Professional Ethics

❖ MODULE-1
1. Explain the concept of Personal ethics and Business ethics.
2. Define Morality and law? How are moral standards
formed?
3. Explain Morality, Etiquette and Professional codes in
detail.
 ❖ MODULE-2
1. Explain the principles of personal Ethics and Professional
ethics.
2. Define and Explain the concept of Honesty, Integrity and
Transparency are the touchstones of Business Ethics.
3. Difference between Values and Ethics.
4. Short note on Ethical Decision Making.
 ❖ MODULE-3
1. What is an Ethical Dilemma?
2. What are the Sources of Ethical Behaviour?
3. How to Resolve an Ethical Problem
i. Identify the problem as you see it.
ii. Get the story straight - gather relevant data.
iii. Ask yourself if the problem is a regulatory issue or a process issue
related to regulatory requirements.
iv. Compare the issue to a specific rule in ASHA's Code of Ethics. Determine
if rules the Code of Ethics apply to your problem and can help develop a
course of action for you to pursue.
v. Identify who has the power and control in the situation.
vi. Identify what is in your control and what is not.
vii. Identify your resources. These can be a supervisor, special education
director, or colleague. Ask yourself if you need more information,
clarification, or ideas from others who have had a similar problem.
viii. Make a list of possible actions and their positive and negative
consequences.
ix. Make a plan that you can defend professionally and ethically and that
meets the requirements of the regulations.
x. Take action and evaluate your plan as you proceed. Determine next
steps.
4. How to Resolve Ethical Dilemmas.

• Refute the paradox (dilemma): The situation must be carefully analyzed.

In some cases, the existence of the dilemma can be logically refuted.
• Value theory approach: Choose the alternative that offers the greater good
or the lesser evil.
• Find alternative solutions: In some cases, the problem can be reconsidered,
and new alternative solutions may arise.
 ❖ MODULE-4
1. Explain Ethical Models that Guide Decision making
Ethical decision-making models provide a suggested mechanism for critical
thinking and planning for the resolution of ethical dilemmas. ... These models
consider ethical principles, obligations and values. They advocate the use of
resources such as published evidence, clinical data and consulting colleagues in
dentistry.
 2. Explain Ethical Decision Making with Cross - holder
conflicts and competition.
3. How to apply Moral Philosophy to Ethical Decision
Making in detail.
Applying moral philosophy to ethical decision making is a normal process
individuals resort to.
However, what moral philosophy they take depends on whether they make a
personal decision outside the work environment or they do so in a work-related
matter.
As we have seen earlier, this difference in the approach of applying moral
philosophies may arise because the kind of goals and pressures that motivate
persons to achieve success in the work environment does not exist in their
domestic or personal lives.
As a result, a worker may consider a certain deed good in his or her job-related
environment, but unacceptable in the domestic arena.
For instance, an executive if asked by his manager
4. What is Kohlberg's Model of Cognitive Moral
Development?
5. What are the different Influences on Ethical Decision
Making?
6. Explain the term Personal Values and Ethical Decision
Making.
 ❖ MODULE-5
1. What is Moral Philosophies and values?

Value theory is concerned with theoretical questions about value and goodness
of all varieties, questions that often cross the boundaries between normative
ethics and the metaethical. It asks how and why people value something, be it a
person, idea, or object; thus both moral and natural goods are equally relevant
to value theory.
2. Short note on Moral Philosophy defined.
Moral Philosophy
Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right
and wrong. It explores the nature of morality and examines how people should
live their lives in relation to others.
Moral philosophy has three branches.
One branch, meta-ethics, investigates big picture questions such as, “What is
morality?” “What is justice?” “Is there truth?” and “How can I justify my
beliefs as better than conflicting beliefs held by others?”
Another branch of moral philosophy is normative ethics. It answers the question
of what we ought to do. Normative ethics focuses on providing a framework for
deciding what is right and wrong. Three common frameworks are deontology,
utilitarianism, and virtue ethics.
The last branch is applied ethics. It addresses specific, practical issues of moral
importance such as war and capital punishment. Applied ethics also tackles
specific moral challenges that people face daily, such as whether they should lie
to help a friend or co-worker.
So, whether our moral focus is big picture questions, a practical framework, or
applied to specific dilemmas, moral philosophy can provide the tools we need
to examine and live an ethical life.
3. Write a short note on Cognitive moral Development.
4. Explain the term White and Collar Crime with the help
of an example.

➢ Example :
White collar crime in India
Corruption, fraud, and bribery are some of the most common white collar
crimes in India as well as all over the world. The Business Standard on
22.11.2016 published a report titled ‘The changing dynamics of white collar
crime in India’ stating that in the last 10 years, the Central Bureau of
Investigation (CBI) has found a total of 6,533 cases of corruption out of which
517 cases were registered in the past two years.

Statistics showed that 4,000 crores worth of trading was carried out using fake
or duplicate PAN cards. Maharashtra showed a rapid increase in the number of
online cases with 999 cases being registered. The report also mentioned that
around 3.2 million people suffered a loss because of the stealing of their card
details from the YES Bank ATMs which were administered by Hitachi Payment
Services.

In 2014, India was ranked 85th which subsequently improved to 76th position
in 2015 because of several measures to tackle white collar crimes. In 2018, as
per the report of The Economic Times, India was placed at 78th position,
showing an improvement of three points from 2017, out of the list of 180
countries.
5. What are the Individual Factors in Business Ethics?
i. The individual’s personal code of behavior: The personal Code of
Behavior is the result of the complex environment that influences one’s
life.
ii. The ethical standards imposed on a manager by his superiors also
influence him in his decisions as to the morality of behavior. If the
superior condones unethical activities such as padding expenses
accounts, the subordinate is encouraged to look upon this activity as an
acceptable practice.
iii. The policies of the company also influence the determination of ethical
conduct. Standards of behavior in an industry are often influenced greatly
by the dominant firms in that industry. The authors of the company
policy obviously have an effect that is decisive.
iv. The ethical climate of a country. If, it is poor, then only giant
corporations and large undertakings can stand competition and be viable;
a small concern is apt to go bankrupt, since business is concerned with
employment of a large number of persons, it has the obligation to see that
it adheres to an ethical atmosphere. However, considerable differences
occur among managers as to what is ethical or unethical; and business
truly lacks a Code of Ethics.
 ❖ MODULE-6
1. What are Human Values for Indian Man
• Family
• Truth
• Freedom
• Honesty
• Balance
• Kindness
• Loyalty
• Teamwork
• Fitness
• Non-violence
• Communication
• Relationship
• Creativity
• Learning
• Knowledge
• Humanity
• Quality
• Respect
• Integrity
• Love
• Humor
• Peace
• Happiness
 2. Explain the Lessons taught from the Ancient Indian
Education system.
• The history of education in ancient India is fascinating and is recorded and
can be tracked to the ancient era.
• Education in ancient India began around the 3rd century B.C with elements
of religious training and impart of traditional knowledge.
➢ Objectives of Gurukuls
• Self Control
• Development of character
• Social Awareness
• Integral development of personality
• Propagation of purity
• Preservation of knowledge and culture
➢ SUBJECTS THAT WERE TAUGHT
• Śikshā (Phonetics)
• Vyākarana (Grammar)
• Jyotisha(Astronomy)
• Arthaśāstra (Economics)
• Dharmaśāstra(Laws)
• Śastravidyā(Art of Warfare)
• Kalā(Fine Arts)
The Rigveda, containing hymns to be recited
• The Yajurveda, containing formulas to be recited by the adhvaryu or
officiating priest;
• The Samaveda, containing formulas to be sung by the udgātṛ
• The Atharvaveda, a collection of spells and incantations, apotropaic charms
and speculative hymns.
➢ FIRST EDUCATION INSTITUES
• The Calcutta Madrasa
• Sanskrit College
• Fort William College
3. Write a short note on 1) The law of Karma 2) Quality of
Working Life