Psidium guajava L. Leaves: An Overview of the

Last Decade”

Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5412476/pdf/ijms-18-

00897.pdf

Fernandes et.al (2015), ”Healing and Cytotoxic Effect of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae)Leaf

extract”

Retrieved from:

https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/bjos/article/view/8641730

Gandu et.al (2017), “Wound Healing Effect of Psidium guajava (Guava Leaf) Extract Ointment

in Comparison to Fucidin® and Topiderm® on Incisional Wounds in ICR Mice”

Retrieved from: https://www.herdin.ph/index.php/journals?view=research&cid=63362

Ghaderi et.al (2022), “The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Psidium guajava L. on

Experimentally Induced Oral Mucosal Wound in Rat”

Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9338486/

Naseer et.al (2018), “The Phytochemistry and Medicinal Value of Psidium guajava (Guava)”

Retrieved from: https://clinphytoscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40816-018-

0093-8

Ointment-form Extract from Guava Tree Leaves (Psidium guajava) in Wound Healing