CAT Forklift DP50K Service, Operation & Maintenance Manual

CAT Forklift DP50K Service, Operation

& Maintenance Manual
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**CAT Forklift DP50K Service, Operation & Maintenance Manual** Size: 19.3 MB
Format: PDF Language: English Brand: CAT Caterpillar Type of Machine: Forklift
Type of Manual: Service Manual, Operation & Maintenance Manual Model: CAT
DP50K Forklift Date: 2010 Content: 99709-66120-00 Engine S6S: Foreword
99709-66120-01 Engine S6S: General Information 99709-66120-02 Engine S6S:
Maintenance Standards 99709-66120-03 Engine S6S: Special Tools
99709-66120-04 Engine S6S: Overhaul Instructions 99709-66120-05 Engine S6S:
Adjustment, Bench Test, Performance Tests 99709-66120-06 Engine S6S: Engine
Auxiliaries Removal and Installation 99709-66120-07 Engine S6S: Engine Main
Parts 99709-66120-08 Engine S6S: Inlet and Exhaust System 99709-66120-09
Engine S6S: Lubrication System 99709-66120-10 Engine S6S: Cooling System
99709-66120-11 Engine S6S: Fuel System 99709-66120-12 Engine S6S:
Electrical System 99709-66120-13 Engine S6S: Workshop Tips 99730-85141-00
Operations Maintenance Manual: Foreword 99730-85141-01 Operations
Maintenance Manual: Table of Contents 99730-85141-02 Operations Maintenance
Manual: Safety Rules for Lift Truck Operators 99730-85141-03 Operations
Maintenance Manual: Know Your Lift Truck 99730-85141-04 Operations
Maintenance Manual: How to Avoid a Tipover; How to Survive One
99730-85141-05 Operations Maintenance Manual: Refueling 99730-85141-06
Operations Maintenance Manual: Operation 99730-85141-07 Operations

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Maintenance Manual: Storing The Lift Truck 99730-85141-08 Operations
Maintenance Manual: Troubleshooting 99730-85141-09 Operations Maintenance
Manual: Maintenance 99730-85141-10 Operations Maintenance Manual: Service
Data 99730-85141-11 Operations Maintenance Manual: To The Cat Lift Truck
Owner 99730-85141-12 Operations Maintenance Manual: Index Cat Pub List
Publication List (Service, Operator, & Parts Manuals) Mast Tilting Angles Mast
Tilting Angles REF-18-0001C How To Determine Correct Mast Rails Lift Cylinders
And Mast Hosing REF-18-0001C How To Determine Correct Mast Rails Lift
Cylinders And Mast Hosing (Spanish) REF-18-0002C How To Locate Fluid
Capacities REF-18-0002C How To Locate Fluid Capacities (Spanish)
REF-18-0003C How To Use A Pick List REF-18-0003C How To Use A Pick List
(Spanish) REF-18-0007C Abbreviations And Acronyms List REF-18-0008C
Diagnostic Trouble (Error) Codes This part manual inlcude all spare parts you
need inside this model, for you easier in fixing your forklift replace new spare part
hight performance. This service manual is a guide for servicing Cat Lift Trucks. For
your convenience the instructions are grouped by systems as an easy reference.
This Original Instructions (Operator's) Manual describes operating procedures,
daily checks and simple maintenance for safe usage of your Cat lift truck.
SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Model View 1.2
Models Covered 1.2.1 Lift Truck Nomenclatures and Definitions 1.3 Serial Number
Locations 1.4 Dimensions 1.5 Technical Data 1.6 Performance CHAPTER 2
COOLING SYSTEM 2.1 Specifications 2.2 Structure 2.3 Removal and Installation
2.3.1 Fan Belt Removal 2.3.2 Suggestions for Removal 2.3.3 Installation 2.4
Inspection and Adjustment 2.4.1 Fan Belt Inspection 2.4.2 Fan Belt Tension 2.4.3
Connecting Hoses 2.4.4 Coolant 2.4.5 Radiator Cap CHAPTER 3 ELECTRIC
SYSTEM 3.1 Chassis Electrical Devices Wiring Outline 3.1.1 Harnesses Layout
3.1.2 Components Layout 3.2 Structure 3.2.1 Console Box 3.2.2 Major Electrical
Components 3.2.3 Table of Lamps 3.3 Console Box 3.3.1 Disassembly 3.4 Battery
Maintenance 3.4.1 State of Charge and Electrolyte Specific Gravity (S.G.)
Adjustment 3.4.2 Specific Gravity Reading and State of Charge 3.4.3 Charging
Precautions 3.5 Instrument Panel 3.5.1 Instrument Panel Screen Element 3.5.2
Basic Screen Display 3.5.3 Basic Operation 3.5.4 When An Error Occurs 3.5.5
Warning Lamps 3.5.6 Optional Functions 3.5.7 Hour Meters 3.5.8 Troubleshooting
3.6 Wire Color 3.6.2 List of Wire Colors 3.7 Troubleshooting 3.7.1 Starter System
3.7.2 Gauges 3.7.3 Lighting System 3.8 Electrical Schematic CHAPTER 4
CONTROLLERS 4.1 Outline 4.2 Main Functions 4.2.2 Instrument Panel 4.2.3 VCM
(Vehicle Control Module)1-M 4.2.4 ECM (Gasoline Engine Control Module) 4.2.5
Remote Input/Output Units 4.2.6 GSE Connector 4.3 Service Tool Functions 4.3.1
Service Tool Menus 4.3.2 Service Tool Box 4.4 Mast Interlock System 4.4.1
Function 4.4.2 VCM1-M Controller, Mast Interlock System Checking Procedure
4.4.3 Active Test Inspection Procedure 4.5 Driving Interlock System 4.5.1 Function
4.5.2 Driving Interlock System Checking Procedure for Powershift T/M Lift Trucks
4.5.3 Active Test Inspection Procedure 4.6 Seat Belt Warning Lamp 4.6.1 Function
4.6.2 Seat Belt Warning Lamp Checking Procedure 4.7 Parking Brake Warning
Buzzer and Lamp 4.7.1 Function 4.7.2 Parking Brake Warning Buzzer/Lamp
Checking Procedure 4.7.3 Parking Brake Warning Buzzer/Lamp Checking
Procedure with Key in OFF Position 4.8 Harness Codes 4.9 Controller Details
4.9.1 VCM1-M Controller 4.9.2 Seat Switch/Seat Belt Switch 4.9.3 Parking Brake
Switch 4.9.4 Direction Lever 4.9.5 Speed Sensor 4.9.6 T/M Solenoid 4.9.7 Unload
Solenoid 4.9.8 Lift Lock Solenoid 4.9.9 Warning Buzzer 4.9.10 Warning Buzzer
Relay 4.9.11 Warning Buzzer Circuit 4.9.12 Instrument Panel 4.10 Error Codes
and Troubleshootings 4.10.1 Error Code Display 4.10.2 Diagnosis Table (F Code)
4.10.3 Error Codes and Troubleshooting 4.11 Locations of Sensors and Switches
CHAPTER 5 POWER TRAIN 5.1 Removal and Installation (MC Models) 5.1.1
Removal of Engine and Transmission Assembly 5.1.2 Removal of Engine and
Transmission Assembly (for Gasoline-Engine Lift Trucks) 5.2 Removal and
Installation (FC Models) 5.2.1 Removal of Engine and Transmission Assembly
CHAPTER 6 POWERSHIFT TRANSMISSION 6.1 Structure and Functions 6.1.1
Transmission 6.1.2 Torque Converter 6.1.3 Control Valve 6.1.4 Hydraulic System
Schematic of Powershift Transmission 6.2 Removal and Installation 6.2.1 Removal
6.2.2 Installation 6.3 Control Valve 6.3.1 Disassembly 6.3.2 Reassembly 6.4 Input
Shaft Assembly 6.4.1 Disassembly 6.5 Oil Pump Assembly 6.5.1 Disassembly
6.5.2 Reassembly 6.6 Inspection and Adjustment 6.6.1 Oil Pressure Measurement
6.6.2 Clutch (Inching) Pedal Adjustment 6.6.3 Inching Cable, Adjustment 6.7
Troubleshooting 6.8 Tightening Torque 6.9 Service Data CHAPTER 7 FRONT
AXLE AND REDUCTION DIFFERENTIAL 7.1 Structure 7.1.1 Front Axle 7.1.2
Reduction Differential 7.2 Removal and Installation 7.2.1 Front Wheels 7.3 Front
Axle 7.3.2 Reduction Differential 7.4 Disassembly and Reassembly 7.4.1 Front
Axle 7.4.2 Reduction Differential 7.5 Troubleshooting 7.6 Service Data CHAPTER
8 REAR AXLE 8.1 Structure and Functions 8.1.1 Rear Axle in General 8.1.2
Structure of Each Component 8.1.3 Steering Cylinder 8.2 Removal and Installation
8.2.1 Rear Wheel and Rear Axle Assembly 8.3 Disassembly and Reassembly
8.3.1 Wheel Hub, Disassembly and Reassembly 8.3.2 Knuckle (King Pin),
Disassembly and Reassembly 8.3.3 Steering Cylinder, Disassembly and
Reassembly 8.3.4 Tie Rod, Disassembly and Reassembly CHAPTER 9 BRAKE
SYSTEM 9.1 Structure 9.1.1 Brake System 9.2 Disassembly and Reassembly
9.2.1 Master Cylinder 9.2.2 Wheel Brakes 9.2.3 Wheel Cylinder 9.3 Inspection and
Adjustment 9.3.1 Automatic Adjuster Test 9.3.2 Manual Adjustment 9.3.3 Parking
Brake Cable Adjustment 9.3.4 Brake Pedal Adjustment 9.3.5 Brake Lines Bleeding
9.3.6 Braking Performance Test 9.3.7 Parking Brake Lever 9.4 Troubleshooting 9.5
Service Data CHAPTER 10 STEERING SYSTEM 10.1 Structure and Functions
10.1.1 Steering System 10.1.2 Steering Valve 10.1.3 Steering Column 10.2
Disassembly and Reassembly 10.2.2 Steering Wheel and Steering Valve,
Removal and Installation 10.2.3 Steering Wheel 10.2.4 Steering Valve 10.2.5 Tilt
Lock Lever 10.3 Steering Valve 10.3.1 Disassembly 10.3.2 Reassembly 10.4
Troubleshooting 10.5 Service Data CHAPTER 11 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 11.1
Structure and Functions 11.1.1 Outline 11.2 Hydraulic Circuit Diagram (For Models
With MC Control Valve) 11.3 Hydraulic Circuit Diagram (For Models With FC
Control Valve) 11.4 Hydraulic Tank 11.5 Hydraulic Pump (Gear Pump) 11.6
Control Valve 11.7 Flow Regulator Valve (for Models with FC Control Valve Only)
11.8 Down Safety Valve 11.9 Lift Cylinder 11.10 Tilt Cylinder 11.11 Disassembly
and Reassembly 11.11.1 Hydraulic Pump 11.11.2 Lift Cylinder 11.11.3 Tilt Cylinder
11.11.4 Flow Regulator Valve 11.11.5 Piping 11.11.6 Suction Strainer and Return
Filter 11.12 Inspection and Adjustment 11.12.1 Hydraulic Tank 11.12.2 Control
Valve 11.12.3 Descent Test 11.12.4 Forward Tilt Test 11.13 Troubleshooting
11.13.2 Hydraulic System Cleaning After a Component Failure 11.14 Service Data
11.15 MC Control Valve 11.15.1 Structure and Operation 11.15.2 Control Valve,
Removal and Installation 11.15.3 Disassembly and Assembly 11.16 FC Control
Valve 11.16.1 Structure and Operation 11.16.2 Disassembly and Assembly
CHAPTER 12 MAST AND FORKS 12.1 Simplex Mast 12.1.1 Mast System 12.2
Structure and Functions 12.2.1 Simplex Mast (5A15C to 5A33C) 12.2.2 Mast
Operation 12.3 Removal and Installation 12.3.1 Mast and Lift Bracket Assembly
12.4 Disassembly and Reassembly 12.4.1 Simplex Mast Disassembly 12.4.2
Simplex Mast Reassembly 12.5 Removal and Installation of Mast Rollers and
Strips without Removing 12.5.1 Simplex Mast 12.6 Inspection and Adjustment
(Simplex Mast) 12.6.2 Forks 12.6.3 Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment
12.6.4 Checking Chain Elongation 12.6.5 Adjusting Clearance Between Lift
Bracket Roller and Inner Mast 12.6.6 Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment 12.6.7
Mast Strip Clearance Inspection and Adjustment 12.6.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment
12.6.9 Right and Left Lift Cylinder Stroke Inspection and Adjustment 12.7
Troubleshooting (Simplex Mast) 12.8 Service Data (Simplex Mast) 12.9 Duplex
Mast 12.9.1 Mast System 12.10 Structure and Functions 12.10.1 Duplex (Dual
Full-Free Panoramic) Mast (5B15C to 5B33C) 12.10.2 Mast Operation 12.11
Removal and Installation 12.11.1 Mast and Lift Bracket Assembly 12.12
Disassembly and Reassembly 12.12.1 Duplex Mast Disassembly 12.12.2 Duplex
Mast Reassembly 12.13 Removal and Installation of Mast Rollers and Strips
without Removing 12.13.1 Duplex Mast 12.14 Inspection and Adjustment (Duplex
Mast) 12.14.1 Inspection and Adjustment (Duplex Mast) 12.14.2 Forks 12.14.3
Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment 12.14.4 Checking Chain Elongation
12.14.5 Adjusting Clearance Between Lift Bracket Roller and Inner Mast 12.14.6
Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment 12.14.7 Mast Strip Clearance Inspection and
Adjustment 12.14.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment 12.14.9 Right and Left Lift Cylinder
Stroke Inspection and Adjustment 12.15 Troubleshooting (Duplex Mast) 12.16
Service Data (Duplex Mast) 12.17 Triplex Mast 12.17.1 Mast System 12.18
Structure and Functions 12.18.1 Triplex (Triple Full-Free Panoramic) Mast (5C15C
to 5C33C) 12.18.2 Mast Operation 12.19 Removal and Installation 12.19.1 Mast
and Lift Bracket Assembly 12.20 Disassembly and Reassembly 12.20.1 Triplex
Mast Disassembly 12.20.2 Triplex Mast Reassembly 12.21 Removal and
Installation of Mast Rollers and Strips without Removing 12.21.1 Triplex Mast
12.22 Inspection and Adjustment (Triplex Mast) 12.22.2 Forks 12.22.3 Chain
Tension Inspection and Adjustment 12.22.4 Checking Chain Elongation 12.22.5
Adjusting Clearance between Lift Bracket Roller and Inner Mast 12.22.6 Mast
Roller Clearance Adjustment 12.22.7 Mast Strip Clearance Inspection and
Adjustment 12.22.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment 12.22.9 Right and Left Lift Cylinder
Stroke Inspection and Adjustment 12.23 Troubleshooting (Triplex Mast) 12.23.1
Troubleshooting (Triplex Mast) 12.24 Service Data (Triplex Mast) 12.24.1 Triplex
Mast CHAPTER 13 SERVICE DATA 13.1 Maintenance Schedule 13.2
Maintenance Note 13.2.1 Brake System 13.2.2 Cooling System 13.2.3 Electric
System 13.2.4 Engine System 13.2.5 Frame and Chassis 13.2.6 Fuel System
13.2.7 Hydraulic System 13.2.8 Ignition System 13.2.9 Intake System 13.2.10
Front End Section 13.2.11 Steering and Axle System 13.2.12 T/M and Drive
System 13.2.13 Wheels and Tires 13.2.14 General 13.3 Tightening Torque for
Standard Bolts and Nuts 13.4 Periodic Replacement Parts 13.4.2 Location of
Periodic Replacement Parts 13.5 Lubrication Instructions 13.5.1 Lubrication Chart
13.5.2 Fuel and Lubricant Specifications 13.5.3 Adjustment Value and Oil
Quantities 13.6 Special Service Tools 13.6.1 Special Service Tools (Standard
Tools for Both MC and FC LiftTrucks) 13.6.2 Special Service Tools (for FC Lift
Truck Only) 13.6.3 Special Service Tools (for Powershift Transmission)
OPERRATION MANUAL CHAPTER 1 SAFETY RULES AND PRACTICES 1.1
SAFETY SIGNS AND SAFETY MESSAGES 1.2 WARNING SYMBOLS AND
LEVELS 1.3 OPERATOR QUALIFICATIONS 1.4 SAFETY GUARDS 1.5
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR OPERATING LIFT TRUCK 1.6
DAILY INSPECTION 1.7 OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITY 1.8 GENERAL 1.9 NO
RIDERS 1.10 TRAVELING 1.11 LOADING 1.12 DOCKBOARDS (BRIDGE
PLATES), TRUCKS AND RAILROAD CARS 1.13 SURFACE AND CAPACITY
1.14 FUEL HANDLING 1.15 INSTALLATION OF ATTACHMENTS 1.16 IN CASE
OF TIP-OVER 1.17 TRANSPORTING LIFT TRUCK 1.17.2 APPROACH ANGLE,
DEPARTURE ANGLE AND GANGWAY 1.17.3 HOISTING (LIFTING) UP THE
TRUCK 1.18 FUNCTION TESTS 1.19 TRACTION BAR 1.20 POSITION OF DATA
AND CAPACITY PLATES AND DECALS 1.21 DATA AND CAPACITY PLATES
AND DECALS 1.21.2 DATA PLATE 1.21.3 IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS 1.21.4
CAUTION DRIVE DECAL (IN CASE OF TIP-OVER DECAL) 1.21.5 WARNING
DRIVE DECAL (TRAINED AND AUTHORIZED) 1.21.6 PINCH POINT DECAL
1.21.7 CAUTION FORK DECAL 1.21.8 MAST WARNING DECAL 1.21.9
CAUTION DRIVE DECAL (OPERATION) 1.21.10 RADIATOR WARNING DECAL
1.21.11 COOLING FAN WARNING DECAL 1.21.12 ADJ LPG WARNING DECAL
1.21.13 LPG LATCH WARNING DECAL 1.21.14 LPG FUEL WARNING DECAL
CHAPTER 2 OPERATING CONTROLS AND FUNCTIONS 2.1 APPLICATIONS
2.2 APPLICATION FOR CAT LIFT TRUCKS 2.3 PROHIBITED APPLICATIONS
FOR CAT LIFT TRUCKS 2.4 MAIN COMPONENTS 2.5 METERS, INDICATORS
AND WARNING LIGHTS 2.5.2 LCD 2.5.3 OPERATION BUTTONS 2.5.4 !
MULTIPURPOSE WARNING LIGHT 2.5.5 MALFUNCTION INDICATOR
LIGHT-ENGINE CHECK WARNING 2.5.6 OIL PRESSURE WARNING LIGHT
2.5.7 CHARGE WARNING LIGHT 2.5.8 PARKING BRAKE WARNING LIGHT
2.5.9 SEAT BELT WARNING LIGHT 2.5.10 METER DISPLAY 2.5.11 WATER
TEMPERATURE GAUGE 2.5.12 FUEL GAUGE 2.5.13 TRANSMISSION
POSITION 2.6 MALFUNCTION AND WARNING INDICATIONS 2.6.2 MAST
INTERLOCK WARNING 2.6.3 LPG LEVEL WARNING/LPG RACK LOCK
WARNING 2.6.4 TORQUE CONVERTER FLUID TEMP WARNING 2.6.5
RADIATOR LEVEL WARNING 2.6.6 AIR CLEANER WARNING 2.6.7 SERVICE
REMINDER DISPLAY 2.6.8 DISPLAYS WHEN MALFUNCTION OCCURS 2.7
DRIVER RECOGNITION MODE 2.8 LPG REMAINING TIME MANAGEMENT 2.9
SWITCHES 2.9.2 HORN BUTTON 2.9.3 REAR RIGHT GRIP WITH HORN
BUTTON 2.9.4 IGNITION SWITCH 2.9.5 LIGHTING AND TURN SIGNAL
SWITCHES 2.9.6 MAXIMUM SPEED CHANGE SWITCH (OPTION) 2.9.7
THROTTLE SENSITIVITY ADJUST SWITCH (OPTION) 2.9.8 BACK-UP
OPERATION LIGHT SWITCH (OPTION) 2.10 OPERATING CONTROLS 2.10.2
SELECTOR LEVER 2.10.3 PARKING BRAKE LEVER 2.10.4 INCHING BRAKE
PEDAL 2.10.5 BRAKE PEDAL 2.10.6 ACCELERATOR PEDAL 2.10.7
CARGO-HANDLING CONTROL LEVERS 2.10.8 ANSI/ITSDF STANDARDS FOR
LIFT TRUCK CLAMP ATTACHMENTS 2.10.9 STEERING CHARACTERISTICS
CHAPTER 3 OPERATING THE LIFT TRUCK 3.1 OPERATION 3.2 INSPECTION
BEFORE OPERATING 3.3 LIFT TRUCK OPERATING PRECAUTIONS 3.4
PRECAUTIONS FOR COLD AND HOT WEATHER 3.5 OPERATIONAL
PROCEDURES 3.6 LPG LIFT TRUCK STARTING 3.7 PROCEDURE FOR JUMP
STARTING EFI ENGINES 3.8 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION 3.9 LOADING 3.10
TRANSPORTING LOADS 3.11 UNLOADING 3.12 CLIMBING 3.13 STOPPING
AND PARKING THE LIFT TRUCK 3.14 FORKS 3.15 SEAT ADJUSTMENT 3.15.1
SUSPENSION SEAT OPERATOR'S WEIGHT ADJUSTMENT 3.15.2 FORWARD
AND BACKWARD CONTROL LEVER 3.15.3 BACKREST INCLINATION
ADJUSTMENT 3.15.4 LUMBAR ADJUSTMENT 3.15.5 SWIVEL SEAT 3.16 SEAT
BELT 3.17 TOP PANEL 3.18 TILT STEERING WHEEL 3.19 SERVICE RELEASE
LATCH 3.20 RADIATOR COVER 3.21 REARVIEW MIRROR (OPTION) 3.22 LPG
CYLINDER (TANK) HOLDER CHAPTER 4 GENERAL CARE AND
MAINTENANCE 4.1 WET CELL BATTERY CARE AND MAINTENANCE 4.2
BATTERY SPECIFIC GRAVITY 4.3 DAILY INSPECTION 4.4 OPERATOR'S
DAILY CHECKLIST (SAMPLE) 4.5 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION 4.5.1
ENGINE OIL LEVEL 4.5.2 REFILLING ENGINE OIL 4.5.3 ENGINE COOLANT
LEVEL 4.5.4 REFILLING ENGINE COOLANT 4.5.5 COOLING SYSTEM
BLEEDING INSTRUCTIONS 4.5.6 BRAKE FLUID LEVEL 4.5.7 REFILLING
BRAKE FLUID 4.5.8 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID LEVEL 4.5.9
REFILLING AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID 4.5.10 HYDRAULIC OIL
LEVEL 4.5.11 REFILLING HYDRAULIC OIL 4.5.12 STEERING WHEEL PLAY
4.5.13 WHEEL AND TIRE 4.5.14 TIRE REPLACEMENT 4.5.15 CHECKING MAST
4.5.16 CHECKING LIFT CHAIN 4.5.17 FORK INSPECTION 4.5.18 FORK REPAIR
4.5.19 CHECKING HORN 4.5.20 CHECKING LIGHTS 4.5.21 CHECKING
CARGO-HANDLING CONTROL LEVER(S) 4.5.22 CHECKING BRAKE PEDAL
4.5.23 PEDAL FREE PLAY 4.5.24 CHECKING PARKING BRAKE LEVER 4.5.25
CHECKING TOP PANEL LOCK 4.5.26 FUSES 4.5.27 CHECKING AIR CLEANER
4.5.28 CHECKING FAN BELT 4.5.29 DRAINING OF TAR FROM THE
VAPORIZER 4.5.30 PRECAUTIONS FOR USING LPG 4.5.31 RECOMMENDED
LPG FUEL TYPE 4.5.32 CYLINDER (TANK) SIZE 4.5.33 LPG CYLINDER (TANK)
REPLACEMENT 4.5.34 REFILLING LPG CYLINDERS (TANKS) 4.5.35
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE AND LUBRICATION SCHEDULE 4.5.36 PERIODIC
MAINTENANCE AND LUBRICATION SCHEDULE FOR EMISSION CONTROL
SYSTEM 4.5.37 LUBRICATION CHART 4.5.38 RECOMMENDED LUBRICANTS
4.5.39 RECOMMENDED SAE VISCOSITY CHART 4.5.40 PUTTING LIFT TRUCK
IN STORAGE 4.6 SIDE SHIFT 4.6.1 OVERVIEW OF SIDE SHIFT 4.6.2 MAIN
CAT Forklift DP50K Service, Operation & Maintenance Manual

TERMS USED IN THIS SECTION 4.6.3 SAFETY RULES AND PRACTICES 4.6.4
SIDE SHIFT CONTROL LEVER OPERATION 4.6.5 SIDE SHIFT OPERATION
4.6.6 DAILY CHECKS AND SIMPLE MAINTENANCE CHAPTER 5
SPECIFICATIONS 5.1 MODEL IDENTIFICATION 5.1.1 MODEL VARIATION
(LONG MODEL CODE) BREAKDOWN 5.2 MAIN TRUCK 5.2.1 MAIN TRUCK -
2C7000 AND 2C8000/2C8000-SWB 5.3 MAST 5.3.1 2C7000 AND
2C8000/2C8000-SWB 5.4 FUEL AND OIL CAPACITY 5.5 ENGINE 5.6 ENGINE
OIL CAPACITY 5.7 NOISE LEVEL
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least in the hands of a novice) mere guesswork, and the results
obtained are no longer the fruits of scientific calculation, but mere
matters of accident, which sometimes may prove lucky hits, and at
others total failures.” (Fresenius.)
ANALYSIS, SPECTRUM. More than half a century ago Sir John
Herschel employed the prism in the analysis of coloured flames, and
in 1834 Fox Talbot, by means of the same instrument, distinguished
the difference between the spectra given by strontium and lithium,
notwithstanding the similarity of the two in colour. But it was
reserved for Messrs Kirchkoff and Bunsen, as the inventors of the
spectroscope, to devise the only efficient method of analysing flame,
and, at the same time, to furnish chemists with a means whereby
they may detect with unerring certainty the presence of any known
element by observing the spectrum it gives when such element is
submitted to a temperature sufficiently high for it to emit a luminous
vapour. That certain chemical substances when heated in the flame
of the spirit-lamp or the blow-pipe, or any other source of
comparatively white light, imparted characteristic colours to the
flame, was a fact that had long been known to chemists; for
example, when a salt of sodium was so treated, an intense yellow
colour was imparted to the flame. A salt of potassium produced
under the same circumstances a violet, strontium, a crimson colour,
&c. These results could only be produced when the substance under
examination contained but one of the salts in question. If more than
one were present, this method of qualitative analysis was
comparatively, if not wholly, valueless, because the specific colour
communicated to the flame by the presence of one element would be
masked, and, consequently, destroyed by the colour developed by
the vapour of another or other elements. For instance, so much more
vivid is the yellow colour given to flame by sodium salts than the
violet tint imparted by those of potassium, that a very small trace of
sodium prevents the unaided eye from perceiving the violet, even
when the potassium compound is present in large quantity.
Very different optical effects, however, follow if the rays from the
various-coloured flames are made to pass through a prism. As is well
known, if a ray of ordinary white light is made to traverse a prism,
when it issues from the prism it has become decomposed or
dissected into seven luminous rays of as many different colours, the
coloured image thus produced being called a prismatic spectrum, or
simply a spectrum.
This phenomenon is owing to the prism refracting or bending out
of its course the beam of light sent through it, and to each coloured
ray of which the beam is made up being differently refracted.
“If, however, instead of the white flame coloured flames are
examined by means of a prism, the light being allowed to fall through
a narrow slit upon the prism, it is at once seen that the light thus
refracted differs essentially from white light, inasmuch as it consists
of only a particular set of rays, each flame giving a spectrum
containing a few bright bands. Thus, the spectrum of the yellow soda
flame contains only one fine bright yellow line, whilst the purple
potash flame exhibits a spectrum in which there are two bright lines,
one lying at the extreme red, and the other at the extreme violet
end. These peculiar lines are always produced by the same chemical
element, and by no other known substance; and the position of these
lines always remains unaltered. When the spectrum of a flame tinted
by a mixture of sodium and potassium salts is examined, the yellow
ray of sodium is found to be confined to its own position, whilst the
potassium red and purple lines are as plainly seen as they would
have been had no sodium been present.”[57]
[57] Roscoe.

Equally characteristic and well-defined spectra, the bands in

which have each an invariable and fixed position in the spectrum, are
also produced when the coloured flames arising from heating to the
requisite point the remaining salts of the alkalies and alkaline earths
are examined by the prism. On the opposite page the first spectrum
shows some of the fixed dark lines that are always observed when a
solar beam is examined by the spectroscope. These lines are
compared with the position of some of the more important bright
lines furnished by the spectra of the metals of the alkalies and
alkaline earths, when their chlorides are heated upon a loop of
platinum wire introduced into the flame of a Bunsen gas-burner. The
characteristic bright lines given by each metal are denoted by the
letters of the Greek alphabet, the earliest letter indicating the most
strongly marked lines.
In the potassium spectrum the most characteristic bright lines
are the red line K α, and violet line K β. In the case of sodium nearly
the whole of the light is concentrated on the intense yellow double
line Na α. In the lithium spectrum a crimson band, Li α, is the
prominent line; Li β is seldom visible, but at the elevated temperature
of the voltaic arc an additional blue line becomes very intense. In the
spectrum of cæsium two lines in the blue, Cs α and Cs β, are strongly
marked. In rubidium the lines Rb α and Rb β in the blue, and Rb γ in
the red are almost equally specific. Thallium is recognised by the
intense green line Il α. The spectra of the metals of the alkaline
earths are equally definite, though more complicated.
By means of the spectroscope quantities so inconceivably minute
as the 33,000th of a grain of chloride of rubidium, the 170,000th of a
grain of chloride of cæsium, the 2,500,000th of a grain of sodium,
and the 6,000,000th of a grain of lithium, have been detected, and
have revealed themselves to the sight by their characteristic bands in
the spectrum. Hence it is that in making use of this branch of
analysis the chemist has been enabled to show the universality of
many elements hitherto regarded as being very sparingly distributed
throughout the globe.
Thus lithium, which until lately was supposed to be one of the
rare elements, has been found as a constituent of tea, tobacco, milk,
blood, and in almost all spring waters. Furthermore, the prodigiously
sensitive reactions afforded by the spectroscope have not only
revealed the presence of infinitesimal quantities of known elements,
but have led to the discovery of new ones which had escaped
detection by the older and less delicate processes of analysis. It was
by means of spectrum analysis that the two alkali metals, cæsium
and rubidium, were discovered by Bunsen and Kirchkoff in 1860 in a
mineral water at Durkheim, and that Mr Crookes in 1861 discovered
the metal thallium in the deposit found in the flue of a pyrites
furnace; whilst still more recently Messrs Reich and Richter, in a
spectrum examination of a zinc ore from Freiberg, discovered the
metal indium.
The most brilliant spectra are given by
those salts which are the most easily
volatilised, such as the chlorides, iodides, and
bromides of the different metals. But it is only
the metals of the alkalies and alkaline earths
that give spectra that are characteristic. When
it is desired to obtain the spectra of the other
metals, they may be raised to the requisite
temperature by means of the electric spark,
which in passing through the two points of the
metal operated upon volatilises a minute
quantity of it, and thus enables it to emit its
particular light. The electric sparks are best
obtained by means of Ruhmkorff’s coil. Thus
Larger.
each metal may be made to yield a spectrum
which specially belongs to it, and to it alone.
When the electric discharge is sent through a compound gas or
vapour, owing to the intense temperature generated separation of its
constituents must take place, since the spectra produced are those of
the elementary components of the gas. The permanent gases give
each their peculiar spectrum when they are strongly heated, by
which they may be recognised; thus the spectrum of hydrogen is
composed of three bands, one being bright red, one green, and the
other blue. Nitrogen gives a very complicated spectrum.
The accompanying figure exhibits a very complete form of the
spectroscope adapted to a single prism.
 P represents a flint-glass prism supported on the cast-iron tripod
F, and retained in its place by the spring c. At the end of the tube A
nearest the prism is a lens, placed at the distance of its focus for
parallel rays from a vertical slit at the other end of the tube. The
width of the slit can be regulated by means of the screw e. One half
of this slit is covered by a small rectangular prism designed to reflect
the rays proceeding from the source of light D, down the axis of the
tube, whilst the rays from the source of light E pass directly down the
tube. By this arrangement the observer stationed at the end of the
telescope B is able to compare the spectra of both lights, which are
seen one above the other, and he can at once decide whether their
lines coincide or differ. a and b are screws for adjusting the axis of
the telescope so as to bring any part of the slit at e into the centre of
the field of vision.
The telescope as well as the tube C is moveable in a horizontal
plane around the axis of the tripod. The tube C contains a lens at the
end next to the prism, and at the other end is a scale formed by
transparent lines on an opaque ground; it is provided with a levelling
screw, d. When the telescope has been properly adjusted to the
examination of the spectrum, the tube C is moved until it is placed at
such an angle with the telescope and the face of the prism, that
when a light is transmitted through the scale the image of this scale
is reflected into the telescope from the face of the prism nearest the
observer. This image is rendered perfectly distinct by pushing in the
tube which holds the scale nearer to the lens in C, or withdrawing it
to a greater distance, as may be required. The reflected lines of the
scale can then be employed for reading off the position of the dark or
bright lines of the spectrum, as both will appear simultaneously
overlapping each other in the field of the telescope.
By turning the tube C round upon the axis of the tripod any
particular line of the scale can be brought to coincidence with any
desired line of the spectrum. Stray light is excluded by covering the
stand, the prism, and the ends of the tube adjoining it with a loose
black cloth. The dispersive power upon the spectrum may be much
increased by using several prisms instead of one. Kirchkoff used four
prisms in his experiments upon the solar spectrum. Great care must
be observed in placing the prisms; the refracting edge of each prism
must be exactly vertical, and the position of minimum deviation for
the rays to be observed must be obtained.
The preceding remarks have reference to the spectra produced
when the vapours of certain elements are evolved in flame derived
from artificial sources. When, however, solar light is examined by the
spectroscope, results entirely the reverse follow.
If a beam of sunlight be sent through the slit of the
spectroscope, the prismatic image is seen to be intersected by a
number of fine black lines, varying in thickness and intensity, and
invariably occupying the same relative position in the solar spectrum.
These lines were first noticed so far back as 1815 by a German
optician, Frauenhofer, after whom they were named Frauenhofer’s
lines; but it was not until the invention of the spectroscope that the
origin of these lines could be accounted for. By so arranging the
instrument as to cause the spectrum from a solar beam, and that
from a metallic element, to fall upon the field of the telescope, so
that the solar spectrum shall be above the other, both being perfectly
parallel; the bright bands or lines of the metal are all seen to be
continued in the dark solar lines, for, as may be seen by consulting
the plate of the different spectra, several lines are sometimes
produced by one element alone. If, for instance, the sodium and
solar spectra are thus compared, the bright yellow sodium line will be
found to agree exactly not only in position, but also in intensity and
breadth, with one of the dark solar ones. And the same thing occurs
when the comparison is made with many of the other metals, the
bright lines in the respective spectra furnished by them are each
coincident with a particular dark line in the solar spectrum, and from
every dark line in the latter a corresponding bright one can be found
amongst the spectra of the metals. From what has just been stated,
the inference seems irresistible that this coincidence between the
dark solar lines and the bright lines of the metals cannot be
accidental, but must be due to some intimate connection between
them, and that this is the case can be proved beyond refutation by a
simple experiment, in which the bright metallic lines can be changed
into dark ones, corresponding in every particular with those of the
solar spectrum. Thus the bright yellow soda lines coincident with
Frauenhofer’s lines can be converted into dark ones by allowing the
rays from a strong source of white light to pass through a flame
coloured with sodium, and then making them fall upon the slit of the
spectroscope. If we examine the spectrum obtained by this means,
instead of seeing the usual bright double band upon a black ground,
there will be presented to our sight a double dark line, corresponding
exactly with the position and width of the sodium line, and instead of
the black ground there will be a continuous spectrum of white light,
as in the solar spectrum.
The explanation of this remarkable phenomenon is due to
Kirchkoff, and is as follows:—When any substance is heated
sufficiently to render it luminous, rays of a certain and definite
degree of refrangibility are given out by it; whilst the same substance
has also the power of absorbing rays of this identical refrangibility. In
the above experiment, therefore, the yellow flame absorbed the
same kind of light as it gave out, a corresponding decrease of
intensity in its own particular position in the spectrum occurred, and
a dark line showed itself in consequence.
In the same manner and under similar conditions the spectra of
many other substances have been reversed.
 Reasoning on these facts, Kirchkoff has been able to account for
the presence in the solar spectrum of Frauenhofer’s dark lines. He
supposes that in the luminous atmosphere surrounding the sun the
vapours of various metals are present, each of which would give its
characteristic system of bright lines; but behind this incandescent
atmosphere containing metallic vapour is the still more intensely
heated solid or liquid nucleus of the sun, which emits a brilliant
continuous spectrum, containing rays of all degrees of refrangibility.
When the light of this intensely heated nucleus is transmitted
through the incandescent photosphere of the sun, the bright lines
which would be produced by the photosphere are reversed, and
Frauenhofer’s dark lines are only the reversed bright lines which
would be visible if the intensely heated nucleus were no longer there.
The correctness of this theory has been rigorously tested by
Kirchkoff himself, who submitted the solar spectrum to a most minute
and searching examination.
As a result of the knowledge thus obtained, the presence of
certain metals in the sun’s atmosphere was an inevitable deduction.
The metals hitherto detected in the solar photosphere are—iron,
sodium, magnesium, calcium, chromium, nickel, barium, copper, zinc,
strontium, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, aluminium, and titanium.
Hydrogen also exists in large quantity as an incandescent gas, and
gives rise to the red protuberances that may be observed during a
total eclipse.
During the total eclipse of 1869, M. Janssen, a French
astronomer, was enabled to obtain and figure the specimen of these
red protuberances, which, taken exclusively from that source of light,
gave not dark lines, but bright ones, corresponding in position with
those of hydrogen, magnesium, and sodium.
The fixed stars, unlike the moon and planets, which shine only
by reflected light, are not merely illuminated by self luminous bodies,
and yield spectra, which show them to contain many elements known
to us; their spectra are crossed by dark lines similar to, but not
identical with those given by the sun’s light. The spectrum yielded by
the star Aldebaran shows it to contain hydrogen, sodium,
magnesium, calcium, iron, tellurium, antimony, bismuth, and
mercury; in the spectrum of Sirius only sodium, magnesium, and
hydrogen have been found; whilst in that of Orionis there is an
absence of hydrogen. Most of the nebulæ and comets give spectra in
which there are only bright lines. It is hence inferred that these
celestial bodies are composed of masses of glowing gas, and, unlike
the sun and stars, do not consist of a solid or liquid mass surrounded
by a gaseous atmosphere. In the nebulæ hydrogen and nitrogen only
have been found; and in comets, principally carbon.
ANANAS HEMP (Ananassa sativa, S. Brumelia ananas, as well
as other species). This hemp comes from the West Indies and Central
and South America, where the common ananas is cultivated. It is
rather inferior to some varieties for spinning.
ANASTATIC PRINTING. See Printing and Zincography.
ANATHERIN BALSAM. The following formula is published by
the Netherlands Society:—Tincture of myrrh, 160 grms.; tincture of
catechu, 80 grms.; tincture of guaiacum, 40 grms.; tincture of
rhatany, 40 grms.; tincture of cloves, 30 grms.; spirit of cochlearia,
20 grms.; oil of cassia, 20 drops; otto of roses, 1 drop; proof spirit,
630 grms.
ANATHERIN BALSAM (J. G. Popp, Vienna). A mouth-wash.
Red sandal wood, 20 parts; guaiacum wood, 10 parts; myrrh, 25
parts; cloves, 15 parts; cinnamon, 5 parts; oils of cloves and
cinnamon, of each, 2⁄ 3 part; spirit, 90 per cent., 1450 parts; rose
water, 725 parts. Digest and filter.
Dr Hager, who gives the above, says that on the expiration of the
patent the following formula was published, but that a preparation
made from that process had only a distant resemblance to the actual
compound. Myrrh, 1 part; guaiacum wood, 4 parts; saltpetre, 1 part;
to be macerated for a night with corn brandy, 120 parts; spirit of
cochlearia, 180 parts. Then distil of this 240 parts, in which are to be
digested for 14 days garden rue, cochlearia, rose leaves, black
mustard, horseradish, pellitory root, cinchona bark, club-moss, sage-
vetiver, and alkanet root, of each 1 part. Strain and filter, and to each
120 parts of the filtrate add 1 part of spirit of nitrous ether. (Hager.)
ANATOM′ICAL. Syn. Anatom′icus, L.; Anatomique, Fr.; Anatomisch,
Ger. Belonging to anatomy or dissection.
Anatomical Prepara′tions. Objects of interest in both surgical
and pathological anatomy, and specimens in natural history,
preserved by subjecting them to antiseptic processes, to which is also
frequently added injection with coloured fluids (which subsequently
harden), amalgams, or fusible metal, in order to display more fully
the minute vessels, or the microscopic anatomy of the several parts.
See Fusible Alloy, Injections, Preparations, Putrefaction, Skeletons,
Solutions, &c.
ANCH′OVY (-chō′-). Syn. Anchois, Fr.; Anchove, Anschove, Ger.;
Acciughe, Anchiove. It.; Anchova, Port., Sp. The clu′pea encrasic′olus
(Linn.), a small fish of the herring tribe, closely resembling the
English sprat. It is common in the Mediterranean, and occurs in the
greatest abundance and of the finest quality about the island of
Gorgona, near Leghorn. It is taken in the night, during May, June,
and July.
Anchovies are prepared for sale or exportation by salting or
pickling them—the heads, intestines and pectoral fins having been
first removed, but not the scales, and afterwards packing them, along
with rock-salt, in the small kegs in which they are imported into this
country. The small fish are valued more than the larger ones. For the
table they are often fried to a pale amber colour, in oil or butter;
having previously been scraped clean, soaked for an hour or two in
water, wiped dry, opened (without dividing the fish), and had the
back-bones removed. Before being put into the pan they are usually
highly seasoned with cayenne; and after being again closed, are
dipped into a rich light batter. They are also divided into fillets, and
served as sandwiches, or in curried toasts. Anchovies are also
extensively potted (POTTED ANCHOVIES), and made into butter (A.-
BUTTER), and into sauce (A.-SAUCE), particularly the last.

The anchovy has a fine and peculiar flavour, and is eaten as a

delicacy all over Europe. It was known to the Greeks and Romans,
who prepared from it a kind of garum for the table. It is said to be
aperitive, stimulant, and stomachic.
The high price of genuine Gorgona anchovies has led the
fraudulent dealer to either substitute for them, or mix with them, fish
of a less expensive kind. The most frequent SUBSTITUTIONS are Dutch,
French, and Sicilian fish of allied species or varieties, sardines and
even the common sprat. The genuine Gorgona fish is about the
length of one’s finger; and may be known by its silvery appearance;
by the greater thickness of its head, which is sharp-pointed, with the
upper jaw considerably the longest, and the mouth deeply divided;
the dusky brown colour of its back,[58] and the pink salmon colour of
its flesh. When only 3 months old, its flesh is pale; when of 6
months, rather pink; when of 10 to 12 months (or in its prime), a
beautiful deep pink colour; and when much older, darker, but less
lively. The fin-rays, varying in number with the age of the fish, are—

Yarrell. Hassall.[59]
Dorsal 14, 16 (?).
Pectoral 15, —
Ventral 7, —
Anal 18, 19 (?).
Caudal 19, 26 (?).

These fins are delicate in structure and greenish-white; and the

membranes connecting the rays almost transparent. “The length of
the head, compared with the length of the body alone, is as 1 to 3;
the depth of the body but 2-3rds of the length of the head, and
compared to the length of the whole fish is as 1 to 7;” the tail is
deeply forked, the gill covers are elongated, and the scales of the
body large and deciduous.” “The breadth of the eye is 1-5th of the
length of the whole head.”[60] Dutch fish may be generally known by
being deprived of the scales, and the French fish by their larger size;
and both by the paler or whiter colour of their flesh; and sardines
and sprats by the flesh being white. The genuine fish may also be
known by the pickle, after repose or filtration, being of a clear pinkish
colour, without any red sediment; whilst that from spurious kinds is
turbid and red only when agitated, and deposits a heavy red
sediment (Armenian bole, Venetian red, or red ochre) on repose. See
Butter, Potting, Powders, Sauces, &c.
[58] The colour of the top of the head and back is, in the recent fish,
blue, with a tinge of green. (Yarrell.)
[59] Counted, by Dr A. H. Hassall, in fish in the preserved state.
[60] Yarrell’s ‘British Fishes’.

Anchovies, Brit′ish. See Sprats.

ANCHU′SIC ACID (-kū′zĭk). See Anchusine.
ANCHU′SINE. (-kū′zĭn). [Eng., Fr.] Syn. Anchu′sic acid*, Pseu′do-
alkann′ine*, Pseudo-alka′′nium*; Anchusi′na, L. The resinoid constituting
the colouring matter of alkanet-root (which see).
ANCHYLO′SIS (ăngk-e-). [L.; prim. Gr.] Syn. Ankylo′sis,
Ancylo′sis (ăn-se-), L.; Ankylose, Fr., Ger. In pathology, stiffness or
immobility of a joint naturally moveable. Anchylosis is either true or
complete, as when the extremities of the bones forming a joint are
reunited and immovable; or false, or incomplete, where the affection
depends upon a contraction of the tendons and ligaments
surrounding the joints, which nevertheless admit of a small degree of
motion. For the first there is no available remedy; for the second
gentle and progressive flexion and extension of the part daily
(carefully avoiding violence), friction with oleaginous and stimulating
liniments, and the use of the hot bath, vapour bath, or hot-air or
Turkish bath, and electricity, have been strongly recommended, and
have frequently proved successful.
 ANCYLO′SIS. See Anchylosis.
ANDITROPFEN (Kirchner and Menge Arolsen), for weak
digestion. Senna, 20 parts; rhubarb, 3 parts; jalap, 6 parts; zedoary
root, 2 parts; ginger, 2 parts; galangal, 3 parts; soda, bicarbonate, 5
parts; sugar, 15 parts; water, 300 parts; spirit, 65 parts. After
digestion this is to be strained and mixed with an infusion of 30 parts
of yarrow (with the flowers) in 300 parts of hot water. After standing
some time filter. (Hager.)
ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA. (Ind. Ph.) Syn. Kariyát.
Habitat. Commonly in shady places all over India.—Officinal part. The
dried stalks and root (Andrographis Caules et Radix, Kariyat, Creyat).
The stem, which is usually met with, with the root attached, occurs in
pieces of about a foot or more in length, quadrangular, of a lightish-
brown colour, and persistent bitter taste.—Properties. Bitter tonic and
stomachic, very analogous to quassia in its action.—Therapeutic uses.
In general debility, in convalescence after fevers, and in the advanced
stages of dysentery.
Preparations:—
Compound Infusion of Kariyát (Infusum Andrographis
compositum). Take of Kariyát, bruised, 1⁄ 2 an ounce; orange-peel
and coriander fruit, bruised, of each, 60 grains; boiling water, 10 fluid
ounces. Infuse in a covered vessel for an hour and strain.—Dose.
From 1 1⁄ 2 to 2 fluid ounces, twice or thrice daily.
Compound Tincture of Kariyát (Tinctura Andrographis
composita). Take of kariyát root, cut small, 6 ounces; myrrh and
aloes, in coarse powder, of each 1 ounce; brandy, 2 pints. Macerate
for seven days in a closed vessel, with occasional agitation; strain,
press, filter, and add sufficient brandy to make two pints.—Dose.
From 1 to 4 fluid drachms. Said to be tonic, stimulant, and gently
aperient, and to prove valuable in several forms of dyspepsia, and in
torpidity of the bowels.
 ANDROPOGON (CYMBOPOGON) CITRATUM. Lemon Grass.
(Ind. Ph.) Habitat. Commonly cultivated in gardens in India; also in
Ceylon, upon a large scale, for the sake of its volatile oil.—Officinal
part. The volatile oil (Oleum Andropogi Citrati, Lemon Grass Oil, Oil of
Verbena), obtained by distillation from the fresh plant; of a pale
sherry colour, transparent, extremely pungent taste, and a peculiar
fragrant lemon-like odour.—Properties. Stimulant, carminative,
antispasmodic, and diaphoretic; locally applied, rubefacient.—
Therapeutic use. In flatulent and spasmodic affections of the bowels,
and in gastric irritability. In cholera it proves serviceable by aiding the
process of reaction. Externally, as an embrocation in chronic
rheumatism, neuralgia, sprains, and other painful affections.
Dose. From 3 to 6 drops, on sugar or in emulsion. For external
application it should be diluted with twice its bulk of soap liniment or
any bland oil.
ANDROPOGON (CYMBOPOGON) NARDUS. Citronelle. (Ind.
Ph.) Habitat. Madras Peninsula and Ceylon. The volatile oil of this
plant has similar properties to A. citratum. and is used for the same
purposes.
ANDROPOGON PACHNODES. (Ind. Ph.) The volatile oil of this
plant possesses similar properties to that of A. citratum, and is used
for the same purposes.
ANELEC′TRIC (ăn-e-). Non-electric; a non-electric.
ANEMOM′ETER (ăn-e-). Syn. Anemom′etrum, L.; Anémomètre, Fr.;
Windmesser, Ger. An instrument or apparatus for measuring the force
or velocity of the wind, or of a current of air. Various contrivances
have been adopted for this purpose. The anemometer of Dr Lind
being also applicable to the determination of the draught of a
chimney, and the strength of air-current, in ventilation, may be
usefully described here:—
 Uses and Appl. The open end (a) is kept, by means of a vane,
presented to the wind, which acting on the surface of the water, or
other liquid in b, raises the level of the fluid in the arm (c). The
difference of the level of the fluid in the two arms of the instrument
is the measure of the force of the wind. To estimate the draught of a
flue or chimney, the arm (c) is placed in the chimney, and the orifice
(a) in the apartment.[61]
[61] The anemometers now generally used in meteorological observations
are those of Mr Follet Osler, Dr Robinson, and Dr Whewell. For a
description of these instruments, see Phillip’s ‘Report on Anemometry,’ the
‘Trans. of the Brit. Assoc.,’ 1846, ‘Trans. Royal Irish Acad.,’ &c.

ANEMOM′ETRY. Syn. Anemome′tria, L.; Anémometrie, Fr.;

Windmessen, Ger. In meteorology, physics, &c., the art or act of
measuring the velocity or force of the wind, or of ascertaining its
direction.
ANEM′ONE (ă-nĕm′-o-ne). Syn. Anem′ony; Anem′one, L., Gr.;
Anémone, Fr. The wind-flower. In botany, a genus of beautiful
flowering herbaceous plants, of the nat. ord. Ranunculaceæ. The
double flowers of some of the species are among the most elegant
ornaments of our gardens. Others are used in medicine. They are all
acrid and stimulating.
Anem′ones, Sea. (-o-nēz). Syn. An′imal-flowers ‡ , Sea
sun′flowers ‡ . Animals of the genus actin′ia, so called from the
resemblance of their claws or tentacles, when expanded, to the
petals of a flower. They are of various colours, are generally fixed by
one end to rocks or stones in the sand, and are very voracious, being
accused of occasionally swallowing a mussel or a crab as large as a
hen’s egg for a meal. They belong to the highly organised polypes of
Cuvier.
ANEMON′IC ACID. See Anemonine.
ANEMONIN. A crystalline substance found in the leaves of
several species of anemone, viz. A. pulsatilla, A. pretensis, A.
nemorosa. Water distilled from these leaves, after some weeks,
deposits a colourless inodorous substance, which softens at 150° C,
giving off water and acrid vapours. It is purified by repeated
crystallisation from boiling alcohol. Anemonin is a poisonous body. It
causes slight irritation when applied to the skin. By the action of
alkalies anemonin is transferred into anemonic acid.
ANEM′OSCOPE (ăn′-e—Brande, Mayne). Syn. Anemosco′pium, L.;
Anémoscope, Fr.; Anemoskop, Ger. An instrument to measure the force
and velocity of the wind. See Anemometer.

AN′EROID (-royd)[62]. In physics, &c., not fluid, or not

depending on water or a fluid for its action; applied to a certain form
of barometer (which see)
[62] That is—α, without, νηρος , (the) watery, ειδος, form, as correctly
given by Brande. By some strange mistake, Dr Mayne, in his new
‘Expository Lexicon,’ gives “α, priv., αηρ, air, terminal -ides,” as the
derivation of this word; and marks it ‘ane′roid,’

ANEURISM. A tumour on an artery, produced by the rupture of

the inner coat of the vessel, and the blood getting between it and the
outer coat.
ANGEL′ICA (-jĕl′-). [L., Port., Sp.; Ph. E. & D.] Syn. Garden
Angelica; Angélique, Fr.; Angelika, A.-wurzel, Angelkraut, Ger. The
angelica archangel′ica of Linnæus, an aromatic herbaceous plant with
a biennial, fleshy root, indigenous to the north of Europe, but
frequently found wild in England, and largely cultivated in our
gardens. Dried root (ANGELICA, Ph. E.), aperient, carminative,
diaphoretic, and tonic; much esteemed by the Laplanders, both as
food and medicine;—fruit or seed (Angelica, Ph. D.) resembles the
root, but is weaker. The whole plant has been extolled as an aromatic
tonic. As a masticatory, it leaves an agreeable glowing heat in the
mouth. The aromatic properties of this plant depend on a peculiar
volatile oil and resin.
Uses, &c. It has been recommended in diarrhœa, dyspepsia,
debility, and some fevers; but is now seldom used in medicine. Dose,
30 gr. to 1 dr. The dried root and seeds are used by rectifiers to
flavour gin and liqueurs; and the fresh root, tender stems, stalks, &c.,
are made by the confectioners into an aromatic candy. See Candying,
Liqueurs, &c.
Angelica Atropurpu′′rea. [Linn.] Syn. Amer′ican Angelica;
Angelica, Ph. U. S. Hab. North America. Resembles garden angelica,
but placed by some botanists in a separate, though allied genus. It is
a popular remedy for flatulent colic, indigestion, and cardialgia, in the
United States; and is there regarded as tonic, cordial, and
aphrodisiac.
ANGEL′IC ACID. HC 5H 7O 2. A volatile substance, noticed by L.
A. Buchner, jun., in angelica-root. It has a pungent sour smell, and a
biting acid taste; is sometimes fluid and oleaginous, and sometimes
crystallised in striated prisms.[63]
[63] Schmidt’s ‘Jahrb.,’ 1842.

ANGO′LA Syn. Ango′la-wool, Ango′′ra-w., Ango′na-w., &c.; Poil de

chevron d′Angora, Fr.; (Engoor′, Engour′, or Engu′ri) Tiftic, Tur. The
wool of ‘ca′pra Angoren′sis’ or the Angora-goat, of which the shawls
of Cashmere are made, and others in imitation of them. It is also
used to make plush, light cloths for paletôts which are repellent of
wet, &c.; and is extensively employed in France in the manufacture
of lace more brilliant than that of Valenciennes and Chantilly, and at
half the price. See Alpaca, Shawls, Wool, &c.
ANGOSTU′RA, Angustu′ra. (-tūre′-ă). See Cusparia.
 Angostura, False. See Brucea, Cusparia and Strychnos.
ANGOSTU′′RINE, Angustu′rine (-ĭn). See Cusparin.
ANHYDRIDE. Most, if not all modern chemists, adopting
Gerhardt’s practice of limiting the title of acid to a particular class of
substances which contain hydrogen, now regard all true acids as salts
of hydrogen. Formerly many bodies, such as silica or white arsenic,
were looked upon as acids, though if we adopt the foregoing
definition they are not really so until they have combined with water.
Such bodies, because they contain no hydrogen, are now
distinguished as anhydrides; the substances, for example, familiarly
known as carbonic, sulphurous, and phosphoric acids, must, upon
the above principle, be designated carbonic, sulphurous, and
phosphoric anhydrides. We may also define an anhydride to be an
oxide which forms an acid on treatment with water.
ANHY′DROUS (-drŭs; an′hydrous, as marked by Brande, is less
usual). Syn. An′hydrus, L.; Anhydré, Fr.; Wasserfrei, Ger. Free from
water; dry. In chemistry and mineralogy, a term frequently applied to
substances, as acids, alcohol, gases, salts, minerals, &c., which do
not contain either free or combined water. Gases may generally be
rendered anhydrous by passing them through a tube containing
fused chloride of calcium, or (e.g. AMMONIA and two or three others)
quick-lime, in coarse powder; and some of them, by passing them
through concentrated sulphuric acid. Salts may generally be dried by
cautiously submitting them to the action of heat, or by exposure to a
very dry atmosphere; and alcohol, and many other volatile fluids, by
careful distillation from chloride of calcium, or some other highly
hygrometric substance.
AN′IL. [Fr., Sp., L.] The indigof′era anil of botanists—one of the
plants yielding ‘indigo’—a native of America, but now largely
cultivated in the East Indies. See Indigo (and below).

AN′ILINE[64] (-een). [Eng., Fr.] C 6H 7N. Syn. Phenyl′amine;

Anili′na, Anili′num, &c., L. A peculiar volatile organic base first noticed
by Unverdorben in empyreumatic bone-oil, and afterwards obtained
by Runge from coal-tar, and by Fritzsche, Zinin, A. W. Hofmann, and
others, as a product of various reactions, processes, and
decompositions, particularly those attending the destructive
distillation of organic bodies.
[64] For a detailed account of the methods of preparing aniline
commercially, and of the dyes obtained therefrom, see ‘Dictionnaire de
Chimie,’ par A. Wurtz.

Prep. Aniline is now almost invariably obtained, on the large

scale, either directly or indirectly from coal-tar or indigo; and chiefly
from the basic oil or naphtha, or the nitrobenzol, of which the former
is the principal source. The following are the leading commercial and
experimental processes:
1. From COAL-TAR or COAL-TAR NAPHTHA:—The basic oil or basic
portion of coal-tar or coal-tar naphtha, forming the latter, denser, and
least volatile products of the distillation or rectification of these
substances, is strongly agitated, for some time, along with
hydrochloric acid in slight excess, a glass globe, or, on the large
scale, a suitable vessel of lead, or of enamelled iron, being employed
for the purpose; the clear portion of the liquid (containing the
hydrochlorates of the bases present) is then decanted and carefully
evaporated over an open fire until acrid fumes begin to be
disengaged, when it is again decanted or filtered; the clear liquor, or
filtrate is next treated with potash or milk of lime in excess, by which
the bases—chiefly aniline and chinoline—are liberated under the form
of a brownish oil; the whole of the resulting mixture is now submitted
to distillation, the portion which passes over at or about 360° Fahr.,
and which consists chiefly of crude aniline, being collected
separately; the product is purified by rectification and recollection,
once or oftener, at the same temperature, and, lastly, by fresh
treatment with hydrochloric acid and careful distillation with excess of
potash, or milk of lime, as before.
2. From NITROBENZOL:—a. (Zinin.) An alcoholic solution of
nitrobenzol, after saturation with ammonia, is treated with
sulphuretted hydrogen, until, after some hours, a precipitation of
sulphur takes place; the brown liquid is then repeatedly saturated
with fresh sulphuretted hydrogen, until no more sulphur separates,
the reaction being aided by occasionally heating or distilling the
mixture; an excess of acid is next added, and, after filtering the
liquid, and the removal of the alcohol and unaltered nitrobenzol by
ebullition or distillation, the residuum is lastly distilled with caustic
potash, in excess. The ANILINE found in the receiver may be rendered
quite pure by forming it into oxalate of aniline, repeatedly
crystallising the salt from alcohol, and finally distilling it with excess
of caustic potassa, as before.
The following is a cheaper and more convenient process; and
probably the best, or one of the best, that has yet been invented for
obtaining aniline:—
b. (M. Béchamps.) From nitrobenzol distilled along with basic
protacetate of iron; or, what is better, by distilling a mixture of iron-
filings, 2 parts, and acetic acid, 1 part, with about an equal volume of
nitrobenzol, the reaction being assisted, whenever the effervescence
flags, by the application of a gentle heat. The liquor found in the
receiver consists of aniline and water, from which the first, forming
the lower portion, is obtained, after sufficient repose in a separator;
or more easily, by adding a very little ether, which by dissolving in the
aniline, causes it to rise to the surface, when it is at once decanted. A
very spacious glass or earthenware retort must be employed in the
process, as the mass swells up violently; and it must be connected
with the receiver, on the small scale, by means of a Liebig’s
condenser, and, on the large scale, by an ordinary worm-pipe and
tub, kept in good action by a sufficient flow of cold water.
The apparatus for carrying out Béchamp’s method was devised
by Nicholson, and is exhibited in the subjoined plate.
“It consists essentially of a cast-iron cylinder (A) of 10 hectolitres
(220 cubic gallons) capacity. A stout iron tube is fitted to this vessel,
reaching nearly to the bottom of the cylinder. The upper part of this
tube is connected with the machinery (G), while the surface of the