Module1

Subject: Data Communication and Networking

What is data?
Data – is a raw of facts that are collected, processed and stored to produce information.
What is communications?
Communications – is the transmission of information from one place to another.
What is networking?
Networking – interconnecting the computers to able to communicate to each other.
What is data communication & networking
Data Communication – transport of data represented by discrete electrical signals from
one point to the other for a particular purposed of interconnecting computers.
Messaging

Message in its most general meaning is an object of communication

In the communications discipline, a message is information which is sent from a source
to a receiver.
History of messaging
Smoke signals - Ancient (short distance only)
Telegraph - (late 19th century)
Telephone - (late 19th century-early 20th century)
Steam shipping - land shipment through trains, "By 1914, it took 1 month to send a
message from London to Calcutta. The Suez Canal had opened, and steamships
powered their way through the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, and thence to India. Big
improvement."
Radio, (early 20th century)
Television - (mid 20th century)
Airmail (1950s or 1960s?) ~ 1 week. Air shipment through planes
Text messaging - (1990s) Messages sent through cellular phones.
Electronic mail (~1994) - delivery times of 10 minutes, based on number of hops,
frequency of manual retrieval, etc.
Instant messaging - Often shorted to "IM", sometimes in combination with the type of
messenger (YIM is yahoo instant messenger). People enjoy messaging others through
many types of mail including: regular mail, e-mail, online messaging services

Technology Domination

18th Century – Great Mechanical Systems of the Industrial Revolution (Source: No

electricity)
19th Century – Age of the Steam Engine (Source: Heat Energy)
20th Century – Information gathering, processing and distribution.
Radio/TV/Telephone/Computers/Satelittes. (Source: Electricity)

Reality of Convergence

Collecting, Transporting, Storing, Processing devices/tools/industry are being integrated

into a single entity.

Convergence in Devices
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 Cellular phones that can access internet and has built-in applications
Gaming equipment that has internet access and can operate as a video equipment
Household appliances that can be connected to a web or has built-in applications

Computer Industry

Computer Industry relatively young compared to Automobile and Air transportation

Rapid progress is experienced
New developments: 5 years to 3 years to 1 year to 6 months and now probably less than
3 months.

The First 2 Decades

Computer Systems in its first two decades were mostly in institutions, highly centralized,
occupies a large space and uses a tremendous amount of energy and cooling.
Separate box for processors, memory, tape drive, hard disk, system console,
communication.

Last 15 years

Tremendous growth in computer and computer users in the past 10 to 15 years brought
about by tremendous reduction in the price of equipments.

Differentiation with Centralized Computer System (CCS)

CCS- (Interconnection through central point, Satellite). Has a main host that controls all
traffic in and to the computer terminal. The terminal’s applications are limited to what is
stored in the host computer.
The terminals are considered slave with basic functions of data entry and viewing.

Differentiation with Distributed System (DS)

DS – (Data distribution from central point to various computers). Existence of multiple

processors is transparent to the user.

Company’s Interest in computer networks

Resource sharing – Files, Data, Applications, Devices

- Ex. Hiraman ng printer
High Reliability – Mirroring/Fault Tolerant/Fail safe/Clustering
- Ex. Relying through only one source of data
Economics – Price/Performance ratio
- To reduce cost or gastos.
Scalability – Easy upgrade’s
- Easy data updates
Powerful communication medium – Emails
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 - Easy and Faster data communication

Individual’s Interest in computer networks

Access to remote information: WWW.Internet. (research and assignment)

Person to person communication: Emails, Video Conferencing, Voice over IP (chat)
Interactive entertainment: Online gaming, MP3, Video on demand, Online Story
telling/book reading, quiz shows and movie interaction.
Business transactions: Ecommerce (online transactions)

Social Issues

Legal – Law or Bill needed to ensure proper and non criminal use of computer networks.
Regulation required. Censorships/Rights/Freedoms.
Moral – Contents accessible to individual especially children. (Pornography)
Ethical – Use of right and correct languages.
Political – Policies in the National Government, Tariffs. Government accessed to our
information’s.

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A. Terminologies
Data Transmission – refers to an electrical transmission of data from one point to
another.
Data Communication Link – can be defined as a path for electrical transmission
between two or more stations or terminals.
Communications – is the transmission of information from one place to another.
Telecommunication - refers to the communication of information at a distance. This
covers many technologies including radio, telegraphy, television, telephone, data
communication and computer networking.
Data Communication – transport of data represented by discrete electrical signals from
one point to the other for a particular purpose. Either for processing, storing, distribution
or retransformation.

Allows computer systems to communicate not only locally but over great distances.
Data processing Telecommunications

Data Communications

Types of Transmission
Basically there are two ways in which information of any type can be transmitted over a
telecommunication media:
1. Analog- means that a continuous range of frequencies is transmitted, like sound and
light.
Ex. Radio and television broadcasting
2. Digital – means that a stream of on-off pulses is sent, as in computer circuits. The
pulses are referred to as bits.

Signal conversion?

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2 basic types of data communication systems

 Interactive
- Need for spontaneous, real time response from the communicators.
 Non interactive
- Response is not needed or can be deferred to some other time uploading file for
storage.

Four factors affecting the economics in favor of digital transmission

1. The trend to much higher bandwidth facilities

2. The decreasing cost of logic circuitry, which is used in coding and decoding the digital
signals and in multiplexing and switching them.
3. The increase in capacity resulting from the use of digital repeaters at frequent intervals
on a line.
4. The rapidly increasing need to transmit digital data on the networks

Block diagram of a communications systems

.
Information Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination
source

Information source – represents the person or device generating the original information to be
transmitted by the communication system to the user.
Ex. Scene in a TV studio
Information from a computer memory photograph information from a satellite
Transmitter- a device or sub-system which can accept the electrical signals from the source
and transform these signals into a form suitable for transmission through the selected
communication channel.

Channel – a medium or material where the transformed signals are propagated.

Receiver – accepts the signals delivered by the communication channel and transform this
signal to a form suitable to the user.
Destination – the information user (maybe a person or a device)
Noise – any unwanted form of energy tending to interfere with the proper and easy reproduction
of wanted signals.

Types of Noise:

1. External Noise – noise created outside the system.

a. Atmospheric noise
b. Extra-Terrestial niose
b.1 Solar noise
b.2 Cosmic noise

c. Man made noise

2. Internal Noise - noise created by any active and passive device found in
receivers.
- They are generally random but easy to quantify.

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 a. thermal noise – (Johnson or White noise) – due to rapid and random motion of
molecules in a resistive component.
b. Shot noise – arises form the random variation of electron in thermionic of semi-
conductor devices.

Data communications Applications

1. Inquiry/Response Applications – inputs generally have only a few characters and

output responses have many.
- Typically involve request to display information
2. Interactive Applications – is characterized by relatively short inputs and outputs. The
computer system would generally prompt the user for an input, eliciting a relative short
response.
- Since the sender and receiver are essentially conversing with each other, this
application is sometimes referred to as conversational.
3. Batch Applications are characterized by large data transfers in two directions.
- In some batch applications, large amounts of dataflow in one direction only, which
actually resembles data entry.
4. Data Entry Application – consist of lengthy inputs with short responses.
5. Distributed Application – are characterized not so much by input and output size as by
whether the data or the processing or both are distributed among a number of
processing units.
6. Sensor-Base Applications – involve special data collection devices for such uses as
controlling temperature in buildings, monitoring and maintaining patient condition in
hospitals, and controlling a manufacturing process.

Requirements of On-line Systems

1. Performance
Two very common measures:
a. Response time – refers to the amount of time a user must wait between entering
data and receiveing a reply.
b. Transaction rate (throughput) – is the amount of work performed by the system
per unit of time.
2. Consistency – is one that works in a predictable manner, both with respect to the
people who use the system and with respect to response times.
3. Flexibility – the ability to increase processing power, terminals, communication circuits,
and database capacity is critical to the long term success of a system.
4. Availability- an on-line system must be continuously available to the user community
during the workday.
5. Reliability – it is the measure of the frequency of system failure, and in some ways
combines consistency and availability.
6. Recovery – the system must be able to recover to a consistent point – that is, the point
where the database has no partially updated transactions, no transactions have been
processed twice, and no transactions have been lost.
7. Security

Ex. Using passwords.

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Day 2

Week 4

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Week 5

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Week 6

 Recitation & Long quiz – 4 5 6

 Prelim Exam - Assignments

Midterm: Overview of Networks

Week 1

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A computer network

- is a system for communication between computers. These networks may be fixed

(cabled, permanent) or temporary (as via modems or null modems).
- Is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths

Computer Networks

Large number of separate but interconnected computers

Interconnected collection of autonomous computers
Interconnected refers to being able to exchange information

Autonomous

Intelligent/Independent
Elimination of master/slave
Not autonomous if one computer can forcibly control, start and stop another one.

Types of Network

A local area network (LAN) - is a computer network covering a small local area, like a
home, office, or small group of buildings such as a college. Current LANs are most likely to be
based on switched Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology running at from 10 to 10000 Mbps. The
defining characteristics of LANs in contrast to WANs are: a) much higher data rates, b) smaller
geographic range and c) they do not involve leased telecommunication lines.

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 Metropolitan Area Networks or MANs - are large computer networks usually spanning a
campus or a city. They typically use wireless infrastructure or optical fiber connections to link
their sites.

For instance a university or college may have a MAN that joins together many of their
local area networks (LANs) situated around site of a fraction of a square kilometer. Then from
their MAN they could have several wide area network (WAN) links to other universities or the
Internet.

Some technologies used for this purpose are ATM, FDDI and SMDS. These older
technologies are in the process of being displaced by Ethernet-based MANs (e.g. Metro
Ethernet) in most areas. MAN links between LANs have been built without cables using either
microwave, radio, or infra-red free-space optical communication links.

A personal area network (PAN) - is a computer network used for communication among
computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person.
The devices may or may not belong to the person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a
few meters. PANs can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves
(intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an
uplink).

Wireless
A Bluetooth PAN is also called a piconet, and is composed of up to 8 active devices in a
master-slave relationship (up to 255 devices can be connected in "parked" mode). The first
Bluetooth device in the piconet is the master, and all other devices are slaves that communicate
with the master. A piconet typically has a range of 10 meters, although ranges of up to 100
meters can be reached under ideal circumstances.

By functional relationship
Client/Server - is a network architecture which separates the client (often a graphical
user interface) from the server. Each instance of the client software can send requests to a
server or application server.

Properties of a server:
 Passive (Slave)
 Waiting for requests
 On requests serves them and send a reply

Properties of a client:
 Active (Master)
 Sending requests
 Waits until reply arrives

A peer-to-peer (or P2P) computer network is a network that relies on the computing
power and bandwidth of the participants in the network rather than concentrating it in a relatively
low number of servers. P2P networks are typically used for connecting nodes via largely ad hoc
connections. Such networks are useful for many purposes. Sharing content files (see file
sharing) containing audio, video, data or anything in digital format is very common, and realtime
data, such as telephony traffic, is also passed using P2P technology.

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 A pure peer-to-peer network does not have the notion of clients or servers, but only
equal peer nodes that simultaneously function as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes
on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from the client-server model where
communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example for a non peer-to-peer
file transfer is an FTP server where the client and server programs are quite distinct, and the
clients initiate the download/uploads and the servers react to and satisfy these requests.
A network topology - is the pattern of links connecting pairs of nodes of a network. A
given node has one or more links to others, and the links can appear in a variety of different
shapes. The simplest connection is a one-way link between two devices. A second return link
can be added for two-way communication. Modern communications cables usually include more
than one wire in order to facilitate this, although very simple bus-based networks have two-way
communication on a single wire.
Network topology is determined only by the configuration of connections between nodes;
it is therefore a part of graph theory. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections,
transmission rates, and/or signal types are not a matter of network topology, although they may
be affected by it in an actual physical network.

By connecting the computers at each end, a ring topology can be formed. An advantage

of the ring is that the number of transmitters and receivers can be cut in half, since a message
will eventually loop all of the way around. When a node sends a message, the message is
processed by each computer in the ring. If a computer is not the destination node, it will pass
the message to the next node, until the message arrives at its destination. If the message is not
accepted by any node on the network, it will travel around the entire ring and return to the
sender. This potentially results in a doubling of travel time for data, but since it is traveling at a
significant fraction of the speed of light, the loss is usually negligible.
The star topology reduces the chance of network failure by connecting all of the systems
to a central node. When applied to a bus-based network, this central hub rebroadcasts all
transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network,
sometimes including the originating node. All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all
others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. The failure of a transmission

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line linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral
node from all others, but the rest of the systems will be unaffected.
A tree topology (a.k.a. hierarchical topology) can be viewed as a collection of star
networks arranged in a hierarchy. This tree has individual peripheral nodes (i.e. leaves) which
are required to transmit to and receive from one other node only and are not required to act as
repeaters or regenerators. Unlike the star network, the function of the central node may be
distributed.
In a mesh topology, there are at least two nodes with two or more paths between them.
A special kind of mesh, limiting the number of hops between two nodes, is a hypercube. The
number of arbitrary forks in mesh networks makes them more difficult to design and implement,
but their decentralized nature makes them very useful. This is similar in some ways to a grid
network, where a linear or ring topology is used to connect systems in multiple directions. A
multi-dimensional ring has a toroidal (torus) topology, for instance.
A fully connected, complete topology or full mesh topology is a network topology in
which there is a direct link between all pairs of nodes. In a fully connected network with n nodes,
there are n(n-1)/2 direct links. Networks designed with this topology are usually very expensive
to set up, but have a high amount of reliability due to multiple paths data can travel on. This
topology is mostly seen in military applications.
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Week 2

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Week 3

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 Recitation & Long quiz – 4 5 6 & Midterm Project Network Planning

Week 4

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Week 5

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Week 6

 Recitation & Long quiz – 4 5 6

 Midterm Exam

Final: Networking application – 7 Layers of OSI

Week 1

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Week 2

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Week 3

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 Recitation & Long quiz – 4 5 6

Week 4

 Subnetting
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Week 5

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 Final Project – Cable wiring

Week 6

 Recitation & Long quiz – 4 5 6

 Final Exam

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