Module 1 -History of organic agriculture

1.1 History of Agriculture

Agriculture has a history of only 10000 years. Human population at that time was only
around 50 lakhs. The primitive man derived his food by hunting animals, plucking fruits
or by collecting tubers and other food materials. As the population increased the food
materials became scarce and inadequate. The resources available became insufficient
to meet the demand and the food source became thinner in both quality and quantity.
Thus it became inevitable for human beings to cultivate crops to meet their food
requirement. The primitive man was thus forced to leave his nomadic life and compelled
to live near his farm land. Settled life thus paved the way for human civilization and both
agriculture and civilization grew and developed simultaneously.

The primitive form of agriculture was do nothing farming or natural farming. Primitive
farmers placed seeds in soil and collected the yield at maturity. Subsequently, they
realized that the continuous cropping in the same piece of land decreased the crop
yields due to loss of soil fertility. So they switched over to shifting type of cultivation. As
the population increased further, it became increasingly difficult to locate suitable fertile
lands for cultivation. So they searched for ways and means to enhance the fertility of the
soil. The farming practices thus evolved were followed without much changes up to the
end of the 19th century.

Famines and starvation deaths were common during these periods. The increasing
population was also a major cause of worry. Thomas Robert Malthus (1798) based on
his study stated that food production will not be able to keep up with the growth in the
human population, resulting in disease, famine, war and calamity. So it became
imminent to evolve suitable agricultural technology to enhance the food production in
proportion to the rising population. The industrial revolution fueled many technological
innovations.This had its impact on agricultural technology development as well.

Modern agricultural technology had its breakthrough during the beginning of the 20th
century. Tractors fueled with petroleum products could bring more area under
cultivation. Improved crop varieties with high yield potential could be evolved by
innovations in plant breeding and genetics. Crop and soil management practices with
synthetic fertilizers of varying levels of plant nutrients and plant protection measures
with pesticides and fungicides proved to be efficient in increasing food production.

World wars I and II indirectly made desirable changes in approaches to

agriculture.Invention of DDT during World War II made radical changes in pest
management.Many factories which were on the verge of closure were converted to
fertilizer factories.

Adoption of high yielding varieties, multiple cropping,and new water management

techniques could herald a new era in agriculture. Even in third world countries including
India the production of food crops like cereals,pulses and fruit crops increased many
folds.

Subsequently in the seventies the steep increase in agricultural production plateaued

and the ill effects from the new technology on environment and ecology surfaced. The
global level concern on the wrongdoings of the green revolution brought in searches for
alternate agricultural systems that culminated with the development of different organic
farming systems.

1.2 History of Organic Agriculture

Both organic agriculture and modern agriculture have it’s beginning at the start of the
twentieth century. The search for alternate agriculture started in Europe and had its
development even before the third world countries could step into the modern mode of
agriculture.

Rudolph Stainer put forth the idea of alternate agriculture by introducing the concepts of
biodynamic farming. The farmers were sceptical about this system as it contained
various weird and mystifying practices. Sir Albert Howard, a British botanical scientist,
was however attracted to biodynamic farming. He was agricultural advisor to the then
Indian Government. Howard, however, excluded the unearthly practices of biodynamic
farming and accepted the worthy practices.He brought out his views on the alternate
agriculture system in his famous book ‘An Agriculture Testament’.He is known as the
father of modern organic agriculture. Lady Eve Belfor conducted further studies on
these areas and published the book ‘Hotly Experiment’ in which modern agriculture and
organic agriculture are compared. An international platform named ‘the soil association’
was formed with the objective of encouraging organic agriculture worldwide. Another
British citizen Lord Northuben coined the term ‘organic agriculture in his book ‘Look
Ahead’. J I Ridley meanwhile started a monthly publication named ‘organic farming
andgardening’ that could spread the organic farming concepts far and wide of Europe.

The ill effects of green revolution,especially that by the indiscriminate use of DDT came
to light in 1952 with the publication of the book ‘silent spring’ by Raechel Carson.The
Japanese philosopher, Masanobu Fukuoka in 1975 published his classic book ‘one
straw revolution’ which further stimulated the spread of organic agriculture.The
publication of ‘permaculture’ by the Australian duo BillMollison and David Homgren
further broadened the foundation of organic agriculture. To coordinate the various
movements spread over different locations an international body, IFOAM (International
Federation of Organic Movements) was formed in 1972 with it’s base at Brown,
Germany.

1.3 Indian Green Revolution

India at the time of independence was a food deficit state and depended on developed
countries to meet its food requirement. The infamous Bengal famine in which nearly 4
million people died of starvation during 1943 is illustrative of the inadequate production
and distribution of food grains at that time. Hence immediately after attaining
independence the government focused on achieving self sufficiency in food production.
In the initial twenty years after achieving independence the main thrust was on
expansion of agricultural area. The area expansion didn’t yield the desired level of food
grain production. This has paved the way for switching over to the green revolution
technology. The Indian green revolution focused on three critical elements

i. Expansion of area under agriculture

ii. Conversation of single cropped area to double crop.

iii. Introduction of high yielding varieties and agricultural technologies suited to tap their
production potential.

Though the expansion of area has limitations, conversion of single cropped lands to
double and multiple cropped lands could substantially enhance the total cropped
area.The irrigation facilities developed helped the farmers to bring more area under
cultivation and raise crops in addition to the normal rain fed crop. Many irrigation
projects came up during the green revolution era by which more and more area could
be brought under cultivation.

The Indian green revolution could make significant strides in enhancing the production
and productivity of crops and to alleviate starvation. Annual food grain production
reached a milestone of 131 million tonnes during 1978 and the food grain production
now stood at 297 million tonnes as on 2019-20. Yield per unit of farm land improved by
more than 30 per cent between 1947 and 1978.The high yielding variety coverage of
both rice and wheat peaked during this period. It also created jobs not only for
agricultural workers but also to industrial workers oriented to the agricultural sector and
hydro electric projects.
The Green revolution was not totally trouble free. It created adverse problems on the
environment front. Indiscriminate use of agrochemicals inflicted lasting damage to the
soil and water bodies and had a negative effect on human health. Expansion of the
irrigated area raised the ground water level and increased the soil salinity. Spread of
high yielding varieties and monoculture of crops significantly reduced the use of
traditional crop varieties leading to degradation and erosion of crop genes and loss of
natural biodiversity.

Module 2- Basic principles of Organic farming

2.1 What is organic farming

The basic aim of organic agriculture is to sustain the productivity of the soil on a long
term basis .The continued retention of the innate fertility of soil by organic means and
the capability of the soils to nourish the crops in a sustained manner is the major
consideration in organic agriculture. Organic farming goes with nature. Synthetic
fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides and weedicides of chemical origin are not allowed in
organic agriculture. The philosophical vision envisaged is more important as organic
farming is not only an alternate agricultural system but over and above, is a way of life.

The Codex Alimentarius commission, an international food standards body established

jointly by the FAO and the WHO formed with the objective of protecting consumers'
health and ensuring fair practices in food trade made the following observations on
organic farming. It is an integrated production system that can promote the health of the
agro-bio system, biodiversity, organic recycling and the biological activities of the
soil.This system gives preference to inputs and activities that are available within the
farm than that is available from external sources. Here location specific problems are
solved by local know-how and locally available inputs.

Preference is for practices, inputs and machineries that are biologically suited to the
local situations rather than imported practices and external inputs of synthetic origin.

As defined by the United States Federal Commission (FTC) organic farming is food
production in humus rich soil without the use of synthetic fertilizers,chemical pesticides
and synthetic growth stimulants. As per United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA, 1998) organic farming is a production process that excludes synthetically fixed
fertilizers, pesticides, growth hormones and livestock feeds completely or up to the
maximum possible level.
Organic farming is thus an alternative to chemical farming which had its short and long
term negative impacts on soil, water bodies and environment on account of the
indiscriminate use of chemical inputs. In short, organic farming is a holistic approach
that combinesthe traditional and scientific knowledge that are capable of mitigating the
slowness in agricultural production and correcting the ecological damages inflicted.

2.2 Organic farming - Vision

As per IFOAM the food production process under organic farming should be eco
friendly, socially acceptable and economically viable. The production process has to aim
at the quality rather than the quantity of food produced.The key strategy in this
production process should be soil management rather than crop management so that
the productivity of the soil can be improved and sustained in the long run.

The vision can be further elaborated in the following way.

§ The biological cycle in each agricultural systems is to be encouraged

§ The fertility and productivity of the soil is to be improved, conserved and sustained.

§ All organic agricultural systems should be self contained in the production of bio
control agents and organic manures internally.

§ The inputs in use under organic agriculture have to be preferably renewable and
reusable.

§ It has to be free from generation of all forms of pollution.

§ The system has to ensure the conservation of natural biodiversity.

§ All the living things associated with the system have to be free in expressing their
instinctive behaviour and innate impulses.

§ The system has to ensure that the farmers receive sufficient income to meet their
livelihood.

§ Ensure that the food produced by the system is qualitatively good and the production
process involved is economically viable and socially acceptable
§ All the organic agricultural practices followed should be aimed at building up and
sustaining soil microflora as the soil health and productivity are highly dependent on the
microbial status of soil.

2.3 Environment and Organic Agriculture

Modern agriculture practiceshave brought about many environmental and ecological

problems. The top priority of organic farming is to make good such environmental
issues. The traditional agricultural practices followed in India were basically organic in
nature. The green revolution however altered the basic structure of traditional
agriculture and gradually the organic inputs gave way to the indiscriminate use of
chemical inputs. The major environmental issues brought about by the green revolution
are:

§ Biodiversity degradation and genetic erosion

§ Deterioration of food quality

§ Over dependence on fossil fuels

§ Loss of surface soil in quantity and quality

§ Under ground water pollution

§ Ecological imbalance

§ Human health problems due to pesticide residue and environmental contamination.

The greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide have a major role for
global warming and climate change. Globally 14 per cent of greenhouse gases
emissions are contributed by agricultural activities. The nitrogenous fertilizers are the
chief source of nitrous oxide which is a major greenhouse gas. Urea is an indispensable
nitrogenous fertilizer in India. Same is the case with that of phosphates. The
groundwater gets polluted when nitrates and phosphates infiltrate and leach into
groundwater and pollute the drinking water sources.The permissible limit of nitrous
oxide in drinking water is 45 mg per litre.The quantity observed is five times higher in
areas where intensive chemical farming is practiced.Phosphates also equally pollute the
water bodies. Water pollution is at its peak in rivers and canals meandering through
plantations and agricultural zones. Many of the chemicals that are commonly used in
agriculture take a long time to degrade. When such chemicals enter the food chains
they may remain there for a long period without any degradation.Ultimately this may
result in many environmental and health problems.

The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers can damage the soil properties like soil
structure resulting in acceleration of soil loss by runoff and erosion.The complete loss of
surface soil may be the end result. On a long term basis, the soil may become sandy in
texture. Continued use of NPK fertilizers alone may result in decreased availability of
micronutrients and a proportionate decrease in crop yields. The activities of the soil
microflora may gradually be reduced and finally the total loss of microflora may occur.
Soil without microbial activity is considered as soil without life and is often referred to as
dead soil.

Chemical pesticides cannot distinguish between insect pests and beneficial insects. So
they kill both which result in biodiversity degradation. Application of weedicides destroys
all the plant species other than the crop under protection, eroding the genetic base.
Fossil fuels are required in large volume for the production of fertilizers especially
ammonium phosphate and urea. Another source of environmental degradation is
irrigation canals by way of seepage raise the ground water level resulting in soil
salinisation. Indiscriminate taping of ground water for intensive agriculture causes
substantial decrease in ground water storage. Thus it can be seen that most of the
modern agricultural tools have a negative impact on the environment.

2.4 Modern agriculture and organic agriculture

Modern agriculture in India in the present form is a modification of the traditional

agriculture that was practiced over centuries. Similar is the case with modern agriculture
elsewhere in the world where the traditional farm practices got transformed to modern
agriculture on the basis of scientific agricultural principles.

Organic agriculture excludes all the synthetic inputs like chemical fertilizers,chemical
pesticides, herbicides, plant growth stimulants, synthetic animal and poultry
feeds,growth stimulants added to livestock feeds etc. It wouldn’t allow monoculture of
crops that can erode biodiversity and use of genetically modified plant and animal
varieties.Synthetic food additives, irradiation to enhance storage life of agricultural
products etc. are also not allowed in organic agriculture.

In modern agriculture on the contrary, all the above synthetic inputs and agricultural
practices in crop and animal husbandry that can maximize the yield from unit area are
freely allowable.
 . Module 3- Organic Agricultural Systems

The search for alternate agricultural systems was going on concurrently at various
levels and the efforts were intensified with the revelation of contamination of natural
resources with the indiscriminate use of synthetic inputs for crop production. Several
alternate systems have been developed and popularised in this endeavor. The chief
alternate systems that came up along with modern agriculture are given below.

3.1 Biodynamic farming

The biodynamic farming concept propounded by Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) is

considered as the oldest, most radical and rule based agricultural system.The
agricultural practices in this system are done based on the biodynamic calendar
formulated on the basis of planetary movement and cosmic forces.Organic nutrient
composition using cow horn, viscera, urinary bladder and other weird practices are
unique to this system.

3.2 LEISA

Low external input and sustainable agriculture (LEISA) is a system that makes optimal
use of locally available natural and human resources such as soil, water, vegetation,
local plant and animal species, human labor, knowledge and skill. The system has to be
economically feasible, ecologically sound and culturally adaptable. Agroforestry,
integrated pest management, intercropping, integrated farming, management of
microclimate and use of traditional crop varieties and animal breeds are insisted on in
this system. The inputs like seeds, manures, pesticides, etc. are produced in the
farmers holding itself. Each farm holdings is considered as an independent and
self-reliant entity.

3.3 Permaculture

This alternate agricultural system was propounded by the Australian philosophers Bill
Mollison (1928-2016) and David Holmgren. Permaculture envisages conservation of
environment to create stable agricultural systems or permanent agriculture.It includes a
set of design principles derived using whole systems thinking. Crops and livestock
complement each other in this system.The production cost thus can be substantially
reduced, Perennial tree crops are more dominant in this system. Conservation of
ecology is of paramount importance and hence any practice unethical to ecology is not
allowed.

3.4 Regenerative agriculture

The American philosopher Robert Rodale (1930-1990) had evolved this system. He has
been inspired by Sir Albert Howard who is considered as the father of organic
farming.The focus in this system is on converting each agricultural holding to be
ecologically sustaining.The available resources are therefore used very efficiently.The
Rodale Institute established with this objective now has more than 6000 members.

3.5 Sustainable development

Gro Harlem Brundtland, former prime minister of Norway, as chairperson of the

Brundtland commission, formerly the World Commission on Environment and
Development defined sustainability as development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The
system should not only be capable of fulfilling the demands of the present population
but also has to keep alive the prospects of achieving the future requirement of the
upcoming generations. Crop rotation, intercropping, biological control of pests, diseases
and weeds, minimum tillage, integrated farming and integrating legumes are the
approaches recommended. The sustainable development model argues for the
conservation of soil as an inexhaustible source of crop yields.

3.6 Nature farming

Propounded by the Japanese philosopher Mokichi Okazaki (1882-1955). It is based on

the theories that fertilizers pollute the soil and weaken its power of production. Pest
would break out from the excessive use of fertilizers. The difference in disease
incidence between resistant and susceptible plants is attributed to nutritional conditions
inside the body.

3.7 Organic farming

Sir Albert Howard (1873-1947) is the protagonist of this agricultural system. The theme
put forth by him is that the principles involved in the forest environment can be
replicated to agricultural lands as well. Biodiversity is the basis of this system. The
sunlight, nutrients and water are to be effectively utilized in agricultural lands, as is
occurring in evergreen forests. The system of agriculture advocated by Howard was
coined ‘organic’ by his followers.

3.8 Natural Farming or Do nothing Farming

Masanobu Fukuoka (1914-2008) put forth this system of zero tillage farming. The
principles behind this philosophical approach to farming is given in his famous book
‘one straw revolution’. Minimum disturbance to the farmland is the basis of this system.
Tilling soil, manuring, irrigation etc. that are essential in conventional agriculture are
excluded. Mulching encourages microbial activities and thus the soil becomes fertile
and productive. Fertilizers and insecticides are not allowed in this system.

3.9 Zero budget farming

SubashPlelker of Maharashtra origin is the protagonist of zero budget farming. Building

up humus in soil is the essence of this system. As per him the dung and urine obtained
from a cow of local breed can nourish thirty acres of farmland in a profitable way.
Mulching the soil, seed treatment with ‘beejamrutham’ and nourishing the soul with
‘jeevamrutham’ are the organic practices recommended in this system. It does not
recommend inputs generated outside the farm.

3.10 SOFT agriculture and other systems.

Soft agriculture, alternate agriculture, alley cropping, bio intensive agriculture,

indigenous agriculture etc. are some of the other types of organic agriculture systems in
vogue. Homafarming, Rishi farming are indigenous organic agricultural systems that
evolved on the basis of Indian heritage.

Module 4 - Importance of soil

4.1 What is soil

Soil is the loose surface material that covers most land.It consists of inorganic particles
and organic matter. Soil provides structural support to plants and is also their source of
water and nutrients. Soil is derived from the disintegration of rock. But the disintegration
process has to be natural.Soil cannot be formed from crushing the rocks as it may
remain as rock powder. Soil forming is a long process undertaken by the natural forces
like water, wind, temperature change, gravity, chemical reaction and living organisms.
Initially weathering of rocks takes place and rocks break down into small particles.
These small particles mix with organic matter and soil is formed.
Agricultural activities are done on the surface soils. The two feet depth of soils over the
earth is the surface soils. They are characterized by the presence of decomposing
organic matter and microbial activity. Surface soils are much darker and loose than the
subsoil.

Soils differ in their structure, texture, color and fertility. The difference is attributed to the
long term impact of weather elements, vegetation and animal activities. The mineral
content of soil is that of the parent material rock. A major share (95 %) of the soil
constituent is minerals and hence the soil character is mainly dependent on it. Soil is a
water reservoir as well. The plants and microflora depend on the soils for its water
requirement.

4.2 Soil as a living body

In a broader sense, soils can be divided as living and non-living soils.There are more
species of organisms in soils than above ground. The soil contains organisms ranging
from microscopic bacteria to large soil animals such as earthworms. The soil micro
organisms consist of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa and nematodes. A
handful of soil contains millions of individual living organisms.

Live soils are considered healthy on account of the millions of microorganisms

inhabited. The growth and development of higher living organisms including plants
depends on the microbial activity in soils.

Healthy soils are rich in decomposing organic matter. A soil becomes organic rich when
dead plants and animal residues are mixed with the mineral matter and decompose
over time. Millions of microflora act on the soil organic matter. Consequently plant
nutrients are released to the soil. Thus the soil becomes fertile and productive. Plant
nutrients in the available form are absorbed by plants and they grow strong and healthy.
Thus a soil with active microflora is rich in plant nutrients and is fertile.

Organic agriculture envisages soil organic matter building up and its decomposition by
microbial population. In order to improve the microbial activity, the physical properties of
the soil have to be tailored in tune with the microbial requirement. The solid, water, and
air proportion should be optimum in this regard. A typical soil is of about 45 per cent
mineral matter, 5 per cent organic matter, 25 per cent gases and 25 per cent water. The
pore space allows infiltration and movement of air and water which are critical for the life
existing in soils. So the soils with proper solid -water-air proportion is suitable for
microbial activity. Such soils are live, healthy and productive. In a productive soil it is
estimated to have around 1200 microbial strains. Of this 50 per cent is fungi, 20 per
cent bacteria, 20 per cent consists of yeast, algae, protozoa and 10 per cent
earthworms and other higher organisms.

4.3 Soil types

Soils are classified based on its physico-chemical and biological properties. Physical
properties include the structure and texture of the soil, while chemical properties
indicate the basic chemical composition. The biological properties represent the direct
and indirect influence of living organisms habitating that soil.

Based on texture, soils are classified as sandy, alluvial, laterite, clay and forest soils.
Each soil type has its own qualities and deficiencies. Theproblems with respect to each
soil type can be alleviated by resorting to an appropriate management strategy.

In sandy soils the sand fraction is more than 80 per cent. They are resource poor,
contain less plant nutrients and hold little moisture. But they are very porous, well
drained and respond to management interventions.

Alluvial soils are seen in and around the river side. They are very fertile and productive
but are subjected to flood damage.

Kari soils seen in Alappuzha and Kottayam districts are highly acidic and prone to saline
water incursion. They can be made suitable for rice cultivation with appropriate
reclamation measures.

Laterite soils are seen in the midland region. These soils are considered to be less
productive. Higher yields are realizable from these soils with integrated and balanced
nutrient management.

Red loam soils are seen in Thiruvananthapuram District and their extent is limited.

The chittoor black cotton soils in Palakkad District is the only one soil type that is
alkaline in reaction.

Forest soils are seen in the western ghat region. These soils are the most fertile and
productive soils in Kerala.

Based on soil reaction soils are grouped as acidic and alkaline soils. These can be
further grouped as very strongly acidic, strongly acidic, neutral and alkaline.
Based on organic carbon content soils are grouped as fertile and less fertile soils.

Decomposition of organic matter will be faster in soils rich in organic matter, ideal
physico-chemical properties and good microbial population. The final product of
microbial decomposition of biomass is humus. The fertility of the soil is thus decided by
humus and microbial population. The ability of soil to sustain plant growth and optimise
crop yields decides the productivity of the soil.

4.4 Soil and organic farming

Soils are more important in organic farming than the seeds, fertilizer and crop variety.
Soil is the basis of plant life. Plants are anchored in soils. They require various nutrients
for their growth. They are not capable of producing their nutrient requirements on their
own. All the plant nutrients including minerals, vitamins, antibiotics and water are to be
obtained from soil as the plants do not have their own digestive system. Plants absorb
nutrients in the available form from the soil. So organic agriculture considers soil as the
sole source of plant nutrients and thus conservation of soil and its improvement is of
immense importance.

Organic agriculture does not advocate management practices for specific crops. The
Crop requirement of nutrients and water may vary. Irrespective of the crop and its
specific nutritional requirement the soil should be able to fully support the crop. Thus
organic agriculture is more concerned with the soil and its improvement to fully cater the
nutrient demand of varied crops. In other words, organic agriculture implies
management of the soils rather than crops to enhance its nutrient supplying capacity in
a sustained manner, even after repeated nutrient removal by crops.

The intensive agriculture systems aim to supply adequate nutrition to the crops for a
specified period or season by supplementing the nutrients artificially. Here external
sources are entrusted with the supply of necessary nutrients through soil as the
medium. Hence the nutrient supplying power of the soil can last for a short span of time.
On a long term basis, the external chemical inputs cannot sustain the fertility of the soil.
The nutrient supplying capacity of the soil diminishes with time and finally the soil
becomes barren. Thus the external input based green revolution technologies are ad
hoc in nature and are incapable of sustaining the productivity on a long term basis.
Organic farming on the contrary, aims for sustained productivity on a long term basis.
4.5 Soil conservation

Soil conservation aims conservation of the nutrient supplying potential of the soil. Such
soils can hold higher volumes of moisture also. Soil and moisture conservation are
complementary in nature. The easiest way to achieve the twin objectives of soil and
water conservation is to cover the soil by mulches. It can be either dead or living
mulches. Organic mulches like grass clippings, dry leaves etc. can be used. Living
mulches are cover crops inter planted with main crops. Any material that decomposes
can be used as organic mulches. By such mulching the soil gets enriched with
major,secondary and micronutrients. This process also controls soil erosion. Yield loss
to the tune of 50 to 75 per cent is estimated on account of surface soil loss by soil
erosion. Surface soils contain five times more nutrients than the subsoil. So the surface
soil erosion substantially reduces the fertility of the soil. The water holding capacity of
the soil also gets reduced tremendously. The crop plants thus get drought affected
easily.

Organic manure addition is also an important organic farming practice. Organic manure
addition improves soil structure as it accelerates the formation of soil aggregates. Thus
soil aeration, water holding capacity and soil drainage are improved. Addition of organic
matter makes the soil darker and by this means the soil temperature gets regulated.
The water infiltration gets increased and a proportionate reduction in runoff water
occurs. Thus the soil erosion and loss of surface soil are prevented. Thus the addition of
organic manure renders the soil a safe habitat for the soil microflora.

Live soil is soil rich in microorganisms. The organic acids produced during the organic
matter decomposition, reduces the soil alkalinity. The end product of organic matter
decomposition is humus. Humus integrates with calcium, iron and aluminum ions in the
soil and form complexes which ensure availability of phosphorus to crop plants.

The other basic concepts of organic agriculture are crop rotation, intercropping, mixed
cropping, agroforestry, biodiversity conservation and minimum tillage. Under organic
agriculture, the soil acidity which is a major problem of Kerala’s agriculture is also
addressed. The use of lime or dolomite for reclaiming acid soils is permissible in organic
agriculture.
 Module 5- Plant stand establishment and nutrient management

5.1 Seeds and planting materials

Traditional crop varieties are believed to be more suitable for organic agriculture. Hence
the use of traditional varieties and landraces have more acceptance in organic farming.
This is due to the fact that, though these varieties are less yielding, they are more
tolerant to pests and diseases. High yielding varieties require higher levels of nutrients
to realise its full productivity. Since manures of organic origin are incapable of releasing
plant nutrients to the level of inorganic fertilizers, high yielding varieties grown under the
organic regime yield less than that under modern agriculture. Now irrespective of the
traditional or improved brand, all the crop varieties other than genetically modified are
acceptable under organic agriculture.

Almost all planting materials including seeds, stem cuttings, tubers, roots, leaves,
budded and grafted plants, layers and even tissue culture plants can be used under
organic agriculture. For both traditional and organic agricultural systems the same
planting materials can be used. However the management of crops including the
nutrient management and plant protection differ between these two modes. Chemical
sources of nutrients and plant protection materials are not allowed under organic
agriculture. Even for storage of seeds traditional methods are followed. For example
tuber crops like Amorphophallus, colocassia, yams etc. are treated with cow dung slurry.
Keeping the seed materials of ginger and turmeric in dry leaves of
panal(Glycosmispentaphylla) is worth mentioning. Treating the seeds and planting
materials with chemical molecules is not allowed in organic mode. However, treating
planting materials with biocontrol agents like Pseudomonas, VAM, and Trichoderma are
allowable.

5.2 Organic nutrient sources

Nutrient management in organic agriculture differs basically with that of conventional

agriculture. The nutrients that are generally used in organic agriculture should be either
living organisms or that derived from living things. They can be either microorganisms
or that originated from plants or animals. Application of organic manure improves the
physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil and ensures the availability of
nutrients, water and aeration in the soil.

Increased organic matter in the soil facilitates the building up of beneficial microflora
and earthworms. In addition to the major nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium; secondary nutrients viz. sulphur, calcium and magnesium and micronutrients
like zinc, copper, iron, manganese, boron and molybdenum are available from organic
manures in the exact proportion as is required for plant growth. In traditional farming
also organic manures or materials derived from living things were used. Cow dung,
poultry manure, fish meal, wood ash, bone meal, green leaf manure and all such
organic manures are derived from living things. From time immemorial, these are the
manures that are generally used to supplement the plant nutrients. Even with the
introduction of chemical substitutes, the organic manures remained to be the chief
sources of the secondary and micronutrients. Organic manures are considered to be
essential for maintaining soil health. The status of the plant nutrients in the available
form in soil is essential for plant uptake. The nutrients in the organic manure have to get
mineralised to the available form by microbial activity. Hence proper blending of
beneficial microflora with organic manures is necessary to ensure availability of plant
nutrients under organic farming.

Beneficial microorganisms capable of enriching plant nutrients, promoting plant growth

and controlling pests and diseases are identified, mass multiplied and distributed to
farmers as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents.

5.3 Manures of animal origin

Farm yard manure is the most popular organic manure that is used even under
conventional agriculture. It is a mix of dung and urine of livestock mixed with wasted
fodder and straw. The nutritional value of farm yard manure is equal or even more than
that of compost. Farm yard manure is a byproduct of animal husbandry. It is an
invaluable source of plant nutrient and is inevitable to maintain the soil fertility. Farm
yard manure has to be conserved properly otherwise its nutritional values will be
reduced.

To maintain the nutritional quality of farm yard manure, roofed manure pits are to be
provided near the livestock shed. Protection from rains and sunlight is necessary to
prevent the gaseous loss of nitrogen in the form of ammonia from manure pits. Nitrogen
is the major constituent of farm yard manure followed by potassium. Phosphorus
content is the least in farm yard manure. Farm yard manure is generally used as basal
dressing for crops. Cow dung is also used for the preservation of seeds to avoid loss of
viability.

Sheep and goat manure are also good nutrient sources. Goats can produce dry goat
manure equal to almost 2 per cent of its body weight. Nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium are the chief ingredients. Fresh goat manure is better than its dry
counterpart. Pounded goat manure easily mixes with soil.

Among the various manures of animal origin, poultry manure has the highest nutritional
value. It contains equal proportions of nitrogen and phosphorus and half the quantity of
potassium. Poultry manure is considered as an exothermic manure and its usage is to
be controlled to overcome its ill effects.

Fish meal is a byproduct of the fish industry. Both edible and non edible fishes, fish
waste obtained after fish processing and fish oil extraction are impounded together to
make fish manure. This is suitable for almost all crops as it easily disintegrates with the
soil. The C:N ratio of fish manure is very narrow and hence the nutrients are easily
available to the plants.

Bone meal is a popular organic manure widely in use. Bones of animals are pounded
either directly or after steaming. Bone meal is rich in phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium.

5.4 Manures of plant origin

Green leaves have very good nutritional value. They are known as green leaf manure.
They are either incorporated to the soil during the initial ploughing or used as a mulch
over seed beds. It enhances the organic carbon content of the soil and improves the
microbial activity. Green manure crops trap nutrients from the subsoil and make them
available to the crop plants.

Generally green manuring is done in two ways. Green leaves from trees are collected
and applied to the field prior to land preparation and then incorporated during land
preparation. Green leaves are collected from trees like cassia, glyricidia, subabul etc. In
the latter case an in situ cultivation of green manure crops is done. Annual leguminous
green manure crops like daincha, sun hemp, tephrosia, cow pea etc. are raised as a
catch crop in the field and ploughed back to the soil during initial ploughing.

Wood ash is a high potassium containing organic manure of plant origin. All other
organic manures have lesser content of potassium. It is suitable for almost all crops and
is applied as basal dressing.

Oil cakes obtained after the extraction of oil from groundnut, neem kernel, gingelly,
copra etc. are widely used as organic manure. The nutrient content in oil cakes is much
higher than the animal dung and is designated as concentrated organic manure. The
carbon:nitrogen ratio of oil cakes is narrow and hence are easily decomposing. So the
nutrient availability is faster. Neem cake can deter insect pests and nematodes.

5.5 Rock phosphate

Raj phos and Massoriephos are phosphorus containing natural rock materials widely
used both under organic and chemical modes of agriculture. Since the phosphate ions
are released slowly, rock phosphates are suited to most of the soils of Kerala,which are
acidic in nature.

5.6 Composts

It is a mixture of ingredients used to manure and improve the soil. Compost is made by
microbial decomposition of biomass like plant and animal residues. Dry leaves, banana
pseudo stems and other crop wastes can be mixed with cow dung and kept for a few
months to make compost. The resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial
organisms, such as worms and fungal mycelium.

The C:N ratio of the materials used, moisture percentage, aeration, and temperature
decide the time taken for decomposition and the quality of the compost. Biomass having
high nitrogen like gliricidia leaves, fish waste, legumes etc. are easily degradable, while
paddy straw, stem, roots and dry leaves with high carbon content take more time for
decomposition. Hence the low nitrogen containing materials are mixed with high
nitrogen containing materials to speed up the decomposition and enhance the quality of
compost. Cow dung is used as a microbial inoculum.

Composting can be done in a number of ways. In addition to the normal process of

composting, earthworms are used to make the vermicompost. Partially decomposed
biomass is consumed by the earthworms like Eudrillus and Icenia. Its castings are used
as the compost. Vermiwash which is a growth stimulant is a byproduct of
vermicomposting.

Coir pith Which is abundantly available in Kerala, is a good source of compost. The
oyster mushroom spawn pleurotus is the decomposing agent used for coir pith
composting. Kitchen and other household wastes can be converted as compost by pipe
or pot composting.

The benefits of composts include providing nutrients to crops, acting as soil conditioner,
increasing humus and introducing beneficial colonies of microbes that suppress
pathogens in the soil.
5.7 Fermented bio slurries

Methodology for producing several fermented bioslurry formulations are available. Bio
slurries have high counts of beneficial microflora. Since these are highly concentrated,
they require heavy dilution. Among bio slurries panchagavya can be easily prepared. As
the name indicates, five materials obtained from cows are used in the preparation of
panchagavya. Milk, dung, urine, ghee and curd are the ingredients. In addition certain
farmers add plantains, toddy, coconut water or jaggery to speed up the fermentation
process.

Oil cakes are also fermented in this way. Fresh cow dung and groundnut cake are
fermented at ten times its volume for one week. This is further diluted by 6 to 10 times
and either sprayed on the foliage or drenched into the crop basins.

5.8 Bio fertilizers

These are the latest introductions to organic farming. Bio fertilizers have been an
integral component of conventional agriculture as well. They are microflora that can fix
atmospheric nitrogen or solubilise phosphorus or potassium from the soil and make
them available for plant use. These microbes are isolated from soils and mass
multiplied and supplied to farmers. A number of bio fertilizers are available in the market
in different brand names. Rhizobium, azotobacter, and azospirillum are bacteria that fix
atmospheric nitrogen and make it available for crop use. Azolla and blue green algae
are also capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in their bodies. Phosphobacteria
Solubilised the fixed soil phosphorus so as to make it easily available for plant uptake.
Similarly potassium solubilising bacteria can solubilise potassium bearing minerals and
convert the insoluble potassium to soluble form. Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of
fungi with plant roots. These fungus supplies minerals and water to the plants and
protects the roots from fungal pathogens.

Bio fertilizers can partially supplement the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
requirement of crops. Similarly, many bio control agents are also in use to protect the
crop from pests and diseases.

Module 6- Pest and disease management in Organic farming

6.1. Approaches to pest and disease management in organic farming

The inability of Indian agriculture to meet the demand for food in the country during the
two and half decades immediately after independence had been a matter of concern at
those times. The system of our agriculture based on the traditional knowledge and
practices handed down from generation to generation could not produce enough to feed
the increasing population. The green revolution fulfilled our aspirations by changing
India from a food importing to a food exporting nation. However, the achievement was at
the expense of ecology and environment and to the detriment of the well-being of the
people. The emergence of chemical farming is the result of widespread perspective that
it is difficult to meet the food requirement of the growing population of India with
traditional knowledge and practices handed down from generation to generation.
Immense commercialization of agriculture has had a very negative effect on the
environment and resulted in increasing incidence of pests and diseases than ever
before. The use of pesticides has led to enormous levels of chemical buildup in our
environment, in soil, water, air, in animals and even in our own bodies.

In traditional agriculture cultivation was confined to one season only depending on

rainfall and field was kept fallow during summer and winter seasons. This resulted in
natural control of pests and diseases by increased activity of biocontrol agents.

The Green Revolution essentially replaced the traditional varieties with high-yielding
ones.Thesehighyieldingvarietiesrecognizedas ‘high input varieties’ needed tonnes of
fertilizers, to achieve higher potential yield and target growth. The crops and varieties
alien to the soil attracted new pests, increased incidence of diseases and also
outbreaks of existing pests.Tocombatthem,came huge quantities pesticides. Increased
irrigation facilities and resultant cultivation during three seasons further made conditions
favorable for increased pest and disease incidence resulting in high pesticide usage.

As a result of all these "modern" techniques, the air, water and the soil were
polluted;most food grains and farm products were contaminated by pesticides. The
runoff from thefarm land contaminated the wetlands - rivers, tanks, ponds, reservoirs,
lakes and all waterbodies-and the life in them.Fishes carried high levels of pesticides
and also heavy metals,the latter as a result of the many chemical industries that sprang
up to provide chemicalfertilizers. Resistance of insects to insecticides, pest resurgence
and secondary pest outbreak were the other challenges faced. Use of more and more
toxic pesticides aggravated the situation step by step and this vicious circle continued.

Theeternalrelationshipbetweenthefarmerandfarmlandwaslost.
Moreimportantly,sustainabilityoftheagriculturesystemscollapsed,costofcultivationsoared,i
ncomeoffarmersstagnatedand,foodsecurityandfoodsafetybecamea dauntingchallenge.

The farmers are convinced that the only way is to return to the traditional sustainable
ways of cultivation without harming the ecosystem. Thus the organic farming, a system
with the broad principles of a 'liveandletlive ’,came up which was recognized nationally
and internationally.

There is a close relationship between insect pests and diseases as some insects act as
carriers of viral diseases also. Researches in the field of organic plant protection have
put forth effective management strategies for the management of insect pests and
diseases caused by fungi and bacteria.

6.2 Use of Bait traps / Pheromone Traps

Traps are very effective for management of insects which are visible. Insects are
attracted to the traps by smell /color or taste and killed without harming the ecosystem.
Fruit traps Tulsi leaf - Jaggery trap, Coconut water trap, Rice gruel trap, Coconut toddy
trap etc. are found to attract insects by their smell and taste. Banana variety
Palayankodan with jaggery, various plant extracts, fermented toddy etc. attract insects
by their smell and taste. In addition, yellow sticky traps for whiteflies and light traps for
insects that are attracted to light are also effective. Insects attracted to yellow sticky
traps are killed by applying sticky gum, oil or grease on them while in light traps, water
or sticky oils/kerosene can be used to kill the attracted insects. Dry fish trap and Ant
trap attract insects by the taste of food kept in them.

Pheromones are naturally produced chemicals used by animals to communicate each

other. There are three basic types of pheromones- Aggregation pheromones attract
many individuals together, for example, a site where food may be plentiful. Sex
pheromones are used by one sex of a species to attract a mate. Trail pheromones are
deposited by walking insects, such as ants, so that others can follow. Synthetic
pheromones produced in laboratories mimic these natural chemicals. They are used to
attract pest insects into traps, disrupt mating, and monitor populations of insects.
Because they do not kill insects, they are often not considered to be pesticides.
Pheromone effectively used to control pests like Rhinoceros beetle and Red palm
weevil of Coconut, fruit flies of Cucurbits and Mango, Banana rhizome weevil etc.
Attracting insects by baits / pheromones and reducing their population is the main
principle applied in this method of control.

6.3 Natural insecticides and botanicals

In nature many plants and plant parts showing insecticidal property are available which
are to be used judiciously. For example, presence of Cyanogens in tapioca leaves.
Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI) at Thiruvananthapuram has isolated
three biopesticides from tapioca leaves – Nanma, Menma and Shreya. Shreya is
effective against mealy bugs of vegetables while Nanma effectively manages aphids,
thrips and scale insects infesting vegetables and also peudostem borer of banana.
Menma is effective against borer pests of banana and coconut.

Neem is a potent botanical insecticide and Azadirachtin, the secondary metabolite

present in it gives the insecticidal property. Neem leaves, Neem seed kernel, Neem
cake, Neem oil etc. are widely used in pest management. It is known to control over 200
spp. of insects acting mainly as an antifeedant, repellent and growth disruptor. Neem
Azal, Econeem, Econeem plus, Neem gold etc. are some neem based formulations
available in market. Neem oil alone and in combination with other plant products are
also found effective in pest management. Neem oil emulsion, Neem oil + garlic
emulsion, Neem seed kernel extract, Neemoil + castor oil +garlic mixture, Neem leaf
extract etc. are widely used in pest management in organic farming.

Plants like Pongamiaglabra (Pongam- leaves and flowers), Vitex Negundo (Nochi-
Leaves and flowers), Andrographis Paniculata (Kiriyath- whole plant), Clerodendron
Infortunatum (Peruvalam-Leaves), Capsicum annuum (Bird’s eye chilli- fruits) etc. are
also reported for their efficacy in controlling insect pests.

Disease incidence is found to be low in organically grown crops. Commonly

recommended fungicide for disease control in organic farming is Bordeaux mixture. This
is prepared by mixing Copper sulphate and lime in a definite ratio and recommended
procedure. Bud rot of Coconut, Mahali disease of Arecanut, Abnormal leaf fall of
Rubber, leaf spot diseases of Nutmeg etc. can be controlled by spraying Bordeaux
mixture. Bordeaux paste and Cheshunt compound are also used as organic fungicides.

6.4 Microbial insecticides

Microbial pesticides are naturally occurring substances widely used all over the world
for controlling insect pests and diseases. They are less toxic than conventional
insecticides; affect only target pest and closely related organisms. For insect pests and
disease causing bacteria and fungi, the best option in organic farming is the use of
microbial pesticides. The principle behind is to isolate and find out the best suited
microbe for controlling pest/disease in laboratory, multiply in artificial media, formulate
and use them in field.. They are naturally occurring bacteria, fungi, protozoa or viruses
which can be effectively used as alternatives to chemical pesticides. Microbial toxins are
biological toxin material derived from microorganisms like bacteria or fungi. Ease of
using, low cost and effectiveness for insect /disease management have made them
acceptable among farming community.
Most widely used microbial insecticide is Bacillus thuriengiensis (Bt),naturally occurring
bacteria seen in soil, formulation of which can controlcaterpillar pests of vegetables,
potato and other crops and also sucking insects like aphids, scales, whiteflies, thrips
etc. Entomopathogenic fungilikeLecanicillium (Verticillium) lecanii, is effective against
sucking insects while Beauveriabassiana controls leaf feeding and root feeding larvae.
Metarhiziumanisopliae is effective for controlling Coconut rhinoceros beetle grub and
soil dwelling insects. Farmers practicing organic farming in Kerala are successfully
using these microbial insecticides for pest management. Fusarium pallidoroseum (for
cow pea aphids) andBacillus macerans (Nematodes of spices and Vegetables) are also
effective microbial insecticides. Research Institutes under KAU and laboratories under
Department of Agriculture are distributing microbial insecticides to farmers.

6.5 Biocontrol agents- Insect parasites and predators

Food chain is a common process in nature and all organisms depend on other
organisms or plants for their food requirement. For each insect in nature there will be a
natural enemy and they can be utilized to reduce the damage caused by noxious
organisms to tolerable levels. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological
control agents, include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. This process of natural
control of insects made possible organic cultivation during pre green revolution years.
But the unscientific and indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides resulted in destruction
of these natural enemies and brought into various problems like residues in products,
harmful effects on human and animals along with environmental pollution. In biological
control, effective parasites / predators are reared in laboratory and released in farmers’
fields to control insect pests.

Chrysocarisjohnsonii is a parasite effective against egg /larvae /pupae of Epilachna

beetles infesting Cucurbits and Brinjal. Trichogrammajaponicum and
Trichogrammachilonis are egg parasites of Rice stem borer and leaf folder respectively.
These parasites are reared in laboratory and made as Trichocardswhich contain eggs of
these parasites and released in farmers’ fields.

6.6 Fungicides

High humid climate of Kerala is conducive for the incidence of fungal diseases of
cereals, vegetables, fruit crops and plantation crops. Biocontrol of soil borne plant
pathogens involves mass introduction of antagonistic microorganisms. Most effective
among them is Trichoderma spp. used for control of rhizome rot of ginger and
cardamom, foot rot of pepper etc. A mixture of Neemcake-Cowdung is used as food
base for Trichoderma spp. These fungi grow very close to plant roots and protect them
from pathogenic fungi by releasing antibiotics and other toxins. Different hormones and
enzymes produced by these fungi help in enhancing plant growth.

Another effective microbial agent is Pseudomonas fluorescens which are a group of

bacteria effective against diseases incited by fungi like Phytophthora,Pythium,
Fusarium, Rhizoctonia etc. in various crop plants in nursery and main field. This
bacterium produces hormones and enzymes which enhances plant growth in addition to
controlling pathogenic fungi and bacteria. The talc based formulation at 1-2 per cent
level may be used for soil drenching and spraying.

6.7 Appropriate cultural practices

In organic farming ecofriendly agricultural practices are adopted to protect the crop from
pests and diseases. Most important among this is soil solarisation which is an effective
and environment friendly technology to control soil borne pathogens, soil insects,
nematodes and weeds.

Solarisation is done by digging the soil to a fine tilth, incorporate required quantity of
organic manure and irrigate @ 5 litres water per m2. Cover the moist bed with 100-150
gauge polythene sheets; seal the edges tight to maintain the high temperature and
moisture inside the polythene mulch. Keep the sheet in this way for 20-30 days. The
high temperature developed between the sheet and soil helps to destroy the soil borne
microbes and pests. After the period of solarisation, remove the sheet and the bed is
ready for sowing and transplanting. This method can be used for preparation of potting
mixture also. The crops grown in solarised soil show increased growth response without
any pest and disease incidence.

Like solarisation, another cultural practice is crop rotation. It is

anextremelyeffectivewaytominimizemostpestproblemswhilemaintainingandenhancingsoi
l structure and fertility. Farmers have to avoid growing crops of same family and type
continuously in the same plot. Vegetables are usually classified as solanaceous
(Brinjal, Chilli and Tomato),Cucurbitaceous (Cucumber, Snake gourd, Bitter gourd, Ash
gourd, Bottle gourd, Pumpkin etc.) and Pulses (Cow pea, red gram, green gram, French
beans etc.). Rotating Early-seeded and late-seeded crops, rotating between various
crop types, such as annual, perennial, with specific rooting habits, competitive abilities,
nutrient and moisture requirements is recommended. Maintaining
therotation'sdiversifiedhabitat provides parasites and predators of pests with alternative
sources of food,shelter and breeding sites and reduce pest and disease incidence.
Other cultural practices like use of resistant varieties, recommended seeding rate and
plant density, seed and seed treatment techniques, soil health management, weed
management, mulching, controlled irrigation etc. are also advocated in Organic plant
protection.

Module 8: Organic farming in Kerala

8.1 Agricultural situation in Kerala

The land area of Kerala is only 1.8% of India. However this land area holds 3.2% of the
population of our country. The cropping intensity of Kerala is 134% which is higher than
the national average. The land use pattern followed is in tandem with the lifestyle of the
people here. The distribution of agricultural land and the unique homestead farming
system in vogue here are a role model to the other regions of the country. The extent of
area in the case of 84% of farm lands in Kerala falls below 0.5 Hectare. About 30% of
the usable farmland in the state belongs to the category of homestead farming.

The plantation agriculture practiced is another feature of agriculture system in Kerala.

The factors such as high literacy rate, and the century old trade links with foreign
countries and other states of the country have contributed much to the development of
plantation agriculture in Kerala. Kerala which has an area of just 38863 square
kilometers contributes almost 90% share of the national production of plantation crops
like rubber, pepper, cardamom and nutmeg in India. A major share of other plantation
crops like cashew, tea, arecanut etc. are also contributed by Kerala state.

Due to increased attention given to the plantation sector and also owing to the small
holding size, our dependence on other states for food grains has tremendously
increased during the past one and a half century. On the other hand these two factors
have a favorable effect on organic farming prospects in our state.

Compared to other states, fertilizers and pesticides consumption in Kerala is less.

Consumption of chemical inputs in agriculture is less as we focus less on food grain
crops. Similarly commercial cultivation of vegetables and grain crops are not extensively
done. Thus the use of chemical inputs like pesticides and fertilizers are also much less.
The requirement of plant protection chemicals is relatively less for plantation crops like
rubber, cashew and coffee when compared to tea and cardamom
The vegetable cultivation in homesteads are mainly done to meet the own vegetable
consumption requirements. Hence there exists a favourable social situation for the
promotion of the movement against the use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and
pesticides. The yearly decrease in the cultivated area of crops like rice which require
high levels of chemical inputs also contributed to the lesser consumption of pesticides in
Kerala. However the food grains brought from outside the State and consumed here are
of inferior quality, as they are produced outside our state with heavy doses of chemical
inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and weedicides. Foodcrops like rice, tuber
crops, pulses and millets were cultivated in about 30% of our agricultural lands up to the
mid of last century. But as per the latest statistics, area under these crops has
significantly reduced to 12.25%.

During the past five decades, the area of paddy cultivation in Kerala has decreased to
one fifth of the previous area. In the same period, the area of cultivation of vegetables
and bananas has increased by two third of the previous area. But as these crops are
cultivated mostly in homesteads, there is no proportionate increase in the use of
chemical inputs in these crops. The above features of the agriculture scenario of Kerala
indicate that the socio-Agricultural-environment in Kerala is highly congenial for the
spread of organic farming methods and technologies. Though the production strategies
adopted here can be channelized towards an organic mode and the products obtained
can be pesticide free, there exists a challenge in ensuring the quality of food materials
that reach here from external sources. So the inferior quality of the food items including
food grains, vegetables, fruits, meat, egg, milk and other similar items coming from
outside the state is of great concern of Kerala. Availability of pesticide free food
products from external sources is the major challenge to us. At the same time this is an
opportunity as well, if we are ready to produce a major share of our food requirements
within the state. The practical way to solve the twin problem is to attain self-sufficiency
in food material requirements by adopting safe and sound agricultural practices.

8.2 Organic agriculture in Kerala

Similar to other parts of India, our state was also practicing organic agriculture prior to
the middle of the bygone century. Even though the use of chemical inputs became
widespread as part of modern agriculture, organic farming continue to be deep rooted in
Kerala’s agricultural practices. Rice being the staple food of Kerala, it is estimated that
the State requires the rice production to the tune of 47 lakh tone. But our rice
production is regrettably less than 15% of this requirement. The highest use of chemical
inputs is in the case of production of rice. Kerala’s traditional agricultural system which
gives importance for organic farming suggests that the organic manure requirement per
hectare is 5 tons, over and above the supplementary use of chemical fertilizers.
However enough organic inputs and labor force are not available now to meet even this
minimum level of organic manure requirement. Hence, in order to meet the nutrient
requirement of crops, the farmers are forced to use chemical inputs like fertilizers. It has
been proved that an integrated nutrient management system consisting of good
agricultural practices known as GALASA, adopted in Palakkad during 1999 by Kerala
Agricultural University could enhance rice grain yield up to 10.8 tons per hectare.

Coconut in Kerala is mostly cultivated in homesteads. So modern agricultural

technologies are seldom followed for its cultivation. The area under coconut cultivation
now has registered an increase of 20% compared to the 1980s. The coconut yield has
also increased to 6673 nuts per hectare from 4618 nuts per hectare during 1980-81.
Hence there exists a good opportunity to use organic inputs in coconut cultivation. The
fact that a mixed cropping system is more suitable to Kerala than a commercial
monocultural coconut producing system adds significance to the organic agriculture
system followed in the case of coconut production.

In the production and productivity of rubber crop, Kerala has achieved high levels of
growth. The productivity of rubber in Kerala is one of the highest at global level. This
may be attributed to the systematic production practices followed in rubber plantations
based on instructions from the rubber board. The recycling of plant nutrients by way of
leaf fall in rubber plantations to the tune of 5 tons per acre highlights the prospects of
organic nutrition in rubber plantations, of which about 80% is managed by small and
medium level farmers The quick wilt disease in pepper is a challenge to the farmers as
it affects both the production and productivity. The export market prefers organic pepper
and to promote it the support extended by the spices board is remarkable.

In cardamom estates chemical mode of production practices is the general rule. High
yielding varieties of cardamom have increased productivity by 15 times. However to
achieve this productivity the farmers depend heavily on plant protection chemicals.
Banana is another crop which depends considerably on chemical inputs, when grown
commercially. But for cultivation of plantains in homestead, mostly organic inputs are
used.
It is the tuber crops that showed consistent results for organic agricultural practices.
Cassava gives higher yields even under low rates of fertilizer application. It is to be
noted that, for other tuber crops also the use of chemical inputs is very less. The
concept that there is a need for concentrating more on tuber crops in addition to
conventional rice cultivation, to achieve food sufficiency in Kerala is getting more
acceptance among farmers.
The impact of organic agriculture is more visible in the area of vegetable production.
Achieving self-sufficiency in vegetable production at family level is the motto of
Government of Kerala. Department of Agriculture; Kerala Agricultural University; and
Vegetable and Fruit promotion council Keralam (VFPCK) and other Government
agencies are providing support for this cause. The vegetable cultivation in our state is
done in homesteads; terraces of buildings and poly houses, where organic agricultural
practices are more relevant. In plantations like cashew, still organic agricultural methods
are widely used and modern agricultural practices based on chemical inputs are not
followed much.

All the above mentioned features of Kerala’s agriculture front, point out the possibility
of adoption of organic agricultural practices for most of the crops that are cultivated
here. However paddy and cardamom are the major crops that stand out in the total
adoption of organic agriculture in the state.

8.3 Organic farming organizations

During the last two decades of the twentieth century, there was considerable increase in
the environmental awareness among people of Kerala.The conventional ways of
dealing with the basic environmental issues were questioned and new approaches and
initiatives were taken place. Environmental activism and mass protest movements
strengthened. This has paved the way for development and adoption of alternative
agricultural practices with the formation of organic farming groups and initiatives. These
voluntary organizations could be equally effective in spreading the organic farming
messages, as that of the government machinery that stood for increasing food grain
production by the adoption of modern agriculture technologies.

The organic farming groups which established relationships with global network of
organic agricultural activists could bring to Kerala, on a regular basis, the changes in
organic agricultural technologies happening globally. Apart from that the export oriented
spice farmers were forced to adapt to the organic farming practices to be in tune with
the demand of the global market forces.

It is strange to note that in Kerala, the chemical pesticide 'endosulfan' played a key role
in bringing out the harmful effects of pesticides on human health and highlighting
organic farming as an alternative agricultural strategy. The genetic disorders and many
fatal diseases that occurred among the neighbouring population of the cashew
plantations of the Plantation Corporation in Kasaragod district were attributed to the
aerial spraying of endosulfan in these plantations. The protest against the aerial
spraying spearheaded a mass movement against modern agriculture practices which
resulted with the declaration of Kasaragod District as an organic agriculture district.
Many voluntary organizations and farmer groups fought tooth and nail and finally the
Government banned many agricultural chemicals including endosulfan.

The Kerala Jaiva Karshaka Samithi had played a major role in these achievements.
They have done very significant activities for promoting organic agriculture in the state.
They are now focusing their activities to attain food sufficiency in food production at
homestead level. Jaiva Karshaka Samithi is instrumental in organizing gatherings of
farmer groups that could evolve alternate agricultural strategies through participatory
organic farming campaigns. PDS and MDS in Idukki District, WSS in Wayanad District,
Manarkad Social Services Society, Organic Farming Society, Indian organic farmers
producer Company and Karshaka Vedi are the private players that campaign for the
promotion of organic farming in Kerala.

Recently many online groups and web portals are campaigning for the cause of organic
agriculture in our state and are deeply involved in promoting organic agriculture as a
people's movement. They are mainly addressing organic agricultural prospects at
homestead level. These online groups set example for the success of modern
information technology in dissemination of technology to farmer groups. Web portals
like karshikarangam.com are disseminating lots of information to farmers. Similarly
there are many facebook and whatsapp groups related to organic farming, wherein
lakhs of farmers are members and are benefitted in many ways.

The mainstream agricultural publications like Karshakasree, Karshakan and Kerala

Karshakan have 90 per cent of its content to promote organic agricultural practices.
This could be made possible by the relentless activities of the organic agricultural
organizations. The websites like Karshikarangam.com have lakhs of regular visitors and
have taken up promotion of organic agriculture as their responsibility.

8.4 Organic farming systems in Kerala

Majority of organic farmers of Kerala follow the traditional organic farming practices.
Use of cow dung, fermented slurries, vermi compost and bio fertilizers as nutrient
sources; using traps, deterrents and biocontrol agents against pests and diseases;
protecting the soil and moisture by mulching; crop rotation; and integrating crop-
livestock and fish are the basic practices followed. These practices may be adopted as
such or with modifications to suit the local requirements. Apart from these basic
practices, certain innovations and unique practices evolved by individuals and agencies
are also followed successfully by the organic farmers of Kerala. Some of these systems
are mentioned below
 ● Zero budget Natural Farming

This system of natural farming has been developed by Subash Palerkar, a farmer in
Maharashtra. The inputs for this system are produced in one’s own farm and not
purchased from external sources. Nothing other than the agricultural yield is taken out
of the farm and the entire biomass is recycled within the farm itself. In order to increase
the soil humus content and to activate the rhizosphere microbes ‘Jeevamrutham’ in
liquid and solid form made of cow dung and cow urine of local breeds is used. Priming
the seeds with ‘beejamrutham’ and mulching the soil with organic wastes are the
recommended basic practices in this system.

● Natural Farming

Masanobu Fukuoka, a Japanese agricultural scientist is the proponent of this system.

Disturbance of soil either by ploughing or digging is not allowed here. This system
depends on the inherent yielding potential of the soil. Soil is protected by mulching
which helps in increasing the porosity and fertility of the soil. Seeds are sown without
disturbing the soil.

● Biodynamic farming

Developed by the Austrian philosopher Dr. Rudolph Steiner in 1924. Interrelationships

of forces like sun and moon with sky, water, soil, fire and air; and its possible impact on
animals and plants are the basis of the biodynamic farming system.Apart from the
above systems, many other organic farming systems are also being followed by the
organic farmers of Kerala.

Module 9: Watershed and Water conservation

9.1 Organic farming outlook on soil moisture and water use

Organic farming systems are very cautious and conscious of the role of soil moisture in
deciding the soil productivity and hence all agricultural practices are oriented for the
conservation, retention and proper utilization of soil water. Rainfall is the single source
of water for crop lands and hence organic farming intends to extract the maximum utility
of it. The system also takes care to protect the soil and crops from the impact of high
intensity rains. It also cares to avoid excess use of water for irrigation. Since rainfall is
the only source of water for crop use, rains are essential for crop production. But heavy
rains always cause loss of surface soil, which necessitates protective measures to
safeguard it . To harvest the rainwater, the best way is to facilitate it’s easy infiltration
into the soil and its regular storage as groundwater.

It is possible to maintain soil moisture, if rain water infiltrates. The plant requires
moisture rather than water for its growth. Soil moisture is essential for the growth and
multiplication of soil microflora and biocontrol agents. Organic farming envisages a
comprehensive vision that the moist soil provides a congenial habitat not only for the
microorganisms but also for a plethora of living things including macro organisms
surviving in the soil. The unique moisture conservation measures and water harvesting
techniques adopted under the organic farming mode are quite different as it cares more
to retain and conserve the moisture for a prolonged period rather than just hold and
retain the rain water.

9.2 What is Watershed?

Soil and water conservation activities are to be coordinated, taking into

consideration the nature of watershed. Based on the presence of water bodies like
rivers, lakes and sea on the earth surface, the area around them can be considered as
different watersheds. A watershed is the geographical area from where rainwater
drains, flows, gets collected and stored in a specified water body like streams, rivers or
lakes. A watershed is thus inclusive of plain lands, slopes and hilly terrains. It can be a
catchment area of water bodies like streams, bays and lakes. It can be further
elaborated as a geographical area from which rainwater flows to small channels and
streams and gather together to reach rivers that finally flow down to a common water
body.

Between different watersheds there are natural boundaries. Thus each and every
inch of the earth surface is a part of a watershed. The rainwater that falls in a particular
place is received and finally dispensed by that watershed. The hydrological function of
a watershed is to collect rainwater, conserve it in different quantities for various periods
and release it as streams.

Conservation of the ecosystem consisting of plant and animal life and facilitating
the various biochemical activities are the ecological functions of watersheds.

All the land management practices are to be planned and implemented on the
basis of watershed, as its mis-management is disastrous, resulting in ecological
deterioration, biodiversity degradation and similar repercussions. Organic farming
practices like contour based cultivation, capturing rainwater within crop basins,
terracing, mulching, cover crops, rainwater pits and mixed farming are the basic
practices that are recommended for the scientific management of watersheds. The
watershed management practices can be generally classified as land development
activities, water conservation measures and agricultural practices.

9.3 Contour based cultivation practices

A contour line is a line drawn on a topographic map to indicate ground elevation or

depression.

The practice of tilling and doing agricultural activities across sloped land along
consistent elevation is known as contour farming or contour cultivation. The flow of
rainwater as runoff is from the top to bottom portion in sloped lands. Hence to intercept
the runoff, contour lines and contour bunds are to be formed across the slopes. The rise
and fall of water level along the same elevation in reservoirs irrespective of the slope is
a good example of contour lines.

In sloppy lands planting of trees, terracing, ridge forming, furrowing, forming

stone pitched bunds, trenching and all such agricultural practices are to be based on
contour lines. Physiographically Kerala is divided into three. They are high ranges,
midlands and coastal areas. From the southern to the northern end of Kerala, the
Western Ghats constitute the high ranges, while the adjoining midlands consisting of
midland laterite hills come under the midlands. The midland hills totally and the high
ranges partially are under intensive agricultural activities. In these sloppy terrains all
agricultural practices should be done based on contour lines. Such good agricultural
practices are capable of protection of watersheds from soil and water erosion,
conservation of biodiversity including human population.

To raise the groundwater levels in the elevated uplands and to ensure availability
of groundwater throughout the state, maximum water conservation measures are to be
done in the sloped terrains of midlands and high ranges.

9.4 Land development works

Based on the contour lines, the land development works are to be planned and
implemented. The agricultural practices are to be regulated based on this plan. Control
of runoff water is the ultimate objective of all these land development activities. Locally
suitable development activities are to be identified in order to meet this objective. The
development activities adopted for a particular locality may not be suited for another
location.
 ● Ridges and channels

They are very effective structures to control the runoff water. Channels of one meter
width and 50 cm depth may be formed across the slope on the contours and the soil
thus removed may be heaped to form ridges. The ridges can be strengthened by
growing perennial crops like fodder. The cultivation of crops has to be done in channels
only.

● Strip cropping and cover crops

Ridges and furrows formed across the slopes on which grass legume mixtures are
grown are effective barriers to runoff water. These are formed at 50 cm width and at
desired height. Wherever the slope is more and possibility of water stagnation is less,
deep furrows are to be formed, while in locations of possible water stagnation, raised
bunds are to be taken. Crops and plant species suitable to a particular area and which
can generate income are to be selected for planting.

● Contour bunds

Contour bunds are to be built in sloppy lands. At desired width terracing is done across
the slope and stone pitching is done on the edges. Thus the runoff water can be
intercepted and allowed to impound. To facilitate this work, contour lines are to be
initially identified. Contour bunding is to be done from the top of the slopes and
progressed to the bottom.

● Stone pitched bunds

Stone bunds are helpful in strengthening the contour bunds. Granite or laterite or local
stones are used to construct stone bunds. The bunds built and maintained by the
traditional farmers reveal the eco-friendly nature of our traditional agricultural practices.
The construction of stone pitched bunds are similar to that of contour bunding. Land is
divided into different levels based on contour lines and each tier is properly terraced by
spreading the soil. Unlike the contour bunds, in stone pitched bunds, the width of the
terraced area can be increased based on the requirement of leveled land. If the bunds
are strong and durable, the number of crops that can be grown between two parallel
bunds can be increased. However the cropping is to be planned in accordance with the
contour lines.
 ● Soil bund
Soil bunds have the same function as that of stone bunds. The construction cost is less.
But soil bunds are not suitable for all types of soil present in Kerala. As most of the soils
of the hill slopes are loose and permeable, soil bunds are not recommended for general
adoption. If the soils are clayey and have laterites, the soil bunds are as good as that of
stone bunds. Such soil bunds are capable of intercepting the runoff water. However,
care should be taken to plant the top portion of soil bunds with grass crops .

9.5 Water reservoirs

● Rainwater pits

In locations where there is no impounded water, rainwater pits can be formed before
the rains to intercept the rain water. These pits are to be on the contour lines. Pits can
be of two meter length, one meter width and half a meter depth. The size of pits may be
varied depending on the local requirement. The runoff water can be intercepted and
impounded. It is estimated that a rainwater pit can facilitate infiltration of nearly 6000
liters of water in a season.

● Ponds

Ponds are preferable water harvesting structures where the terrain consists of plains
and gentle slopes. Ponds are to be dug at the base of the watersheds. Channels to
facilitate flow of water to these ponds are to be provided. The ponds are to be de-silted
and cleaned before each rainy season.

● Water spreading

Stagnating the runoff water to a wider area is envisaged. This is to be done in leveled
fields. Water is to be allowed to spread and stagnate for some time and impound. This
may function as an extensive pool of water. However, provisions are to be made to
drain the excess water.

● Opening basins

Basins around perennial crops like coconut and fruit plants are taken to trap and
impound the rain water. This is done especially in low rainfall areas. Deep ploughing or
digging around five meter radius of the tree crops are done in this regard and the rain
water is allowed to impound slowly to deeper layers. This is exclusively suitable for crop
species that can withstand temporary water stagnation. To facilitate impounding of
water, circular or rectangular ridges are formed around the crop basin.

9.6 Agricultural practices

● Mulching

The best way to retain moisture in the soil is mulching. Crop residues, dry leaves,
organic wastes and green manure crops can be used as mulches. These organic
materials are spread on the crop basins and cover the soil. Mulches protect the soil
during the harsh summer months from heat and facilitate easy infiltration of water
during rains. The organic wastes slowly disintegrate and enhance the fertility of the soil.
The soil gets much more permeable in due course of time. Thus the soil can absorb
more quantity of water and retain it.

● Cover crops

Mulching is beneficial for the soil until it disintegrates with the soil. The benefits can be
further extended by using live mulches like cover crops. Cover crops are especially
suited to plantation crops like rubber. Leguminous trailing plants like calopogonium are
recommended as cover crops. Leguminous cover crops fix atmospheric nitrogen which
is beneficial to the crop and soil.

● Other agricultural practices

Cultivation practices based on the contour lines, forming basins, and mixed farming are
helpful in conserving water. In mixed farming the splashing impact of rain water and
loss of soil by erosion is little as the different layers of leaf canopy intercept the
rainwater and prevent direct contact of rain drops with the soil.

Module 10 - Integrated farming

10.1 Integrated farming

It is a farming system involving crop, livestock and fish that complement each other,
suited to the local climate and soils, capable of producing the food requirements of the
local people and being friendly with the social set up of the region.
Balanced food is the key for maintaining a healthy life. The per capita requirement
consists of 300 g cereals, 250 g vegetables, 100 g fruits, 100 g meat/ fish, 100 ml milk
and 60 g pulses. The farming system followed in a locality must be capable of producing
the per capita requirement of these food materials. Such a food production system was
in vogue prior to the green revolution era in Kerala. The food materials like vegetables,
fruits, tuber crops, meat, milk and egg could be produced in households that can meet a
part of the food requirements of the members. However the changes modern lifestyle
brought about in our society, especially the fast spreading nuclear family system,
availability of heavily subsidized food materials provided by our public distribution
system, the much enhanced purchasing power and resultant consumerism among the
general populace etc. have drastically reduced the need to produce one’s food
requirement within our homestead. This has not only eroded our food security but also
had serious consequences in areas like health, environment, waste disposal, fuel and
energy use.

Therefore we have to go back to a lifestyle that engages us to produce our food

requirement at least partially in our homestead. In addition to food grains, fruits and
vegetables; fish, milk, egg, meat and all our food materials are to be produced from our
wetlands, garden lands and homesteads. For this we have to integrate fish and
livestock husbandry practices along with our crops. Our focus should be on diversified
crops rather than monoculture.

Homestead farming that is unique to Kerala is the best example for integrated
farming. This system is in vogue in plantations and in coconut gardens. The
components selected in this system must be suitable for the soil, climate and other
geographical conditions of the locality.

Following are the features that make integrated farming different from monoculture
systems.

i. Since the main crops, intercrops and livestock are integrated, each and every
piece of land is effectively utilized round the year.

ii. The fertility and productivity of the soil is sustained on account of the presence
of diverse crops and animal components.

iii. The system is capable of protecting the soil from erosion and increasing
microbial activity since the soil is always kept covered with animal and plant residues.
 iv. The byproducts of each and every agricultural activity are complementary in
this system and thus the waste from the primary component is utilized for the benefit of
the secondary component. The utility of cow dung and paddy straw are examples.

v. Recycling of byproducts and crop residues ensures the availability of cattle

feed and manure at farm level and hence the expenditure on these inputs can be
reduced.

vi. The system encourages diversified farm activities and thus quality food
materials like food grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat, fish, egg, honey, mushroom etc.
are made locally available.

vii. The system ensures economic viability as any loss in one product is
compensated by the gain in others.

In Kerala, Integrated farming is suitable to all agricultural situations like homesteads,

coconut gardens, plantation crops and paddy fields.

10.2 Homestead farming

The homestead farming system is unique to Kerala. This system had been in
vogue for many years. It Is estimated that almost 90 per cent of the 75 lakh families
residing in our state have their own homesteads. Though the average holding size is
less than 40 cents, the majority are in the size range of 4 to 10 cents. Coconut is the
pivotal crop of the majority of the homesteads. In addition, perennial crops like mango,
jack, and arecanut; annual crops like Amorphophallus, colocasia, dioscorea, lesser
yam, and cassava; spice crops like nutmeg, ginger and turmeric; vegetables like,
bhindi, amaranthus, pumpkin and different types of gourds; fruit crops like papaya,
banana and plantains; and many varieties of medicinal plants are grown. Livestock and
poultry are also integrated with these crop plants. Thus at least a part of the food
requirement of the family members is produced from their homesteads. Composting,
biogas plants, aquaponics, bee keeping, mushroom culture are the other prospective
activities that can be integrated with homestead farming.

10.3 Terrace farming

Sunlight is the critical limiting factor in most of the homesteads due to shading.
This problem can be solved by extending homestead farming to the terrace or
courtyard, where abundant sunlight is available. Crops can be grown in grow bags,
bags used for packing cement or similar containers. Potting Mixture is filled in these
containers and crops are grown. Kerala Agricultural University has evolved a terrace
farming model, in which vegetable crops, fruit plants, medicinal plants, cereals , azolla
culture, poultry and composting units are included.

10.4 Integrated Farming in paddy fields.

Paddy and livestock have been managed together in Kerala for many years. This
was the prevalent system prior to the green revolution era. Integration of paddy and
livestock is a complementary system wherein the byproducts viz. paddy straw and farm
yard manure are mutually beneficial. The system is sustainable as the input requirement
of both paddy cultivation and cattle rearing could be significantly reduced and the
dependence on external inputs are less. Paddy fields of around four lakh hectare and
about 34 lakh livestock population thus coexisted till the dawn of the green revolution.
The mutual dependence thus could considerably reduce the cost of production of both
milk and paddy. Cow dung can invariably enhance both the fertility and productivity of
soil. Paddy straw was always a reserve fodder for cattle especially during the lean
months. Rice bran and half filled grains are cheap alternatives to costly formulated
cattle feeds.

10.5 Integrated Farming in Pokkali lands.

Pokkali farming is acclaimed as a sustainable integrated farming system. The

system is popular in the coastal areas of the Alappuzha, Ernakulam and Thrissur
Districts. The ‘Kaipad ‘ cultivation of North Malabar in Kannur District is synonymous to
the Pokkali farming. The soils here are saline due to tidal water inundation. The salinity
is substantially reduced by frequent washing by the copious rainfall during the South
West monsoon. Salinity tolerant rice varieties like Pokkali, Chettivirippu and their many
derivatives are cultivated during the rainy season when the soil salinity is less. After the
harvest of rice, fish or prawn amenable to brackish water is grown as the salinity of the
field water gradually increases with the cessation of rains.

The rice cultivation starts with the onset of South West monsoon and ends during the
North East monsoon period. Panicles alone are harvested and the remaining biomass is
left in the field. With the inundating brackish water, juveniles of prawn are attracted and
get stocked in the pokkali fields. The decomposing organic biomass of paddy straw and
the detritus thus formed provide feed and shelter to the prawn species. During high
tides, juvenile prawns are lured by setting lamp traps as well. After 3-4 months of
stocking, the prawns are harvested when they attain maturity. Along with prawn, natural
recruits of fishes are also harvested. The prawn yield depends on the feed material
available from the pokkali fields. Hence a higher biomass of paddy straw availability
ensures a higher prawn yield. On an average 2-3 tons per hectare of paddy and 600-
1000 kg per hectare of prawn are realizable from this system.

10.6 Integrated Farming in Kuttanad .

In Kuttanad, where 75 per cent of the land area is submerged throughout the year,
integrated farming is the natural choice. Food security in terms of food grains and
animal protein can be achieved through this integration. The economic and ecological
needs also necessitates an integrated farming approach to realize the maximum
production potential of the region. ‘One rice one fish’ system in which a fish and rice are
grown one after another is an initiative of the Regional Agricultural Research Station,
Kumarakom, that efficiently taps the natural resources available in Kuttanad.

The production cost of rice cultivated after fish farming will be considerably less,
as the cost on land preparation, weed control and manuring are less. Tilling activity of
the fishes, foraging of weeds by them, deposition of fecal material of fishes and all have
a complementary effect on rice growth and yield. The detritus formed on
decomposition of plant and crop residues facilitates feed and shelter to fishes. Thus
without any feed supplements, 800 to 1000 kg/ ha of fish can be produced in addition to
paddy grains.

10.7 Multi level Integrated farming model

The Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kumarakom, under the Kerala Agricultural
University has evolved a multi level integration of crops, livestock and poultry that are
endemic to the agro ecological situation of Kuttanad. The natural resources potential of
land, water and biodiversity have been taken into consideration while designing this
system. In addition to crops like rice, coconut , fodder crops and tuber crops, livestock,
duck and fish are also integrated. Product diversity, sustained income, recycling of
organic wastes and efficient use of family labor are the characteristics of this multi level
integrated farming.

An extent of one acre of paddy fields has the potential to hold 2000 fish fingerlings,
600-750 broiler ducks and 1-2 buffalo calves in addition to the conventional rice on an
annual basis in Kuttanad. The productivity and income can be maximized when 4
months long rice, a year long fish culture, buffalo rearing and 4-5 batches of broiler duck
rearing and, the coconut and intercrops raised on the field bunds are integrated. Thus
from a hectare of paddy field 6-8 tons of paddy grains, 1- 1.2 tons of duck meat, 800-
1200 kg fish and 400- 500 kg beef meat are produced. This multi species integration is
capable of ensuring availability of animal protein in the form of duck meat , beaf meat
and fish.

Product diversity, sustained income, less waiting period for income generation,
insurance against price fall and effective utilization of family labor are the advantages
of this system.

The ecological services rendered by this system are remarkable and make it more
attractive . Since the crop residues, animal dung, fish and duck droppings , feed wastes
etc. are recycled as feed and manure, no waste is generated and dumped into the
water bodies. The extensive use of fertilizers, commercial feed and similar chemical
inputs can thus be reduced. The physico- chemical properties and microbial activity of
the soil are improved. The pH and salinity of soil and water are also regulated to the
desired levels.

10.8 other Integrated Farming systems

There are so many other forms of integrated farming systems practiced by farmers
as per their choice. In most of these systems livestock and fish are the major
components that are integrated with crop plants.

Many farmers raise fodder crops as intercrops in coconut gardens and integrate
livestock. Bio gas plants and utilization of bioslurry as manure are characteristics of
such systems. Duck rearing in ponds and fish culture is a profitable integration model in
practice. Pig and fish are another compatible combination . Mulberry cultivation and fish
rearing, fish and fodder crops, poultry and fisheries, fish along with goat, rabbit and
quail are also popular. Azolla is a compatible component with many of these
enterprises.

Aquaponics, which integrates fish and vegetables, is popular mostly among

youngsters. Honey Bee keeping in rubber estates, goat rearing in oil palm and rubber
plantations etc. are also practiced not only in Kerala but also in other parts of the
country.
 Module 11 - Organic Certification

11.1 What is Organic Certification?

It is a certification process for producers of organic food, seeds and other organic
agricultural products. Organic certification guarantees that in general, any business
directly involved in food production can be certified, including seed suppliers, farmers,
food processors, retailers and restaurants. Organic seeds in general are double certified
as they are certified twice, once by the seed certification team and again by the organic
certification and monitoring team. Requirements for certification and seed demand vary
from country to country, and usually involve a set of production standards for crop
management, harvesting, storage, processing, packaging and shipping of organic
produce. It includes:

avoidance of synthetic chemical inputs (e.g. fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics, food

additives,etc) and genetically modified organisms and seeds,
use of farmland that has been free from chemicals for a number of years, if not at least
for past three years (Conversion period),
maintaining strict physical separation of organic seed fields from inorganic seed fields is
a mandate (Buffer zone) and
undergoing periodic on-site inspections and keeping the related records properly.

In some countries the issuance of organic certificates is fully under the control of
Government while in the case of others, Private sectors and Non-Governmental
Organizations issue certificates subject to government control.

The purpose of organic certification is to address the growing worldwide demand for
organic food. This is ultimately for consumers of organic food and intended to assure
quality and prevent fraud. While some countries allow certified recipients to label their
products as organic, certain other countries are strict on this matter and generally allow
three types of labels. If fully certified organic materials are used in agricultural
production, they are labeled as “100 percent organic”. If 5 per cent of non-certified
organic materials are used, then the produce can be labelled as “Organic” only. Those
farmers who had used 70 percent of certified organic materials in agriculture production
can label them as “Used organic ingredients”. In addition, it is permissible to use the
organic seal approved by the respective countries on the label.
11.2 Organic certification in different countries of the world

Though the demand for organic produce is increasing globally, not all countries have
organic agriculture regulations in place. In some countries, organic standards are set
directly by the Government to ensure the compliance. In the U.S., European Union,
Canada and Japan, organic standards are formulated and monitored by the
Government, which means legislation is in place to ensure that only certified producers
use the term “Organic”. Those countries which have not enacted laws for organic
standards will have their own organic policy and specific Government guidelines in this
regard. When countries have no organic laws or Government guidelines, certification is
handled by Non- profit voluntary organizations and reputed well functioning private
companies. This practice is followed in India.

Very strict organic certification regulations are in force in European Union countries.
This was made possible by the enactment of European Union Eco Regulation 1992
Act. Today, the EU requirements for organic production are set by regulations which
detail organic production, labelling, control and import rules. All products labelled as
organic and sold in EU must be produced under these regulations. The EU commission
continuously updates the implementing regulations.

In European Union itself, the procedures for certification vary from country to country. In
U.K, credible agencies like Soil Association certification Ltd., Organic Farmers and
Growers CIC., Organic Food Federation etc. are given permission for organic
certification. But all of them operate within the frame work of the “U.K. Register of
Organic Food standards” (UKROFS) which was setup in 1987. In Sweden, an agency
called KRAV is authorized for organic certification. KRAV is the Swedish organic
market’s private label. The products marked with its logo are well known in the Swedish
market.

In America, the National Organic Programme (NOP) is the federal regulatory frame
work governing organic food since 2002. United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) approved private, Government and NGOs are also permitted to issue organic
certificates. The core mission of NOP is to protect the integrity of the USDA organic
seal. The seal is used for products adhering to USDA standards that contain at least 95
per cent organic ingredients.

In Canada, organic certification is governed by government organic standards and

regulations and applies to both domestic and imported products. Legislation procedures
are in progress and certification is currently undertaken by private agencies. The
Canada Organic Regime (COR) requires mandatory certification to the Canadian
Organic Standards (COS) if the product has an organic claim on the label or displays
the Canada Organic Logo on the label and is sold within or outside Canada.

In Japan, Japan Agricultural Standards (JAS) is in force since April 2001and is the
compulsory certification for export and marketing of organic products. The JAS organic
seal ensures food safety with the highest Japanese certification standards giving
consumers confidence.

In Australia, organic certification agencies are legally licensed by the Australian

Quarantine and Inspection Service. There are at present seven certifying agencies in
Australia. The majority of organic products sold in Australia carry the Australian Certified
Organic BUD Logo. The BUD reassures consumers that all the product ingredients
have been certified to the Australian Certified Organic (ACO) Standard and have met
rigorous certification checks.

In China, Organic Product Certification is a governmental programme carried out

according to the National Organic Standard aimed at regulating the production and
trade of organic products intended for the Chinese market. The Green Food
Development Authority issues two types of certification. The certificate entitled “A”
allows the use of small amounts of fertilizers while the certificate entitled “AA” is a
certification for strictly produced organic produce.

11.3. Accredited Indian Agencies

In India, there are no strict organic stipulations for products targeted for sale in domestic
market although some states like Sikkim and Kerala are taking steps to promote organic
farming on their own. No specific criteria have been enacted for marketing in the name
of “Organic” in domestic market. At the same time certification is required for the export
of the products labeled as “Organic”.

“India Organic” is a certification mark for organically farmed food products manufactured
in India. The certification mark certifies that an organic food product conforms to the
National Standards for Organic Products established in 2000. The Agricultural and
Processed Food products Export Development Agency (APEDA) under the Ministry of
Commerce and Industries, Government of India is implementing the National
Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) in India. The programme involves the
accreditation of certification bodies, standards for organic production, promotion of
organic farming and marketing etc. Currently 28 companies which received
accreditation of APEDA are allowed to issue “Organic Certification” in India. At present
government organizations who apply to APEDA adhering to the norms and standards of
NPOP are allowed to issue organic certification. The NPOP standards for production
and accreditation system have been recognized by European Commission and
Switzerland for unprocessed plant products as equivalent to their country standards.
APEDA is also in the process of negotiation to implement procedures for getting
International Recognition also for these farms that are certified by Indian agencies.

11.4. National Programme for Organic Production

NPOP was launched in 2001 and managed by Agricultural and processed Food
products Export Development Authority (APEDA) under the Ministry of Commerce and
Industry to promote organic farming in India and to ensure the quality of organic
produce. This laid the foundation for systematic development of organic agriculture
sector in the country. The standards for organic production are notified in NPOP by
Director General of Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) act 1992. The quality
of Indian organic products is determined under this scheme adhering to the high quality
International Standards fixed by Codex Alimentarius commission and IFOAM. There is
also a technical committee to revise the National Accreditation policy from time to time.
National steering committee acts as the National Accreditation body responsible for the
certification of various agencies.

The National Accreditation Body consists of representatives from the Union Ministry of
Agriculture, Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Coffee Board, Tea Board and
Spices Board. There is also a Special Evaluation Committee to evaluate the work of
agencies licensed to issue organic certification in different parts of the country. The
National Accreditation Body (NAB) which is a part of steering committee itself
recommends accreditation of certifying agencies to APEDA. APEDA evaluates the
accreditation granted to various agencies and monitors their activities.

The present practice for organic certification in India is that the inspectors appointed by
the accredited agencies inspect the farms, processing plants and inputs manufacturing
units in accordance with the standards and issue certificates. Accredited agencies can
receive applications from farmers’ groups, processing plants and input production
agencies and certify subject to standards and inspections as per rules. Such agencies
are also required to conduct follow up inspections.

Procedure for getting Organic Certification in India

· Meeting the basic requirements

· Applying for the NPOP certification

· Paying the prescribed fees

· Review of application

· Scheduling of inspection

· Verification during Inspection

· Issuance of NPOP certificate if everything is found to be correct.

11.5. PGS certification

PGS stands for Participatory Guarantee system. PGS is an existing certification system
in India recognized by various countries for organic certification. It is a process of
certifying organic produce which ensures that their production takes place in
accordance with laid down quality standards.

PGS- India programme was launched in 2011 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers
welfare with National Centre of Organic Farming as its secretariat. The certification is in
the form of a documented logo or statement. In India, while the organic certification
issued by APEDA is meant for export only, PGS is a certification of the quality of organic
products sold in domestic market

While the organic certificates obtained through the accreditation agencies are issued by
the Central Ministry of Commerce and Industry, PGS system is operated by the Union
Ministry of Agriculture with an aim to make the certification system affordable and
accessible without the need for third party certifying agencies. Since these are under
the control of two ministries, the procedures for certification are also different. There are
various accredited agencies for certification under APEDA while for PGS, certification is
given by the councils approved by the Union Ministry of Agriculture. It is a fully
decentralized certification system. There are currently 563 regional councils across the
country and 12,280 farmer groups where in 3,42,645 certified farmers are there. The
number of registered certified farmers is increasing day by day.

It is to be noted that PGS has freed the country’s farmers from the clutches of the
inspection agencies. PGS is intended to support the growth of the domestic organic
market in India. Partnership approach, shared vision, transparency and mutual trust are
considered as four pillars of PGS.
Certificates under PGS will be issued to farmers who are members of any farmers
groups. Certificates are issued to individual farmers but they must be members of a
farming group with a minimum of five members. The uniqueness of PGS lies in the fact
that each farmer follows organic farming and inspect and verify the production practices
of other farmers in the group and take decisions on organic certification.

The basic concepts of PGS is based on the social and collective responsibility.
Following principles are observed.

i Participation

This is an essential and dynamic part of PGS. Stakeholders such as producers,

consumers, retailers, traders, NGO’s, Gram Panchayats and Government organizations
and agencies are collectively responsible for designing, decision making and
implementation. Participation embodies the principle of collective responsibility for
ensuring the organic integrity of the PGS.

ii. Shared vision

Collective responsibility for decision making and implementation is driven by common

shared vision. Each stakeholder organization or PGS group can adopt its own vision
conforming to the overall vision and standards of the PGS- India Programme.

iii. Transparency

At the grassroots level, transparency is maintained through the active participation of

producers in the organic guarantee process, which can include information sharing at
meetings and workshops, peer reviews and involvement in decision making.

iv. Trust

The fundamental principle of PGS is the idea that producers can be trusted and that the
organic guarantee system can be an expression and verification of this trust. The
mechanisms of trustworthiness include a producer pledge made through a witnessed
signing of a declaration and written collective undertakings by the group to abide by the
norms, principles and standards of PGS.
 Module 12 . Marketing organic produce

12.1 Growing organic market

Organic marketing refers to the marketing of organically grown products. This gives
consumer the assurance that toxic pesticides, synthetic fertilizers and genetically
modified crops(GMO’s) are not used in the food production and the livestock has not
been given antibiotics or growth hormones.

According to the market research company Ecovia Intelligence, the global market for
organic food surpassed $ 86.7 billion in 2016. It is more than $ 100 billion, as per the
21st edition of “The world of Organic Agriculture” in 2018. Many major markets
continued to register double digit growth rates after 2016. Compared to conventional
agricultural crops, organic product market is showing the highest growth rate. The
global organic food market has grown from 201.77 billion dollars in 2020 to 221.37
billion dollars in 2021 at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 16 per cent. But,
the market of conventional agricultural products maintains a growth rate of 10 per cent.

According to the figures released by ASSOCHAM (AssociatedChambers OfCommerce

and Industry in India - the central body of trade organization) in March 2018, India has
to focus on organic farming and its marketing as one of the important areas of
commerce. India, which has been exporting a few organic products like organic tea to
the European market in the last decade, is now one of the major players in the region,
exporting more than 300 varieties of products to markets of more than 20 countries.

India havingabout 8, 35,000 organic farmers is the largest country in terms of number of
organic farmers and one of the largest producers and exporters of organic cotton. As
the international market for organic products grow, so does the domestic market in
India. According to a report published by CAGR, the global organic food market is
anticipated to garner revenue of USD 2601 million by 2026 and grow at a healthy CAGR
of 20 per cent during the estimated time frame from 2021-2026.Government
interventions are also important for the growth of the organic market. Market credibility
of organic products has increased with the strong intervention of the Government in
ensuring their quality. In 2017 December, FSSAI (Food Security and Standard
Association of India) recognized that NPOP certificate & PGS certificate are equally
valid with the result that the market of organic produce in export and domestic markets
strengthened.
National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP), National Programme for Organic
Farming (NPOF), Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), National Mission for
Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), Mission for
Integrated Development of Horticulture(MIDH), National Mission on Oil seeds and Oil
Palm(NMOOP), ICAR Net work project on Organic farming are some of the Government
interventions which are worth mentioning.

In addition, State Governments of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Sikkim,

Mizoram, Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan,Orissa
etc. have announced their own organic farming policy and agricultural development
plans which can be considered as a remarkable step towards promotion of organic
farming. Sikkim became the first organic state in India. States of Uttarakhand and
Chhattisgarh started organic markets having no intermediaries.

12.2 International Organic Market and India’s contribution

Currently there are 178 countries implementing organic farming across the world.
Organic market is also on the path of growth, in line with the growth of the organic
production sector. North America and Countries of the European Union have emerged
as the strongest markets of organic products. The largest consumer countries of organic
products in the world are the United States (43.1 billion dollars), Germany(10.5 billion
dollars) and France(7.5 billion dollars).

Organic production has registered a growth from 11 million hectare in 1996 to 57.8
million hectare in 2016.

The production of organic produce from wild collection and further non- agricultural
areas reached 39.9 million hectare in 2016 from 4.1 million hectare in 1996. Australia
has the largest organic agricultural area (35.7 million hectares), followed by Argentina
(3.6 million hectares), and China (3.1 million hectares).

Finland (11.6 million hectares), Zambia (6.7 million hectares) and India (4.2 million
hectares) are in the forefront of marketing wild collections of organic products. The
highest growth rate in the organic market is recorded in France (22 per cent) followed
by Ireland, Denmark and Norway (20 per cent each).

Globally, European countries account for the highest shares of organic food sales as a
percentage of their respective food markets. Denmark and Switzerland lead in per
capita annual consumption of organic food (200 Euro each). Denmark has the highest
organic market share globally (11.5 percent) and is the first country to pass the 10
percent mark. After Denmark, Luxembourg (9.9 percent) and Switzerland (9.6 percent)
reached the highest shares in 2018.

Statistics from different countries show that the price gap for organic products compared
to non organic products is widening as the demand for organic products increases
internationally. It is estimated that this price difference is also a major factor preventing
more consumers from entering the organic market. The major organic producing
countries are now considering how to bridge this gap, which is hampering the pace of
further growth in the organic market. Experts in the field of Organic market believe that
as demand increases, the market will become more competitive and increased growth
of organic produce will help farmers to overcome the fall in retail prices.

India is the country having highest number of farmers(8,35,000),practicing organic

farming in 1.49 million hectares. India ranks 9 th in terms of area under organic
farming.According to official figures from 2016, India’s organic product exports stood at
1937 crores. The value of organic exports is projected to increase to Rs. 40,000 million
in 2018 and to Rs. 1,20,000 million in 2020.India’s exports are mainly to the United
States, European Union, Canada and the Middle East. After organic cotton, oilseeds are
India’s major organic export crop.

12.3 Domestic organic market in India

Although the organic product market is relatively new to the Indian agricultural sector, it
is promising that it incorporates a number of strong factors for marketing. It is estimated
that the Indian market will continue to grow on the basis of such strongholds and
opportunities available to them.

Until the end of the last century, the first priority of Indian agricultural production was to
increase the rate of production, but now it is slowly shifting to a new standard of product
quality.The increased awareness of consumers on the quality of food and the gradual
increase in their purchasing power is expected to help the organic market.Government
schemes to promote organic farming will also bear good in the years to come. The most
notable aspect of the domestic organic market is that in addition to the various schemes
implemented to promote organic farming, the Government is taking steps to gain market
credibility as well.

Production with testimonials and identifiable markers to producers (Traceability) are

considered as the saviors of the organic market. APEDA (Agricultural and Processed
Food Export Development Authority) under the Ministry of Commerce & Industries,
Government of India, National Centre for Organic Farming (NCOF) and Food Safety
and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), are assigned to protect the credibility of the
market by issuing different certificates. APEDA is responsible for implementing the
National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP). In addition to certification of
organic farmers and consumers, third party certification by different accredited agencies
is done by APEDA as part of NPOP. NCOF, coming under the Ministry of Agriculture
and Farmers Welfare is the leading institution associated with issuing PGS
(Participatory Guarantee system) certification for the quality of organic products sold in
the domestic market. In this system, empowerment of domestic organic market is
based on the practice of conducting field inspections by farmer groups by trusting each
other and certification is given by various approved regional councils, thus excluding the
role of third parties in the certification process.

FSSAI, affiliated to the Union Ministry of Health, Family Welfare and Food Processing is
an agency that promotes credibility in the organic food processing and packaging
industry. While the organic consumption in India is urban centric, it is promising that the
rural areas, outside the centralized market, traditionally remains organic. India is unique
in that farmers grow their produce organically for their own consumption and
maintaining their self-sufficiency in it. As urbanization expands to rural areas, they too
are more likely to be part of the organized market. In short, the Indian organic market is
on a growth path.

12.4 Challenges of the organic market

Since Organic farming and Organic marketing in India are in their infancy, they face
many challenges. It is hoped that with each challenge there will be many possibilities.
Some of the major challenges are:

Challenges faced by Organic Producers:

Cost of obtaining Organic certification –For ordinary farmers, it is expensive to obtain

the NPOP compliant certificate needed for exports. If it is a PGS certificate, then it is not
suitable for export.
Production prior to organic certification – Not only will production drop significantly
during the transition period from chemical farming to organic farming but the first three
years of production will not be able to be marketed as organic.
Difference in the standards of different products – There exists differences in standards
that apply to products including milk and milk products, meat, coconut etc.
Lack of benefits – Significant benefits for organic farming are not yet available at the
government level.Organic farming has only the same benefits as conventional farming.
Variation in the quality of organic inputs – There exists a quality difference between
batches and manufacturers of organic inputs including organic manures, microbial
pesticides etc.
Lack of adequate research–Organic farming involves farless research than chemical
farming.
Challenges in the field of processing:

Supply chain related – There are practical difficulties when it comes to the collection,
storage and transportation of processing industry related products.
Production in remote areas- Usually organic farming is practiced in remote villages and
hilly terrains which results in numerous practical difficulties.
Global competition – International quality standards are more stronger than domestic
standards. The competitiveness is adversely affected by this.
Problems in Packaging –Organic packaging is not growing with organic farming.
Problems facing by Consumers:

Lack of awareness – Only a minority of consumers in metro cities are aware of organic
products. The market potential of organic products is being taken over by the so called
natural products.
Increased cost –Although there is interest in organic products, their increased cost is
becoming a crisis.The solution is research to reduce the cost of farming.
Lack of availability of products – There is complaint that the product range for home use
is never fully available. Not even a single product is regularly available
.
12.5 Feasibility of organic marketing

New requirements – The thought of ‘organic’ is now extending areas beyond just
food.Consumer sectors such as organic dyes, organic fiber products, organic
packaging, organic cosmetics, organic nutraceuticals etc are emerging. Organic
consciousness is increasing to a greater extent in the areas of milk and meat products.
Things like Traceability are also new possibilities.
Increase in demand for organic food- The market for organic products is growing and so
is the market for organic food. Organic food production is becoming as attractive as
agricultural production. Organic food stalls are being set up now.
Online Marketing- The online market for organic goods is growing exponentially.
Increase in awareness – ‘Organic–awareness’ is gaining strength across the country.
Eleven states have already announced organic policy. Health workers, NGO’s and
various government departments are raising awareness for organic consumption.
Maximum Capital Investment – This is a time of high capital investment in the
production, processing, value addition and retailing sectors.
Maximum retail space-Special shelves and space for organic items are now allowed in
supermarkets and malls.
Urbanization – As cities expand to rural areas, the organic markets, which were
confined to cities,are now expanding to rural areas.
Development of Technology—Technology is also growing day by day in all areas related
to organic farming
Increased Government assistance –Initially, Government assistance was not available,
but now Government assistance is being sought for organic farmers as well.

Module 13 ജൈവ ജീവിതം

13.1 ജൈവ ജീവിതം സിദ്ധാന്തവും പ്രയോഗവും

ഒരേ സമയം സൈദ്ധാന്തികതലവും നിത്യജീവിതത്തിലെ പ്രായോഗികതലവും അടങ്ങിയ കാഴ്ചപ്പാടും

ജീവിതശൈലിയുമെന്ന് ജൈവജീവിതത്തെ വിളിക്കാം. സൈദ്ധാന്തിക തലത്തില്‍ പ്രകൃതിയുടെ
അടിസ്ഥാന ഘടകങ്ങളോടും വിവിധ ജീവരൂപങ്ങള്‍ക്കിടയിലുള്ള പാരസ്പര്യത്തോടുമാണ് ജൈവജീവിതം
ചേര്‍ന്നു പോകുന്നത്. ചുരുങ്ങിയ വാക്കുകളില്‍ പ്രകൃതിയോടിണങ്ങി ജീവിക്കുക എന്നതാണ്
ജൈവജീവിതത്തിന്‍റെ അടിസ്ഥാനം. പ്രകൃതിയുടെ നിയമം ജീവിതത്തിന്‍റെ അടിസ്ഥാനമാക്കി
മാറ്റിയുള്ള ജീവിതമാണ് ഏറ്റവും ഉത്തമം.

ജൈവജീവിതത്തിന്‍റെ അടിസ്ഥാന താത്വിക സങ്കല്‍പങ്ങളെ ഇങ്ങനെ സംഗ്രഹിക്കാം. പ്രായോഗിക

തലത്തിലാകട്ടെ ഇലകൾ, പൂവുകൾ, കായ്കൾ, പഴങ്ങൾ, കിഴങ്ങുകൾ എന്നിവയിലേക്ക്
ഭക്ഷണശീലങ്ങളെ മാറ്റുക എന്നതാണ്. പൂര്‍ണ ജൈവജീവിത്തില്‍ പാചകം ചെയ്യുന്നതു പോലും
ആവശ്യമുള്ള കാര്യമായി മാറുന്നില്ല. മനുഷ്യന്‍റെ അടിസ്ഥാന ജൈവഘടന സസ്യങ്ങൾ മാത്രം
ആഹാരമാക്കുന്നതിനുള്ളതായതിനാല്‍ അതിനു വിരുദ്ധമായ ഏതു കാര്യവും ജൈവജീവിതത്തിനു
വിരുദ്ധമായി മാറുന്നു. രോഗങ്ങളുണ്ടാകുന്നത് ആഹാരത്തിലെ വൈരുദ്ധ്യങ്ങൾ നിമിത്തമാണെങ്കില്‍
രോഗമുക്തിയുണ്ടാകേണ്ടതും ആഹാരത്തിലൂടെ തന്നെയാകണം.

പ്രകൃതിയില്‍ നിന്നു നേരിട്ട് ആഹാരം സ്വീകരിക്കുന്ന ജീവജാലങ്ങള്‍ക്കൊന്നിനും രോഗങ്ങളില്ലാത്തതു

പോലെ മനുഷ്യനും പൂര്‍ണ ജൈവജീവിതത്തിലൂടെ രോഗമുക്തമായ ജീവിതം സാധിക്കുന്നതേയുള്ളൂ.
ചുരുക്കത്തില്‍ ആഹാരമാണ് രോഗകാരണവും രോഗപരിഹാര മാര്‍ഗവുമെന്നു ജൈവജീവിതം
വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നു. ജൈവജീവിത സങ്കല്‍പത്തിന്‍റെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തില്‍ സമീപനങ്ങളില്‍ കാതലായ മാറ്റം
ആവശ്യമായ പ്രധാന മേഖലകൾ കൃഷി, ആഹാരം, ആരോഗ്യരക്ഷ, വസ്ത്രധാരണം, ശരീരസൗന്ദര്യം,
പാര്‍പ്പിടം, ലഹരിമുക്ത ജീവിതം തുടങ്ങിയവയാണ്.

13.2 ജൈവകൃഷി
സസ്യഭുക്കുകളും മാംസഭുക്കുകളും മിശ്രഭുക്കുകളുമായ ഭൂമിയിലെ എല്ലാ ജീവജാലങ്ങളും തേടിത്തിന്നും
പെറുക്കിത്തിന്നും പറിച്ചുതിന്നും ജീവിക്കുന്നവയാണെങ്കില്‍ മനുഷ്യന്‍ എന്ന ഒരൊറ്റ ജീവി മാത്രമാണ്
കൃഷിചെയ്തുണ്ടാക്കിത്തിന്നും പാചകം ചെയ്തു തിന്നും ജീവിക്കുന്നത്. മനുഷ്യനു മാത്രമായ
രോഗങ്ങളുള്‍പ്പെടെയുള്ള പ്രശ്നങ്ങള്‍ക്കു മുഴുവന്‍ കാരണം തിരയേണ്ടതും ജീവിതശൈലിയിലെ ഈ
മാറ്റത്തിലാണ്.

നഗരവല്‍ക്കരണം പ്രകൃതിയെ അതിന്‍റെ സ്വാഭാവിക ക്രമങ്ങളില്‍ നിന്നു മാറ്റിയിരിക്കുന്നതിനാല്‍

മനുഷ്യനു കൃഷി ചെയ്ത് ആഹാരം സമ്പാദിക്കേണ്ടതായി വരുന്നു. എന്നിരിക്കിലും പരമാവധി പ്രകൃതിയുടെ
ക്രമങ്ങള്‍ക്കിണങ്ങിയതാവണം കാര്‍ഷിക സമ്പ്രദായങ്ങളെല്ലാം. നിത്യഹരിതവനമാകണം കര്‍ഷകന്‍റെ
പാഠപ്പുസ്തകം. ജൈവകൃഷി എന്ന സങ്കല്‍പത്തിന്‍റെ അടിസ്ഥാനം തന്നെ കാട്ടില്‍ നിന്നു പഠിക്കാനുള്ള
നല്ല മനസ്സാണ്. കാട്ടില്‍ ഒരു വിള മാത്രമായി വളരുന്നതേയില്ല. പലതട്ടില്‍ ഇലപടലവും പലതട്ടില്‍
വേരുപടലവും വ്യാപരിക്കുന്ന രീതിയില്‍ മരങ്ങളും ചെറുസസ്യങ്ങളും പുല്ലിനങ്ങളും കാടിന്‍റെ ഘടനയുടെ
അടിസ്ഥാനമായി മാറുന്നു. അതിനാലാണ് ജൈവകൃഷിയില്‍ സമ്മിശ്രകൃഷിക്ക് ഊന്നല്‍ നല്‍കുന്നത്.
വനത്തിനുള്ളില്‍ മരങ്ങളുടെ ഇലകൾ കൊഴിഞ്ഞു വീണ് മണ്ണിനെ പൂര്‍ണമായി ആവരണം
ചെയ്യുന്നതിനാല്‍ ജൈവകൃഷി പുതയിടലിനു വേണ്ടി നിലകൊള്ളുന്നു. ഇലകളുടെ ആവരണത്തിനു കീഴില്‍
സ്പോഞ്ചുപോലെയായ മേല്‍മണ്ണില്‍ നിന്ന് ഒരു തരി പോലും ഒലിച്ചു പോകുന്നില്ല, മണ്ണിനു താങ്ങാവുന്ന
പരമാവധിക്കു ശേഷമുള്ള വെള്ളം മാത്രമാണ് ഒഴുകിപ്പോകുന്നത്. അതിനാല്‍ ജൈവകൃഷി
വെള്ളത്തിന്‍റെയും മണ്ണിന്‍റെയും സംരക്ഷണത്തിനായി നിലകൊള്ളുന്നു.

കാട്ടിനുള്ളില്‍ രാസമൂലകങ്ങൾ ഒരു ചെടിയുടെയും ചുവട്ടില്‍ ആരും കൊണ്ടുപോയി ഇടുന്നില്ല.

സാമൂഹ്യവനവല്‍ക്കരണത്തിലും മറ്റും വളമിട്ടു വളര്‍ത്തുന്ന മരങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് കാടായി മാറാന്‍ കഴിയാതെ
പോകുന്നതും ഇതുകൊണ്ടാണ്. കാട് കീടങ്ങളെ കാണുന്നത് കീടങ്ങളായല്ല, വെറും പ്രാണികളായാണ്.
ഇവയോരോന്നും പ്രകൃതിയുടെ സ്വാഭാവികമായ ഭക്ഷ്യശൃംഘലയിലെ കണ്ണികൾ മാത്രമാണ്.

ജൈവകൃഷിക്കും രോഗങ്ങളോടും കീടങ്ങളോടുമുള്ള സമീപനം ഇതു തന്നെയാണ്. പ്രാണികൾ

എപ്പോഴെങ്കിലും കൃഷിക്ക് പ്രശ്നകാരികളായി മാറിയാല്‍ പലതരം കെണികൾ കൊണ്ടോ മിത്രപ്രാണികളെ
കൊണ്ടോ മാത്രമാണ് അവയെ നിയന്ത്രിക്കേണ്ടത്. മിത്രപ്രാണികൾ ഉള്‍പ്പെടെയുള്ള പ്രാണിവര്‍ഗത്തെ
ഇല്ലായ്മ ചെയ്യുന്ന വിഷങ്ങൾ കൃഷിയില്‍ അനുവദിക്കാന്‍ സാധ്യമല്ല. കീടനാശിനികളെ സംബന്ധിച്ച
അടിസ്ഥാന തത്വം ജൈവകൃഷിയും പരമപ്രധാനമായി കരുതുന്നു. കീടനാശിനികൾ പ്രശ്നകാരികളായ
പ്രാണികളെ കൊല്ലും, ഉപകാരികളായ പ്രാണികളെ അടുത്തതായി കൊല്ലും, ഇവ പ്രയോഗിക്കുന്ന
മനുഷ്യനെ അവസാനം കൊല്ലും. പച്ചിലകളും വിസര്‍ജ്യവസ്തുക്കളും മാത്രം വളമായി ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്നതും
കാട്ടില്‍ നിന്നു പഠിക്കുന്ന പാഠത്തിന്‍റെ വെളിച്ചത്തിലാണ്. ഇങ്ങനെ ഉല്‍പാദിപ്പിക്കുന്ന ഭക്ഷണം
മാത്രമാണ് പ്രകൃതിയില്‍ നിന്നു നേരിട്ടു ലഭിക്കുന്ന ഭക്ഷണത്തിന്‍റെ അടുത്തെങ്കിലുമെത്തുന്നത്.

13.3 ജൈവ ഭക്ഷണം

ജൈവജീവിത തത്വപ്രകാരം ഭക്ഷണമെന്നത് പൂര്‍ണമായിരിക്കണം, പുതിയതായിരിക്കണം,

ജീവസുറ്റതായിരിക്കണം, ദഹനവിധേയമായിരിക്കണം, ഭൂരിഭാഗവും ക്ഷാരാംശം
അടങ്ങിയതായിരിക്കണം.പൂര്‍ണത്തില്‍ നിന്നു പൂര്‍ണമുണ്ടാകുന്നു എന്ന ദര്‍ശനം തന്നെയാണ് ഭക്ഷണം
പൂര്‍ണമായിരിക്കണം എന്നതിന്‍റെ അടിസ്ഥാനവും. ശരീരം പൂര്‍ണമാണെങ്കില്‍ അതിനു പൂര്‍ണമായ
ഭക്ഷണം തന്നെയായിരിക്കണം ലഭിക്കേണ്ടത്. കുത്തിവെളുപ്പിച്ച അരിയും തൊലികളഞ്ഞ പരിപ്പും
കരിമ്പിന്‍ നീരില്‍ നിന്നു മധുരം മാത്രമെടുത്ത പഞ്ചസാരയുമെല്ലാം എങ്ങനെയാണ് പൂര്‍ണമാകുന്നത്.
പ്രകൃതിയുടെ സൃഷ്ടിയായ മനുഷ്യരും അവര്‍ കഴിക്കുന്ന ആഹാരവുമെല്ലാം അതില്‍ തന്നെ എല്ലായ്പോഴും
പൂര്‍ണമാണ്. മനുഷ്യന്‍ ആഹാരത്തെ പൂര്‍ണമല്ലാതാക്കി കഴിക്കുന്നതോടെ അവന്‍ തന്നെ
പൂര്‍ണതയില്ലാത്തവനായി മാറുന്നു.

പാചകം കൂടാതെ ആഹാരം കഴിക്കാന്‍ മനുഷ്യനു സാധിക്കില്ലെന്നു സമ്മതിച്ചാല്‍ തന്നെപാചകത്തിനു

ശേഷം നിശ്ചിത സമയത്തിനുള്ളില്‍ അതിനെ ആഹരിക്കുന്നതില്‍ ശ്രദ്ധ ആവശ്യമാണ്. പാചകം ചെയ്ത
ഭക്ഷണം കഴിക്കുന്നത് ഏറ്റവും വലിയ പാതകമായി മാറുന്നത് നിശ്ചിത സമയത്തിനുശേഷം അതു
കഴിക്കുമ്പോഴാണ്. പരമാവധി മൂന്നു മണിക്കൂര്‍ കഴിഞ്ഞാല്‍ ഭക്ഷണം വിഘടനപ്രവര്‍ത്തനത്തിനു
വിധേയമാകുന്നു, അഥവാ അഴുകാന്‍ തുടങ്ങുന്നു. ഇങ്ങനെ അഴുകാന്‍ തുടങ്ങിയ ഭക്ഷണം കഴിക്കുന്നതില്‍
നിന്നാണ് രോഗങ്ങളുടെ വരവ്. ടിന്നുകളിലും മറ്റും സംരക്ഷക വസ്തുക്കളും സ്വാദുദായകങ്ങളും ചേര്‍ത്ത്
സൂക്ഷിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന ഭക്ഷണം കഴിക്കുമ്പോൾ സംഭവിക്കുന്നത് ശരീരത്തെ വിഷങ്ങള്‍ക്കു
തുറന്നുകൊടുക്കുകയാണ്. ഭക്ഷണം ജീവസുറ്റതായിരിക്കണമെന്ന സങ്കല്‍പം പാചകത്തെയും
സംസ്കരണത്തെയും പൂര്‍ണമായി നിരാകരിക്കുന്നതാണ്.

ഭക്ഷണം നാം കഴിക്കുന്ന സമയത്ത് നിര്‍ജീവ വസ്തുവാണെങ്കിലും അതിനു മുമ്പ് അതൊരു ജീവനുള്ള
വസ്തുവായിരുന്നു. ജീവനുള്ള അവസ്ഥയില്‍ നിന്നു നിര്‍ജീവാവസ്ഥയെ പ്രാപിക്കുന്നതു
തടയാനാവില്ലെങ്കിലും കൊന്നു തിന്നുന്നതിനു തുല്യമാണ് അവയെ പാചകം ചെയ്തു തിന്നുന്നത്.
എല്ലാത്തരം പഴങ്ങളും നാളികേരം, കാരറ്റ്, വെള്ളരിക്ക, കോവയ്ക്ക, തക്കാളി തുടങ്ങി പച്ചയായി തന്നെ
കഴിക്കാവുന്ന വസ്തുക്കൾ നിരവധിയാണ്. ഇങ്ങനെ ജീവനുള്ളതല്ലെങ്കിലും ജീവസുറ്റ ഭക്ഷണമാണ് ഉത്തമം.
ദഹനവിധേയമായിരിക്കണം ഭക്ഷണമെന്നു പറയുന്നതിന്‍റെ അര്‍ഥം ദഹനവിധേയമല്ലാത്ത വസ്തുക്കൾ
അവയില്‍ ചേര്‍ക്കാന്‍ അനുവദിക്കരുതെന്നാണ്. ഉദാഹരണത്തിന് പഴങ്ങൾ പഴകുന്തോറും അഴുകുകയും
കൃമികീടങ്ങളുടെ ഭക്ഷണമായി അവ മാറുകയും ചെയ്യും. ഇതിനെ തടയുന്നതിനാണ് ഉപ്പ്, വിനാഗിരി,
രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ തുടങ്ങിയവ ഉപയോഗിക്കേണ്ടതായി വരുന്നത്. ഇങ്ങനെ ചേര്‍ക്കുന്ന വസ്തുക്കളൊക്കെ
ദഹനവ്യവസ്ഥയ്ക്കു നിരക്കുന്നവയല്ല. അതിനാലാണ് ഭക്ഷണം ദഹനവിധേയമായിരിക്കണമെന്നു
പറയുന്നത്.

മനുഷ്യശരീരത്തിന്‍റെ എണ്‍പതു ശതമാനവും ക്ഷാരാംശമുള്ള ഘടകങ്ങൾ കൊണ്ടാണ്

നിര്‍മിതമായിരിക്കുന്നത്. അതിനാല്‍ മനുഷ്യന്‍റെ ഭക്ഷണവും ക്ഷാരഗുണത്തിനു പ്രാധാന്യം
നല്‍കുന്നതായിരിക്കണം. ഇലക്കറികൾ, പച്ചനിറമുള്ള പച്ചക്കറികൾ, നീര് പിഴിഞ്ഞെടുക്കാവുന്ന
പഴങ്ങൾ, മാംസളമായ പഴങ്ങൾ, ധാന്യങ്ങളുടെ തവിട്, മുളപ്പിച്ച ധാന്യങ്ങൾ തുടങ്ങിയവയാണ്
ക്ഷാരഗുണപ്രധാനമായ ഭക്ഷണങ്ങൾ.

13.4 ജൈവ ആരോഗ്യരക്ഷ

മനുഷ്യശരീരത്തില്‍ അധിഷ്ഠിതമായിരിക്കുന്ന ജീവനെ ആശ്രയിച്ചാണ് ജൈവ ആരോഗ്യരക്ഷ

എന്നസങ്കല്‍പം തന്നെ നിലനില്‍ക്കുന്നത്. എന്താണ് ശരീരമെന്ന് ആദ്യമേ തിരിച്ചറിയേണ്ടിയിരിക്കുന്നു.
ജീവന്‍റെ വാസസ്ഥലം മാത്രമാണ് ശരീരം. എപ്പോൾ ജീവന്‍ പിരിയുന്നോ അപ്പോൾ മുതല്‍ ശരീരം
അഴുകിപ്പോകാന്‍ തുടങ്ങുന്നു. ഗര്‍ഭത്തില്‍ ശരീരസൃഷ്ടി നടത്തി പിന്നീട് പൂര്‍ണശക്തിയിലെത്തിച്ച
ജീവശക്തിക്ക് ശരീരത്തില്‍ എവിടെയെങ്കിലും കേടുപാടു സംഭവിക്കുകയോ രോഗം വരുകയോ ചെയ്താല്‍
അത് ശരിയാക്കാനുള്ള അറിവും കഴിവുമുണ്ട്. നാം ചെയ്യേണ്ടത് ജീവശക്തിക്ക് ശരീരത്തെ
നന്നാക്കിയെടുക്കാനുള്ള സമയവും സഹകരണവും നല്‍കുക എന്നതു മാത്രമാണ്. ജൈവജീവനം തന്നെ
ജൈവആരോഗ്യരക്ഷ അഥവാ ജൈവചികിത്സയായി മാറുന്നു.

ജൈവ ആരോഗ്യരക്ഷയുടെ അടിസ്ഥാന തത്വങ്ങൾ ചുവടെ പറയുന്നവയാണ്. , അന്നം തന്നെ ഔഷധം,

രോഗം ഒന്നേയുള്ളൂ, രോഗകാരണവും ഒന്നു തന്നെ-ശരീരത്തിലെ മാലിന്യം, മരുന്നും ഒന്നേയുള്ളൂ-ആഹാരം
മാത്രം, ചികിത്സയും ഒന്നേയുള്ളൂ-ആഹാരം,

13.5 ജൈവ വസ്ത്രധാരണം

മനുഷ്യന്‍ മാത്രമാണ് പ്രകൃതിയില്‍ വസ്ത്രത്തില്‍ വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നതും അതിനാല്‍ തന്നെ സ്വന്തം ശരീരത്തില്‍

അപമാനം കണ്ടെത്തുന്നതും. പരമാവധി മൂടിപ്പൊതിഞ്ഞു കൊണ്ടു നടക്കുന്നത് സംസ്കാരത്തിന്‍റെ
അടയാളമായി കണക്കാക്കുമ്പോൾ വസ്ത്രത്തെ നിഷേധിക്കേണ്ടതില്ല. എങ്കില്‍ പോലും വെളിച്ചവും കാറ്റും
ലഭിക്കുക എന്നതു ശരീരത്തിന്‍റെ അവകാശമാണ്. അയവുള്ള വസ്ത്രങ്ങൾ, ഏറ്റവും ആവശ്യമായ തോതില്‍
മാത്രം ധരിക്കുക എന്നതാണ് ജൈവ വസ്ത്രധാരണത്തിന്‍റെ അടിസ്ഥാനം.

13.6 ജൈവ പാര്‍പ്പിടം

മനുഷ്യന്‍ മാത്രമാണ് കോണ്‍ക്രീറ്റ് അറയ്ക്കുള്ളില്‍ സ്വയം തളച്ചിടുന്നത്. ആധുനിക നിര്‍മിതികളെല്ലാം

കാറ്റിനെയും പ്രകൃതിയുടെ വെളിച്ചത്തെയും നിഷേധിക്കുകയാണ് ചെയ്യുന്നത്. പരമാവധി കാറ്റും വെളിച്ചവും
കടന്നുവരുന്ന ഭവനനിര്‍മിതിയാണ് ജൈവജീവിതത്തിനാവശ്യം

13.7 ജൈവസൗന്ദര്യരക്ഷ

സൗന്ദര്യ സംരക്ഷണം സര്‍വ അതിരുകളും ലംഘിച്ച് ശരീരത്തോട് കടുത്ത പാതകം മാത്രം ചെയ്യുന്ന
അവസ്ഥയിലാണ് നാം ജീവിക്കുന്നത്. കൃത്രിമ വസ്തുക്കളും ലേപനങ്ങളും കൊണ്ട് സംരക്ഷിക്കേണ്ടതല്ല
മനുഷ്യന്‍റെ ചര്‍മവും നഖങ്ങളും നേത്രങ്ങളും രോമങ്ങളും. സൗന്ദര്യസംരക്ഷണം ആവശ്യമാണെന്നു
കരുതുന്നെങ്കില്‍ അതിനാല്‍ പ്രകൃതിയില്‍ നിന്നു നേരിട്ടു കിട്ടുന്ന വസ്തുക്കളെ മാത്രം ആശ്രയിക്കുകയാണ്
വേണ്ടത്.

13.8 ലഹരിമുക്ത ജീവിതം

ആധുനിക ജീവിതത്തിന്‍റെ അടിസ്ഥാനമായി പലതരം ലഹരികള്‍ മാറിയിരിക്കുകയാണ്. വെറും
പുകയിലയോ പുളിപ്പിച്ച കള്ളോ മാത്രം ലഹരിയായി ഉപയോഗിച്ചിരുന്ന കാലം എത്രയോ ദൂരെയാണ്.
ഇന്നിപ്പോള്‍ പത്രങ്ങളിലും ദൃശ്യമാധ്യമങ്ങളിലും നിത്യേന കാണുന്ന വാര്‍ത്തയായി മയക്കുമരുന്നു വേട്ടകള്‍
മാറിയിരിക്കുന്നു. ജീവിതത്തെ അതില്‍ തന്നെ ആനന്ദം കണ്ടെത്താന്‍ കഴിയുന്ന വിധം മാറ്റിയെടുക്കാന്‍
മാംസബദ്ധമോ ഇന്ദ്രിയബദ്ധമോ അല്ലാത്ത നിരവധി മാര്‍ഗങ്ങളുണ്ടായിരിക്കെയാണ് പുകയിലും
പുകയിലയിലും സൂചിത്തുമ്പിലും പാനീയങ്ങളിലും ആനന്ദം കണ്ടെത്താന്‍ മനുഷ്യന്‍ ശ്രമിക്കുന്നത്.
പരമ്പരാഗതമായി ഉപയോഗിച്ചു പോരുന്ന കള്ളില്‍ നിന്നു തന്നെ തുടങ്ങിയാലും ഒരു കാര്യം
മനസ്സിലാക്കാനുള്ളത് ലോകത്തിന്നുവരെ ഒരു മരം പോലും കള്ളു തരുന്നതായില്ല. അതിന്‍റെ പൂക്കുല
തല്ലിച്ചതച്ച് ജീവശക്തിയെ പൂര്‍ണമായി കെടുത്തിയശേഷം ഉത്തേജക വസ്തുക്കള്‍ പുരട്ടി ഊറ്റിയെടുക്കുന്ന
പാനീയമാണ് കള്ള്. ഒരു ചെടിയുടെ ഇല മുറിച്ചെടുത്ത് പാതി അഴുകാന്‍ അനുവദിച്ച ശേഷം ഉണക്കി
മടക്കിയെടുക്കുന്നതാണ് പുകയില. ഇതിനെ ഫാക്ടറികളില്‍ സംരക്ഷകവസ്തുക്കള്‍ ചേര്‍ത്ത്
രാസമാര്‍ഗത്തില്‍ പൊടിച്ചെടുക്കുന്നതാണ് സിഗരറ്റുകളിലും മറ്റും നിറയ്ക്കുന്ന ഏറ്റവും നിരുപദ്രവമെന്നു
കരുതുന്ന ലഹരിവസ്തുക്കളുടെ നിര്‍മാണം പോലും എത്ര പ്രകൃതിവിരുദ്ധമാണെന്ന് ഇതില്‍ നിന്നു
തെളിയുന്നു. കുത്തിവയ്ക്കുന്ന ലഹരിവസ്തുക്കളാകട്ടെ സംസ്കരണ ശാലകളില്‍ കൃത്രിമമായി തയ്യാര്‍ ചെയ്യുന്ന
രാസവസ്തുക്കള്‍ മാത്രമാണ്. മനുഷ്യന്‍റെ ഉപയോഗത്തിനു വേണ്ടി പ്രകൃതി നിശ്ചയിച്ചിട്ടില്ലാത്ത
വസ്തുക്കളാണ് മനുഷ്യനു വേണ്ടി പ്രകൃതി നിശ്ചയിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന വസ്തുക്കളെക്കാള്‍ പതിന്മടങ്ങുള്ളത്. നൂറു
കണക്കിനു കൂണുകളുള്ള പ്രകൃതിയില്‍ വിരലിലെണ്ണാവുന്ന കൂണുകള്‍ മാത്രമാണ് മനുഷ്യന്
ആഹാരയോഗ്യമായിട്ടുള്ളത് എന്നതു പോലെയാണ് നൂറുകണക്കിനു പൂക്കളും ഇലകളുമുള്ള ലോകത്ത്
മനുഷ്യനു പറഞ്ഞിട്ടില്ലാത്ത കഞ്ചാവിന്‍റെയും പുകയിലയുടെയും കാര്യം. ഇവയൊക്കെ
പ്രകൃതിജന്യമല്ലേയെന്ന ചോദ്യം പോലും പരിഗണന അര്‍ഹിക്കുന്നതല്ല. ശരീരത്തിന്‍റെ ഓരോ
അവയവത്തിനും അനുവദനീയമായിരിക്കുന്ന ഉത്തേജനത്തിന്‍റെ പരിധികള്‍ ലംഘിക്കുന്നവ മാത്രമാണ്
ലഹരി വസ്തുക്കള്‍. ഇങ്ങനെ പരിധികളെ അതിലംഘിക്കാന്‍ മനുഷ്യനെ പ്രകൃതി അനുവദിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്
മസ്തിഷ്കത്തിന്‍റെ ബൗദ്ധിക വ്യാപാരങ്ങളുടെയും ആത്മീയതയുടെയും അന്വേഷണങ്ങളില്‍ മാത്രമാണ്.
ലഹരിവസ്തുക്കള്‍ ഇതിനു പകരം നാഡികളുടെയും ഞരമ്പുകളുടെയും രക്തസഞ്ചാരത്തിന്‍റെയും
ചിന്തയുടെയും ലോകത്ത് പ്രകൃതി വിരുദ്ധമായ രീതികളില്‍ കയറിയിടപെടുകയാണ് ചെയ്യുന്നത്.
ഇവയ്ക്കൊക്കെ ഒരേയൊരു അവസ്ഥയിലേക്കു മാത്രമേ മനുഷ്യനെ കൊണ്ടുപോകാന്‍
സാധിക്കുകയുള്ളൂ-മാറാരോഗങ്ങളിലേക്കും പ്രാണഹത്യയിലേക്കും മാത്രം. അതുകൊണ്ടാണ് ലഹരിയുടെ
പിടിയിലകപ്പെട്ടയാളെ രക്ഷിക്കാന്‍ പില്‍ക്കാലത്ത് ജൈവജീവിതത്തിന്‍റെ സാത്വിക ക്രമങ്ങള്‍ക്കു
പോലും സാധിക്കാതെ വരുന്നത്.