Maxima and Minima of Functions (Two Variables) 283

12.4 LAGRANGE METHOD OF UNDETERMINED MULTIPLIERS

a
Let f (1, y, z) be function of three variables X, y, zand the variables be connected
by the relation.
(x, y, z) = 0 ..(1)
f(a, y, z) to have stationary values.
= 0, =0, =0
dy
dr+ dy +d dz = 0 .(2)
oy
differentiation of (1), we get
By total
dx + dy + = 0 .(3)
dy
Multiplying (3) by and adding to (2), we get
dy+ado dy
dx dx dy oy
+dz +aJz dz=0oole?
dx + à (af +2
Jx dy dz z
This equation will hold good if
+ 2 = 0 .(4)

Of +2 = 0 .5)
dy
af +2 = 0 ..(6)
z

On solving (1), (4), (5), (6), we can find the values of x, y, z and 2 for which
f(, y, z) has stationary value.
Draw Back in Lagrange method is that the nature of stationary point cannot be
determined.
Example 18. Find the point upon the plane ax + by + cz =p at which the function
(Nagpur University, Winter 2000)
has a minimum value and find this minimum f.
Solution. We have, f= t y ' + o ...(1)
ax + by + cz = p = ax + by - cz- p ...(2)
= 0 2x + 2 a= 0
2
-2b
-+ = 0 2y + 2 b = 0
dy 2

2 z+ c= 0
2
284 Applied Engineering Mathematics
Substituting the values of x, y, z in (2), we get

=
-2p
a +b² +c2
bp
ap
y= a'+b²+c2 Cp
a'+b² +e? a +b +
a²p²shb²p2
The minimum value of f= +
(a? +b'+c?' (a' +b' +c'y (a+b +c?
p°(a +b' +c')p²
(a'+b?+c} a+b² +e? Ans.
Example 19. Find the maximum value of u = x y z when the variables X, y, Zare
to the condition ax + by + cz = ptq t T. subjes
Solution. Here, we haveu=x y z
If log u = p log x+q log y+r log z
pu

qu
udy dy y
du ru
u dz
ax + by + cz = ptq+ r
(x, y, z) = ax + by + cz - p-q-r
= 0, = b, = C

Lagranges equations are

pu
+ = 0 + a = 0 ’ =
dx
|
+
Oy + 2b = 0 y=

ru
=0 -+c = 0 ’ z=
Putting in (2), we have
pu q ru

(p+q+r) =p+q+r, ’
x=Pu PP
 and Minima of Functions (Two Variables) 285

y=--qu
-ub
ru -U r

C
we have
Ptingin (1),
Maximum value of u = Ans.

Example20. Show that the stationary value of u = "y2

m"n"p aM+1+p
(Nagpur Universtiy, Summer 2003)
(m+n+p)+n+p
Solution. Here, wwe have u =
= X y+ Z- a
and
l1)
.2)
du
= me"y" , = 1
dx
du = n "
= 1
dy dy
ou =p y -1 = 1
dz dz
By Lagrange's Method e S)6
+2 = 0 mM-1 y'z + à = 0 ...3)

+7 = 0 n "y+à = 0 ..(4)
dy
+ = 0 p"y-l+à = 0 no 5)
Maltiplying (3),(4), (5) by x, y, zrespectively and adding, we get
xy z (m + n + p) + ^ (x +y+z) = 0
xyz (m + n + p) + a = 0 [From (2)]
x"yz' (m tn +p)
Puting the value of 2 in (3), we get
y_yz (m+n+p) =0 ’ m +x (m +ntP)0
m l
m m+n+p

am

m+n+p

Similarly an

M+n+p
286 sApplied Engineering Mathematics
ap
and
m+n+p
Putting the values of x, y and z in (1), we get
am ap
u=
m+1+p m+n+p 11+n+p
m"n"p'aM tn+p
14=
(m+n+p)" tn +p Proved.
Example 21. Shouw that the rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be inscribed in
a sphere is a cube.
Solution. Let 2x, 2y, 2z be the length, breadth and height of the rectarngular solid
Let R be the radius of the sphere.
Volume of solid V = 8x .y.z -.1)
...2)
¢(, y, z) = +y+- R= 0

+ 2 = 0 8/z + 2 (2r) = 0 ...(3)

-+ =0 &r z+ ^(2 ) = 0 ..4) ----

dy dy R,

+2 =0 ’ 8xy + (2 z) = 0 .5) X
z

From (3) 22x = - 8y z 22 = - 8x y Z

From (4) 2 2 y = -8x z 22= - 8x y z
From (5) 2 z = - 8x y 22Z= -8x y z
2 2 = 2 2y=2
X = y= Z
Hence rectangular solid is a cube. Proved.
Example 22. Ifx, y, zare the length of the perpendiculars dropped any point Pto the thre
sides of atriangle of constant area A, find the minimum value of x + y +z.
(Nagpur University, Summer 2004)
Solution. Let x, y, z are the length of the perpendiculars dropped from point P to the
three sides a, b and c of a triangle.
Area (A ABC) = Area (A PBC) + Area (A PAC) + Area (A PAB)
1 1
Area of triangle =xa +,yb+,2e
1 1
A=Xa+
2 2yb+zc ...1)
1 1 1 B<
(3, y, z) = 5*0 +5yb +zc-A =0
 Maxima and Minima of Functions (Two Variables) 287
F(x, y, z) = t+ +2
Lagranges multiplier method
OF
-+ = 0
dx 2x+2-a = 0 ...2)
2
-+2 = 0
oy dy 2y+^=b
2
=0 ...3)
OF 1
-+2=0 2z+=c =0
dz dz 2 ...(4)
Multiplying (2) by x, (3) by y and (4) by z and adding, we get
2(° +y +z)+y 1 1
= 0

2 F+2A = 0

2F 1
From (2), 2x -a = 0 aF
A'2 2A

From (3), 2y- 2F = 0

y =
bF
A 2
From (4), 22 2F 1 Z =
CF
2As
Putting the values of x, y, z in (1), we get
A =
1 aF 1bF 1 cF .C F
-.a + -.b+ =
22A 22A 22A 4Aiswbns (0) roenl
4A? = F (a + + ) F=
a?+b² +c
44'
Hence, x +y + = Ans.
a'+b² +c2
Example 23. A rectangular box, which is open at the top, has a capacity of 256 cubic feet.
Determine the dimensions of the box such that the least material is required for the construction
of the box. Use Lagrange's method of multipliers to obtain the solution.
Solution. Let x, y, z be the length, breadth and height of the box.
( W Volume = xyz = 256 ’ xyz - 256 = 0 ...1)
(x, y, z) = xy z - 256
Let S be the material surface of the bOx.
S = xy + 2y z + 2 zx X

= y+2z and = y z

= X + 2z and = XZ
dy dy
= 2y + 2r and
 288
Let
Solution. ExampleHence, From(1) From From Multiplying Multiplying Multiplying(2by
) By
the Lagrange's
(6) (5) 2
co-ordinates length ts yz y y Xy Xy
Area Let, 24. and and
AB + + + + +
Find (7), (6), 2 (4) (3) 2 2
= = ABCD =hou 2 xz 2 2
yz XZ xZ dz dy
=-1=0, breadth xy we Xy we yz by 2y yz by y method
A 2x, the + + + + + -+
+ + + A z, + 256 y, + 256 getwex,
(2r)
= BCof be area s 256
yZ = 2have 2
have 2 yz we 2 we 2
point the yz xZ zx yz xyz XZ 2 yz dz of
= = of = x get get
(2y) 2y = = = = = = = = = = 0’ -0 =
multiplier,
rectangle. 1
=
A Xy - 0 0 0
a 8, = 256 = 2 - 0 0 -256 0
greatestheight 8,
= be yz + 256 256 1
4 (x , y + 2
xy, = yz 2
dx
2x
d y). rectangle = 8, xz2 we
4.e ñ=
z 11 2y have
= 512 2 X+
4 yz + y
+
that 2x 2z Engineering
Mathematics
Applied
+ 2z
dy can ’ 2 + +
(Nagpur xz
+à
2
2y be y Xy xz + 256)
(yz = xy xz
= = yz
inscribed 8 = = 256 = = =
4x University, 2 2 2 0 0 0
nth xz yz =
in sit ’ ’ 0
an
Winter star y= X=y
ellipse
2z
2001) Ans. 6)
o ..5)
. .(1) .4) ..3) ..2)
 289
and Minima of Functions (Two Variables)
Maxima
ByLagrange's method
B
A(X )
-+à = 0

2.r =0 à= 2ya
.(2)

= 0
...(3)
= 0
Puttingthe value of 2 from (2) in (3), we get

2ya 2y) =0 9 b n i [From (2)]

4x

b2

Bo .(4)
a

Putting the value from (4) in =1, we get

JL
2x2
= 1 a
=1
a

X = t w bre (Saot velni

V2
b
Similarly, y =

Area = 4xy = 4 = 2ab

2ab Ans.
Hence, area of greatest rectangle inscribed in the ellipse =
largest
Example 25. Use the method of the Lagrange's multipliers to find the volume of the
Tectangular parallelopiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid
+

(Nagpur Univesity, Sumner 2008, Winter 2003)

(A.M.I.E.T.E., Summer 2004, U.P., I Semester, Winter 2002, 2000)

= 1
Solution. Here, we have

(x, y, z) = -1=0 ...(1)

Let 2x, 2y, 2z be the length, breadth and height of tthe rectarngular parallelopiped
Nscribed in the ellipsoid.
y (21) (2y) (2z) = 8 xyz
OV
= 8 yz; =8xz, = 8xy
dx Oy
290 Applied Engineering MathematicsI
d 2x do 2y d 2z
dy b
Lagrange's equations are
2x
+2 =0 8yz + A = 0
..1)
a

+2 = 0 8 xZ + 2y = 0
dy dy ..2)
2z
+ = 0 8 xy + =0
.3)
dz dz
H Multiplying (1), (2) and (3) by x, y, z respectively and adding, we get
24xyz + 22 = 0

24 xyz + 2 2 (1) = 0 2 = -12 xyz

Putting the value of in (1), we get
2x 312
8 yz + (- 12 yz) = 0 ’ o1- = 0 is

X=
V3
Similarly from (2) and (3), we have
b C
y =

Volume of the largest rectangular parallelopiped = 8 xyz

8 abc
Ans.

Example 26. The pres1ure P at any point (x, y, z) in space is P =400 xyz. Find the highest
temperature at the surface of aunit sphere x +y + =1. (Gujarat, I Semester, Jan. 2009)
Solution. We have, P= 400 x y z
+ + = 1, (, y, z) = + +-1
-+ = 0 400 y z² + 2 (2 x) = 0 ..1)
dx

+2 = 0 + 400 x z +à (2 y) = 0 ...2)
dy oy
OP
-+ = 0 ’ 800 xy z + (2 z) = 0 M C x od ..(3)
dz
Multiplying (1) by x, (2) by y and (3) by z and adding, we get
1600 x yz + 22 (a'+y + ) = 0
1600 x y z + 20. (1) = 0 (++ 2=1)
Maximaand Minima
of
Functions (Two Variables) 291

=- 800 x y z
Putting the value of in ), we
get
400 y z + 2 x (- 800 x y z) = 0
1-4x = 0’x= t 1
Similarly,
a2
On putting the value of in (3), we get
800 x y z - 1600 x yz' = 0
1-2 2 = 0 ’ z = t
V2
On putting the values of x, y, z in P, we get
111
hb P= 400 x -x÷x÷=50 Ans.
2 22
Example 27. Ascope proble in the shape of ellipsoid 43 + + 42 = 16 enters the earth
atmosphere and tts surface begins to heat. After one hour the temperature at the point
(x. y, 2) on the surface is T(*, y, z) =8 +4yz - 16z +600. Find the hottest point on the
probe surface. (Nagpur University, Summer 2001)
Solution. Given temperature on the surface (x, y, z) is
T (x, y, z) = 8r + 4yz 16z + 600 ...(1)
and ellipsoid is 4r + + 42 = 16
Let = 4r + + 42 - 16 = 0 ...2)
OT
=16x, and = 8x
àx

= 4z, and = 2y
OT
= 4y - 16, and = 8z

By Lagrange's method
+2 = 0 16x + 8 àx = 0 ...3)

+ = 0 4z + 22y = 0 ..(4)
dy dy
+2 =0 ’ 4y- 16 + 8 2z = 0 ..5)
From (3), À= -2
Putting the value of h in (4) and (5), we get Z y= 0
4z + 2(- 2) y= 0
and 4y - 16 + 8 (- 2) z =0 y- 42 = 4 ...7)
 aolssApplied Engineering Mathematics
292
Adding (6) and (7), we get
4
-32 = 4 and z =
3

4
From (6), y=z= -
On putting the values of y and z in (2), we get
16 4
-16 = 0 9
4 -4 -4

Hence, the hottest points on the probe surface is 33' 3 Ans.

base of side 2a, has its four-side vertical
Example 28. A tent of a given volume has a square height h. Find the values of a and h
regular pyramid of
of length b and is surmounted by a required
terms of h such that the canvas for its construction is minimum.
in tent.
surface of the
Solution. Let V be the volume and S be the
1
1
V= 4a'b+(4a') h [Volume of pyramid =
73 Area of the base x heightl

1
height)
S= 8ab+ 4a va' +h² [Surface Area of pyramid = perimeter xslant

-+ =0 bioegils brs
da

4a'
8b + 4 Na+h + = 0 ...1)
3

-+ =0 8 a +4 2 a = 0 ..2)

4 ah
à-+
hh
= 0 + =0 ..3)

From (2) àa+2 = 0 o2a =-2 ..4)

From (3) 12ah +42aNa'+h² = 0

3h+hava'+h = 0 ..5)
Substituting the value of 2. a from (4) in (5), we get
3h -2/a +h = 0 ’ 9#= 4a' + 4 4r =5

2
Maxima and Minima of Functions (Two Variables) 293

Substituting à a =-2and a = V5 hin (1) and

2 simplifying, we get
8b + 4
5 + h² + 57
=0
V4 51
4

10 h 16h
8b+ 6h + - 16 b =0
3 3

- 8b + 4h = 0 h
b=
2

Thus, when a V5,

2
-h and b=
2
we get the stationary value of S. Ans.

Example 29. Find the maximum and ninimum distances of the point (3, 4, 12) from the
sphere x +y+= 1.
Solution. Let the c0-ordinates of the given point be (x, y, z), then its distance (D) from
(3, 4, 12).

D = (r-3) +(y-4' +(z-12)2

F(, y, z) =(r-3² + (y - 4)° + (2- 12)
t+y+2 -1
(x, y, z) = tt +-1
-+h- = 2 (r - 3) + 2 2 x = 0 .(1)

-+2 = 2 (y- 4) + 2 2 y = 0 ..(2)

Oy dy
+ = 2(z - 12) + 2 z= 0 ...3)
z

Multiplying (1) by x, (2) by y and (3) by z and adding, we get

(+y+ 2)- 3* 4y-12z + (+y + z) = 0
1- 3x - 4y 12 z + =0 ()
3
From (1) 1+2
...5)
4
From (2) 1+2
..(6)
12
From (3) Z=
1+2
..(7)
Putting these values of x, y, z in (4),we have
9 16 144
1+2- -=0 (1 + 2) = 169
1+2 1+ 1+à
1+2= t 13
 alsn Applied Engineering
294
Putting the value of 1+ à in (5), (6) and (7) we have the points
Mathematics,-\
3 4 12)-3-4-12
and
13 13 13, 13 13 ' 13
2

The minimum distance --12 = 12

2
= 14
The m£ imum distance Ans.

Example 30. Use the method of Lagrange's multipliers to find the extreme values of
=1.
f(1, y, z)= 2r + 3y + z subject to +y = 5 and x + z
a o (Uttarakhand, I Semester, Dec. 2006
Solution. Let f(, y, z) = 2r + 3y + z .1)
(r, y) = r+y-5 ..2)
r (r, z) = x+ z - 1 ..3)
Lagranges Multipliers Equations are
= 0

+ = 0

= 0
z

2 + (2x) + u (1) = 0 ..49)

3 + ^ (2y) + u (0) = 0 .5)
l=-1 ..6)
1+ 2(0) + u(1) = 0
Putting the value of u in (4) and (5), we get
1
2 + 2 2x-1 = 0 2 x=-1, = 22
ibbe bis brt d S ) d o i3 u l
3+ 2 ^ y = 0 C-’ 2 y=-3, y=
22

Putting the values of x, y in + y' = 5, we get

422
1
+
4125 10
422 5 2 121

1
A=t
H
1 1
We know that X=
2 2
2
3_43 V23
2225
 295
Maxima and Minima of Functions (Two Variables)
1
From (3), x + z 1
z1-x =1
1 3
Putting and z = 1 - in (1), we get
2 9 1 10 +1=5/2 +1
f=
1 3 1 in (1), we get
Putting V2 and z = 1 +t

= 1-5/2 Ans.

Example 31. Atorpedo has the shape ofacylinder with conical ends. For given surface area,
2
show that the dimensions which give maximumvolume are, I= h = Ewhere I is the
length of the cylinder, r its radius and hthe altitude of the cone.
(A.M.IE.T.E. Summer 2000)
Solution. Let V be the volume enclosed by the torpedo and S its surface. Thern
V =Volume of the cylinder + Volume of two cones
1
= nrl+2.nrh

in_---+
S= Surface of the cylinder + 2 (surface of the cone)
1
=(Circumference of the base xheight) + 2( xperimeter of the base xslant height)
¢ =S= 2 rl+ 2 r Vr+h²) ...1)

Let F1, h, r) =V= nPl+ nh

3
.2)

By Lagrange's method
OF
-+ =0 n t 2n rd = 0 .3)

2 rha
-+2 -0 =0 ..(4)
296
Applied Engineering Mathematics -|
2 T2
and +à
dr -0 2rrlnrh+d|
3 2nl+2n("+)+ 0...(5)
Putting the value of in (4), we get
2 2nrh

2 h 4
9h= 4y' + 4h 5h =4 ,2
3 +h
2

2r
Putting à= - and h= V5 in (5), we get

22
2ri2+2 +
42
=0

5)
21+
8r 9,2 5
9,2 0
+
-8r 3r V5
1= r
3 V5 5 3

l=
-8 3

2r
I=

2r
Hence I=h= Proved.
V5
Example 32. If u=ax+by' +cz where x +y +=1 and Ix + my + nz = 0prove
that stationary values of 'u' satisfy the equationdt a s i D
m2
+ + = 0
a-u b-u C- 4
Solution. We have, u= ax + by + cz? a .(1)
Let = +y+-1 ...2)
y= Ix +my + nZ onas bgnegsl..3)
= 2 ax, = 2 b y, = 2cz
dy
=
2 x, =2 y = 2 Z
Ox Oy
Maxima and Minima of Functions (Two Variables) 297

=l, 1,
dy
By Lagrange's m e t h o d b

+ = 0, 2 ax +2x + ,l= 0 ..4)

+ = 0, 2 by +2 y 2, + d, m=0o ..5)
dy
=0, 2cz + 2 z yt , n = 0 ..(6)

Multiplying (4), (5) and (6) by x, yand z respectively and adding, we get
(2 ax + 2 by + 2 cz) + (2 x + 2 y' +2 z) 2, + (r + my + nz) 4 =0
2u + 22, = 0,
Puting the vrlue of in (4), (5) and (6), we get
-,!
2(a-u)ib asde

2by - 2 y u+ ,m = 0, y=
2(b-u)
a 2 cz-2 zu + , n =0, Z=
2(c-u)
Puting the values of x, y, z in (3), we get
-A, -, m? = 0
potaoh 2(a-u) 2(b-u) 2 ( c - u ) t t
bt
m² n' = 0 Proved.
+
a-ubu C-u

EXERCISE 12.2
(SO0S 1. Show that the greatest value of " y where x and y are positive andx+ y = a is
m".n".aM+n
where a is constant.
(m +ny"+n
2. Using Lagrange's method (of multipliers), find the critical (stationary values) of the function
f(x, y, z) = +y + z, given that z = xy + 1. Ans. (0, 0, 1), (0, 0, 1).
3. Decompose a positive number 'a' into three parts so that their product is maximum.
Ans.

4. The sum, of three numbers is constant. Prove that their product is a maximum when they
are equal.
5. Using the method of Lagrange's multipliers, find the largest product of the numbers x,
4096
RESyand z when x + y + = 16. Ans. 25/5
298 Applied Engineering Mathematics -|
6. Using the method of Lagrange's multipliers, find the largest product of the numbers x,
yand z when x + +z² = 9, Ans. 3/3
7. Find a point in the plane x + 2y +3z = 13 nearest to the point (1, 1, 1) using the method
of Lagrange's multipliers. Ans.

8. Using the Lagrange's method (of multipliers), find the shortest distance from the point
(1, 2, 2) to the sphere x+ y = 36. Ans. 3
9. Find the shortest and the longest distances from the point (1, 2, - 1) to the
+ +z= 24. Ans. V6,3 V6
10. The sum of the surfaces of a sphere and a cube is given. Show that when the sum of the
volumes is least, the diameter of the sphere is equal to the edge of the cube.
11. The electric time constant of a cylindrical coil of wire can be expressed approximately by
K= mxyz
ax +by + cz
where z is the axial length of the coil, y is the difference between the external and internal
radii and xis the mean radius ;a, b, m and c represent positive constants. If the volume
of the coil is fixed, find the values of x and y which make the time constant K as large
as possible.

12. If u = Fwhere x +y+ z=1, prove that the stationary value of u is given by
+

a+b+c y= a+b+c' a+b+c

11 n

13. Find maximum value of the expression i=1

a;x; with i=1
E x =1,

where a, a, a, a, are positive constants. Ans. (af +a~ +...+.a,)2

14. If r is the distance of a point on conic ax + by + cz = 1, lx + my + nz = 0 from origin,
then the stationary values of r are given by the equation.
=0i 6 barie (AMIE.T.E., Winter 2002)
1-ar2 1-by2 1-cr2
15. If x and y satisfy the relation ax + by' = ab, prove that the extreme values of function
u=+ xy + y are given by the roots of the equation 4 (u - a) (u - b) = ab
(A.M.I.E.T.E., Winter 2000)
16. Use the Lagranges method of undetermined multipliers to find the minimum value of
+y + z subject to the conditions x +y +z = 1, xyz + 1= 0.
17. Test the function f(x, y) =(a2 +y')eety) for maxima and minima for points not on the
circe +y = 1.
18. Findthe absolute maximum and minimum values of the function up
f(x y) = cx +y -xover the region to 2r + y' s1
(A.M.IE.T.E., Dec. 2008)
Maximaand Minima of Functions (Two Variables) 299

19. Prove that the stationary values of u -, where lx + my + nz = 0

and

1are the roots of the

equation : J-au 1-b'u 1-cu
correct answer
Tick( )the
20. Inthe function of three variables the method used to find out the maximum or minímum
value is
(a) Lagrange method (b) Newton method

1
h 0 Euler method HOTO3 (d) Bessel method
For maxima and minima of a function f (x, u. z) with the condition
Ans. (a)
(x, y, z) = O the
Lagrange equations are

(a) +à +7 = 0, +2 - =0

(b + =0. =0,
dy dy

() =0, -0y0HoTTaGA er
(6) None of them.chor Ans. (a)
22. The minimum value of 2x +3y, subject to the condition -32, x> 0, y> 0 is
(a) 10 (b) 14 llss et 80 (c) 7 nri d (a) None of these
Ans. (a)
23. The function + -6x +10is minimum at the point :
(a) (3, 0) (b) (3, 3) (c) (-3, 0) (a) (-3, -3)
Ans. (c)
24. The point at which the function x - 4 Xy + 2 maximum or minimum
4 4) (d) (0, 0) Ans. (a)
(b) (c)
3'3
isHR NAUDVATO9A ECt
25, The saddle point for the function x--3r
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 0) (c) (1, 1) (a) (0, 0) Ans. (b)
d DDK0l
26. The point for maximum function r (1 -x-) is
1 (a)
(a) 2°3
Ans. (c)
27. The point for maximum function x +y-3axy isooab
(a) - ve (b) + ve (c)- ve or + ve (d) None of these
Ans. (a)