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SHM VJSir 03.03.2023
SHM VJSir 03.03.2023
SHM VJSir 03.03.2023
If a body changes its position with respect to surroundings and time then the
body is said to be in motion.
Translational Motion
Rotational Motion
Periodic Motion
Oscillatory Motion
Translational Motion
Motion in which relative orientation of all particles present on body does not
change with time.
40m 40m
37o 53o
Example Ball is released form rest. Relate time period of ball 1(T1) & time period
of ball 2 (T2) of both balls. Neglect energy losses in collision at the floor.
4h
h
Example Comment whether the following motion is periodic, oscillatory or both.
Example What is Time Period of following function?
1. y = 4 sin(t)
2. y = 8 sin (2t)
3. y = 4 sin (t + 300)
Example What is Time Period of following function?
4. y = 4 sin 𝝎t
5 . y = A sin wt
6. y = A sin (wt + q)
Example What is Time Period of following function?
7. y = sin2 wt
Example What is Time Period of following function?
8. y = sint + cost
9. y = sint + sin2t
Example What is Time Period of following function?
Pendulum Clock
Example of Oscillation
Oscillation
Conditions
• To and Fro.
Conditions of S.H.M.
a = – w2x
If any particle has displacement:
𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓
a = – w2x
F = – mw2x
F = – Kx
Linear S.H.M.
Natural length
X=0
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position X
𝒙=𝑨
Elongated
X=0 X=A
𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆
Linear S.H.M.
Extreme Equilibrium
position position X
𝒙=𝑨
Compressed
X=-A X=0
𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆
Linear S.H.M.
Extreme Equilibrium
position position X
𝐅 ∝ −𝐱
Definition:
4
A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position 𝑡=0
Differential Equation of Linear SHM
𝑭 = −𝒌𝒙 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
𝒅𝟐 𝒙
𝒂= 𝟐
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
+ 𝝎 𝟐
𝒙 where 𝝎=
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎
=𝟎
Differential Equation of Linear SHM
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
+ 𝝎𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟎 where 𝝎 =
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎
Where A = Amplitude
𝜔 = Angular Frequency
𝜙 = Initial Phase
1. Displacement (x )
Natural length
X=0
1. Displacement (x )
Equilibrium
position X
𝒙
X=0
S.I. unit : m
C.G.S. unit : cm
Dimensions : [M0 L1 T0]
2. Amplitude (A)
The maximum distance of a particle performing S.H.M. from its mean
position on either side is called as an amplitude.
A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
X=0
2. Amplitude (A)
The maximum distance of a particle performing S.H.M. from its mean
position on either side is called as an amplitude.
A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
𝒙=𝑨
X=0
2. Amplitude (A)
The maximum distance of a particle performing S.H.M. from its mean
position on either side is called as an amplitude.
A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
𝒙 = −𝑨
X=0
3. Range or path length of S.H.M. (2A)
The distance between two extreme positions of a particle performing
S.H.M. is called as path length or range of S.H.M.
It is the distance equal to twice the amplitude i.e. 2A.
A A
Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
position position position
4. Time Period (T)
A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
4. Time Period (T)
A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
4. Time Period (T)
A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
4. Time Period (T)
The time taken by a particle performing S.H.M to complete one oscillation
is called as period of S.H.M.
A A
𝟐𝝅
𝑻= Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝝎 position position position
5) Frequency (f)
The number of oscillations of a particle performing S.H.M. in one second is
called as frequency.
S.I. Unit : hertz (Hz)
A A
𝟏 Extreme Equilibrium Extreme
𝒇= position position position
𝑻
𝝅
Example 𝒙 = 𝟓𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒕 +
𝟒
Find
(a) Amplitude (b) Angular Frequency (c) Time Period
(d) Frequency (e) Phase at t = 1 sec (f) Initial Phase
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example 1. Every periodic motion is SHM.
2. Every oscillatory motion is SHM.
3. Every periodic motion is oscillatory.
4. Every oscillatory motion is periodic.
5. If a motion is periodic and oscillatory it would be SHM.
P o o
P o o o
P
P P o o o
P o
P o
𝒙 = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)
(𝟏) 𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐀𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐬:
𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)
𝒅𝒙
𝑽=
𝒅𝒕
𝑽 = 𝑨𝝎 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)
then V Vmax = 𝑨𝝎
then V Vmin = 𝟎
Relation between velocity and position
𝒙𝟐 𝑽𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝝎 𝟐
𝑽 = 𝝎 𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐
Velocity – position graph (v-x graph)
At x = ±A , Velocity is zero
At x = 0 , Velocity is maximum
v
(𝟎, 𝑨𝛚)
– 𝐀, 𝟎 (𝐀, 𝟎) 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ± 𝑨𝝎
x
(𝟎, – 𝑨𝛚)
General Observation
𝑴𝑷
𝟏
𝟑 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟒
𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟑
𝟒
𝑽𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝑨𝝎
Example Amplitude of oscillation is A, when velocity of particle is half of
maximum velocity, then determine the position of the particle?
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example 𝝅
Equation of particle motion is given as x = 8 sin(𝝅t + 𝟑 ). Find the velocity
at x = 1 m? (Take 𝝅2 = 10)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position
V=max.
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position
𝒙=𝑨
0 V=0
Linear S.H.M.
Equilibrium
position
𝒙 = −𝑨
V=0 0
(2) Acceleration analysis:
𝐱 = 𝐀 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝐕 = 𝐀𝛚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝐝𝐕
𝐚= = −𝐀 𝛚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 + 𝛟
𝐝𝐭
𝒂 = −𝝎𝟐 𝒙
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞
a
𝝎𝟐 𝑨
𝜃 +𝑨
−𝑨 x
−𝝎𝟐 𝑨
Equilibrium
position
0 a=0
Equilibrium
position
𝒙=𝑨
0 a=max
Equilibrium
position
𝒙 = −𝑨
a=max 0
Relation between velocity and acceleration:
𝑽 = 𝑨𝝎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓
𝒂 = −𝑨 𝝎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓
𝑽𝟐 𝒂𝟐
+ 𝟐 =𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝝎𝟐
Graphical representation of velocity and acceleration:
𝑽𝟐 𝒂𝟐
+ 𝟐 =𝟏
𝑨𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝝎𝟐
a
(𝟎, 𝛚𝟐𝐀)
– 𝐀𝛚, 𝟎 (𝐀𝛚, 𝟎)
𝑎max= ±𝜔2 𝐴 v
(𝟎, −𝛚𝟐𝐀)
Example
𝝅
Equation of particle motion is given as x = 8 sin(𝝅t + 𝟑 ). Find the
acceleration at x = 1 m ? (Take 𝝅2 = 10)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example For 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐
Find (a) Angular frequency
(b) Amplitude of particle
(c) Acceleration of particle at x = 1
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Graphical Representation of displacement, velocity & acceleration in SHM :
Displacement vs time :
x= 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
t
Velocity vs time :
V= 𝑨𝝎𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕)
t
Acceleration vs time :
𝒂 = − 𝝎𝟐𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕)
t
Phase & phase constant
O
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
x = –16 x=0 x = 16
Phase
𝝓 𝝓
Note:
𝝓 𝝓
If a particle is performing
uniform circular motion, then its
projection on y-axis will perform
𝟑 𝟒 SHM.
𝝎𝒕
Mean position
C
Phasor Analysis
A w
wt
O 𝛟
A B
When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟎°
𝐏𝟏 X=0
A
A When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟑𝟎°
𝑨
𝑨
𝟗𝟎°
X=
𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟐° 𝟐
𝟑𝟎° When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟗𝟎°
A 𝟐𝟕𝟎°
B X = +A
0
When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟐𝟏𝟎°
𝑨
X=−
𝟐
−− A
A When (𝝎𝒕 + 𝛟) = 𝟐𝟕𝟎°
X=−A
Phasor Diagram
Comparison between circular motion and SHM:
R Radius Amplitude
Right
extreme 𝝎
𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)
𝑨 𝒕 = ′𝒕′
𝑅 𝑡=0
𝜔𝑡
𝐌𝐏 𝜙
𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙
Left
extreme
𝒅𝟐 𝒙
Example For a particle performing SHM, equation of motion is given as 𝒅𝒕𝟐
+ 𝟒𝒙 = 𝟎.
Find the time period.
𝝅 𝝅
(A) 2p (B) p (C) 𝟐 (D) 𝟒
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟐𝝅
Time period; 𝑻 = =𝝅
𝝎
Example Find initial phase for the given situation shown in the figure ?
𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅
(A) 𝟑 (B) (C) (D)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒
+𝐴
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐴
𝟑𝝅
+
Initial Phase = 𝟒
2
𝑥=0
−𝐴
Example Find initial phase for the given situation shown in the figure ?
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
(A) 𝟑 (B) 𝟒 (C) 𝟔 (D) 𝟐
+𝐴
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐴
+
2
𝝅
Initial Phase = 𝟔
𝑥=0
−𝐴
Example Find initial phase for the given situation shown in the figure ?
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 𝝅
(A) 𝟑 (B) 𝟒 (C) 𝟐 (D) 𝟔
+𝐴
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 3𝐴
+
𝝅 2
Initial Phase = 𝟑
𝑥=0
−𝐴
Example A particle performing S.H.M. about mean position x = 0 and at t = 0, it is
𝑨
at position x = and moving towards the origin. Then which of the
𝟐
following is its possible graph between position (x) and time (t) ?
X X
t t
X X
t t
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 X X
Ans: (A)
t t
X X
t t
Example Following graph shows a particle performing S.H.M. about mean position
𝑻
x = 0. The equation of particle if t = 𝟒 is taken as starting time is
(Notations have usual meanings)
𝑨
𝟐 t
𝟐𝝅 𝝅
(A) x = A sin (wt + 𝟑 ) (B) x = A sin (wt +𝟑 )
𝝅 𝟐𝝅
(C) x = A sin (wt +𝟔 ) (D) x = A cos (wt + 𝟑 )
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans: (A)
𝟐𝝅 𝝅
(A) x = A sin (wt + 𝟑 ) (B) x = A sin (wt +𝟑 )
𝝅 𝟐𝝅
(C) x = A sin (wt +𝟔 ) (D) x = A cos (wt + 𝟑 )
X
𝑨
𝟐 t
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ans: (A)
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞