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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

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 January 23, 2023  MJ

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Utafutaji Maalum

Concept of Growth and Development About This

Growth is a characteristic feature of all living organisms. Site
 Most multicellular organisms start life as a single cell and We’re a team of
gradually grow into complex organisms with many cells. professionals
This involves multiplication of cells through the process of cell who have taught
division. in several
This quantitative permanent increase in size of an organism is schools and
referred to as growth. been involved in

For growth to take place the following aspects occur marking of

KCPE and KCSE
Cells of organisms assimilate nutrients hence increase in mass.
exams. This
Cell division (mitosis) that lead to increase in the number of cells.
website has
Cell expansion that leads to enlargement an increase in the
curated content
volume and size of the organism. It is therefore possible to
by giving you
measure growth using such parameters as mass, volume, length,
the best
height, surface area.
simplified study
On the other hand development is the qualitative aspect of
materials and
growth which involves differentiation of cells and formation of
revision papers
various tissues in the body of the organism in order for tissues to
for your exams
be able to perform special functions.

It is not possible to measure ac aspects of development

quantitative.
Therefore development can be assessed terms of increase in
January 2023
complexity of organism e.g. development of leaves, flowers and
roots. S M T W T F
A mature human being has millions of cells in the body yet he or
1 2 3 4 5 6
she started from; single cell, that is, a fertilised egg.
During sexual reproduction mammals an ovum fuses with a 8 9 10 11 12 13

sperm form a zygote. 15 16 17 18 19 20

The zygote divides rapidly without increasing in size, first into 2,
22 23 24 25 26 27
4, 8, 16,32, 64 and so on, till it forms a mass cells called morula.
These first cell division is called cleavages. 29 30 31

The morula develops a hollow part, resulting into a structure
known as a blastula (blastocyst). « Dec Mar »
Later, blastocyst cells differentiate into an inner layer (endoderm)
and the outer layer (ectoderm).
The two-layered embryo implants into the uterine wall and, by Archives
obtaining nutrients from the maternal blood, starts to grow and
develop.
 November
2023 (163)

 March
2023 (205)

 January
As the embryo grows and develops, changes occur in cell sizes
2023 (8)
and cell -types.
Such changes are referred to as growth and development  December

respectively. 2022 (243)

These processes lead to morphological and physiological  November

changes in the developing young organism resulting into an adult 2022 (91)
that is more complex and efficient.  October
In the early stages, all the cells of the embryo look alike, but as 2022 (45)
the development process continues the cells begin to
 September
differentiate and become specialised into different tissues to
2022 (555)
perform different functions.
 August
Growth involves the synthesis of new material and protoplasm.
2022 (293)
This requires a continuous supply of food, oxygen, water, warmth
and means of removing waste products.  July
2022 (256)
In animals, growth takes place all over the body but the rates
differ in the various parts of the body and at different times.  June

In plants however, growth and cell division mostly take place at 2022 (491)

the root tip just behind the root cap and stem apex.  May
This is referred to as apical growth which leads to the 2022 (1240)
lengthening of the plant.  April
However, plants do not only grow upwards and downwards but 2022 (1415)
sideways as well.
 March 
This growth leads to an increase in width (girth) by the activity of
2022 (1263)
cambium cells.
 February
The increase in girth is termed as secondary growth.
2022 (440)
Study Question 1-State two major differences between growth and
development
Measurement of growth  January

Growth can be estimated by measuring some aspect of the 2022 (484)

organism such as height, weight, volume and length over a  December

specified period of time. 2021 (337)
The measurements so obtained if plotted against time result into  November
a growth curve. 2021 (125)

Study Question 2  October

The following results were obtained from a study of germination 2021 (77)

and early growth of maize.  September

The grains were sown in soil in a greenhouse and.at two-day 2021 (80)

intervals. Samples were taken, oven dried and weighed. See table  August
2021 (52)

 July
2021 (105)

 June 2021 (18)

 May 2021 (93)

 April 2021 (56)

 March
2021 (108)

 December
2020 (218)

 August

Plot a graph of dry mass of embryo against time after sowing. 2020 (176)

Describe the shape of the graph.  July 2020 (45)

For most organisms when the measurements are plotted they give  March 2020 (2)
an S-shaped graph called a sigmoid curve such as in figure .
 February

2020 (1)

 January
2020 (1)

 December
2019 (1)
  September
2019 (7)

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 BOARDROOM

This pattern is due to the fact that growth tends to be slow at first DYNAMICS
AUGUST 2023
and then speeds up and finally slows down as adult size is
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reached.
November 29,
A sigmoid curve may therefore be divided into four parts. 2023
 GOVERNANCE

Lag phase (slow growth) AND

COMPLIANCE
This is the initial phase during which little growth occurs.
AUDIT AUGUST
The growth rate is slow due to various factors namely: 2023 PAST
The number of cells dividing are few. PAPER
November 29,
The cells have not yet adjusted to the surrounding environmental
 2023
FINANCE FOR
factors. DECISION
Exponential phase (log phase) MAKING
AUGUST 2023
This is the second phase during which growth is rapid or
PAST PAPER
proceeds exponentially.
November 29,
During this phase the rate of growth is at its maximum and at any  2023
STRATEGIC
point, the rate of growth is proportional to the amount of material MANAGEMENT
or numbers of cells of the organism already present. AUGUST 2023
This rapid growth is due to: PAST PAPER
November 29,

1. An increase in number of cells dividing,2-4-8-16-32-64 following a
 2023
RESEARCH
geometric progression,
CONSULTANCY
2. Cells having adjusted to the new environment, AND
ADVISORY
3. Food and other factors are not limiting hence cells are not AUGUST 2023
competing for resources, PAST PAPER
November 29,
4. The rate of cell increase being higher than the rate of cell death.
CORPORATE
 2023
Decelerating Phase GOVERNANCE
AND ETHICS
This is the third phase during which time growth becomes limited
AUGUST 2023
as a result of the effect of some internal or external factors, or
PAST PAPER
the interaction of both.
November 29,
The slow growth is due to:  FINANCIAL
2023

1. The fact that most cells are fully MARKETS AND

SPECIALISED
2. Fewer ceils still dividing,
INSTITUTIONS
3. Environmental factors (external and internal) such as: AUGUST 2023
PAST PAPER
shortage of oxygen and nutrients due to high demand by the
November 29,
increased number of cells.
MEETINGS:
 2023
space is limited due to high number of cells.
COMPLIANCE
accumulation of metabolic waste products inhibits growth.
AND
limited acquisition of carbon (IV) oxide as in the case of plants. ADMINISTRATION
AUGUST 2023
Plateau (stationary) phase
PAST PAPER
This is the phase which marks the period where overall growth November 29,

has ceased and the parameters under consideration remain PUBLIC

 2023

constant. SECTOR
GOVERNANCE
This is due to the fact that:
, POLICY AND
The rate of cell division equals the rate of cell death. ADMINISTRATION
Nearly all cells and tissues are fully differentiated, therefore there AUGUST 2023
is no further increase in the number of cells. PAST PAPER
The nature of the curve during this phase may vary depending on November 28,

the nature of the parameter, the species and the interns! factors.  HUMAN
2023

RESOURCES
In some cases, the curve continue to increase slightly until
MANAGEMENT
organism dies as is the case monocotyledonous plants, man
AUGUST 2023
invertebrates, fish and certain reptiles. indicates positive growth.
PAST PAPER
In some ot cases the curve flattens out indicating change in
November 28,
growth while other growth curv may tail off indicating a period of 2023
 negat growth rate.
This negative pattern characteristic of many mammals includi Popular
humans and is a sign of physical senesee associated with
increasing age.
posts:
Study Question 3  TOPIC 1:
What happens during the following; FORMS OF
BUSINESS
log and stationary phases of growth?
UNITS
However, the sigmoid curve does not to all organisms, for
 HISTORY AND
example, arthropods.
GOVERNMENT
I insects, growth takes place at intervals-volume changes are
FORM 3
plotted against time., different curve is obtained.
NOTES
This is cal intermittent growth curve. See figure 43,
 CHAPTER
The intermittent growth in insects is due to the fact that they
SEVEN : HOME
have an exoskeleton and hence growth is possible only when it is
TRADE
shed.
This shedding process is known as moulting or ecdysis.  CHAPTER 1 : –

However, cell division continues to take place during the inter- INTRODUCTION

moult phase but the expansion of tissues is limited by the unshed TO BUSINESS
STUDIES
exoskeleton.
 BIOLOGY
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FORM 2
 Uncategorized NOTES

 BIOLOGY
FORM 3
 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS NOTES

 TOPIC 2 :
BIOLOGY FORM FOUR NOTES 
GOVERNMENT
AND
BUSINESS


 BIOLOGY
FORM 1
NOTES
  Purpose/Importance
of a Research
Proposal

 GEOGRAPHY
FORM 3
NOTES

January 2023

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