Atomic Theory Group name: The incredibles

Members: Ermir Isufi, Dardan Tullari, Vleron Gashi

What we What we What we Questions to Answers

know for think we learned other groups from other
sure know groups
We know We that We learned
that atomic during that atomic
theory is a atomic theory has a
scientific theory many very important
theory important role in the
things were development
discovered of science.

Research paper: Atomic Theory

The aim of our paper is to focus on the main topic, explain every important fact, give
knowledge to the readers and make the readers interested about atomic theory.

The scientific theory that mater is made up of tiny bits called atoms is known as atomic theory.
The origins of atomic theory can be traced back to an ancient intellectual tradition known as
atomism. According to this theory, if you cut a lump of stuff into smaller and smaller bits, you
would ultimately reach a point where the parts can no longer be sliced into smaller pieces.
These hypothesized ultimate elements of substance were given the name atomos by ancient
Greek philosophers, which meant "uncut."

Albert Einstein and Jean Perrin proved in the early 20th century that Brownian motion (the
erratic motion of pollen grains in water) is caused by the action of water molecules; this third
line of evidence put to rest any remaining doubts among scientists about the existence of
atoms and molecules.

Scientists had created reasonably extensive and precise theories for the structure of matter by
the early twentieth century, resulting in more precisely defined categories for the microscopic
invisible particles that make up ordinary matter. The basic component that makes up a
chemical element is now known as an atom. Physicists realized around the turn of the century
that the particles chemists named "atoms" are actually agglomerations of much smaller
particles (subatomic particles), but scientists preserved the label out of habit. The term
"elementary particle" is now applied to particles that are indivisible.

History of Atomic Theory

The concept of discrete units in matter is a very old one that may be found in many ancient
cultures such as Greece and India. The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Leucippus and his
student Democritus coined the term "atom," which means "uncuttable." Democritus said that
atoms are limitless in number, uncreated, and everlasting, and that the properties of an object
are determined by the type of atoms that make it up.

John Dalton

John Dalton studied and expanded on this previous work, defending a new idea known as the
law of multiple proportions: if the same two elements can be combined to form a variety of
compounds, the ratios of the masses of the two elements in their various compounds will be
represented by small whole numbers. This is a well-known pattern in chemical reactions that
Dalton and other scientists noticed at the time.

Brownian Motion
This theory observed that dust particles inside pollen grains floating in water constantly jiggled
about for no apparent reason. Albert Einstein theorized that Brownian motion was caused by
the water molecules continuously knocking the grains about, and developed a hypothetical
mathematical model to describe it.

Avogadro
Avogadro had proposed that equal volumes of any two gases, at equal temperature and
pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules (in other words, the mass of a gas's particles
does not affect the volume that it occupies). Avogadro was able to offer more accurate
estimates of the atomic mass of oxygen and various other elements, and made a clear
distinction between molecules and atoms.

Discovery of subatomic particles

Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J. J.
Thomson discovered the electron through his work on cathode rays
Thomson suggested that atoms were divisible, and that the corpuscles were their building
blocks.

Discovery of nucleus
Thomson’s plum pudding model was disproved in 1909 by one of his former students, Ernest
Rutherford, who discovered that most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is
concentrated in a very small fraction of its volume, which he assumed to be at the very center.

Discovery of nuclear particles

In 1917 Rutherford bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and observed hydrogen nuclei
being emitted from the gas. Rutherford concluded that the hydrogen nuclei emerged from the
nuclei of the nitrogen atoms themselves (in effect, he had split a nitrogen).