Department of Mathematics

UNIT-II

VECTOR INTEGRATION

Topic Learning Objectives:

Upon Completion of this unit, students will be able to:

➢ Understand the fundamentals of the integration of vector point function.

➢ Solve line, surface and volume integrals.
➢ Apply Green's Theorem, Stokes' Theorem and Gauss' Theorem in solving engineering
problems.
➢ Estimate and apply the concepts of solenoidal and irrotational fields to calculate integrals of
vector functions.

Line Integral: Any integral which is to be evaluated along a curve is called line integral.
If 𝐹⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a vector point function and 𝐶 is any curve the𝑛 ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ is called the vector line
integral. (Tangential line integral or line integral)
NOTE:
1. 𝐶 is a called path of integration.
2. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖̂ + 𝑓2 𝑗̂ + 𝑓3 𝑘̂ then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑓1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓3 𝑑𝑧.
𝐶 𝐶

3. When 𝐶 is a simple closed curve, line integral is denoted by ∮𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ (means the line
integral of 𝐹⃗ taken once around 𝐶 in the anticlock wise direction).
4. If 𝐹⃗ represents force acting on a particle then the line integral ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ represents work
done by a force⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹.
5. If 𝐹⃗ represents the velocity of a fluid then ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ represents circulation of 𝐹⃗ around 𝐶.
6. Condition for 𝐹⃗ to be conservative is ∇ × F
⃗⃗ = 0.
7. If 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 0 then ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ is independent of path.
Problem 1. If 𝐹⃗ = (5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 )𝑖̂ + (2𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑗̂. Evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ along 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 in 𝑋𝑌 −plane
from (1, 1) to (2, 8).
Solution: Given
𝐹⃗ = (5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 )𝑖̂ − (2𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑗̂
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂
22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥: 1 to Department of Mathematics

Consider
𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (5𝑥 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥)3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
2
∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫(5𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 5 − 12𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 4 ] = 35.
1
𝐶 1

Problem 2. Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗̂ +
𝑧𝑘̂ along
a) The straight line (0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 3).
b) The curve 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 4𝑡 2 − 𝑡 from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 1.
c) The curve defined by 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦, 3𝑥 3 = 8𝑧 from 𝑥 = 0 to .
Solution: Work done = ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝐶 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧. ---------- (i)
a) 𝐶 is a straight line joining (0, 0, 0) and (2, 1, 3).
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
The equation of the line is given by 2 = 1 = 3 = 𝑡
We have 𝑥 = 2𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑧 = 3𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 3𝑑𝑡
[∵
and 𝑡 = 0 to 1 𝑡 = 𝑦, 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 1]
then equation (i)
1

⇒ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫{(3(2𝑡)2 )(2𝑑𝑡) + (2(2𝑡)(3𝑡) − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + (3𝑡)3𝑑𝑡}

𝐶 0
1 1
2
𝑡3 𝑡2
= ∫(36𝑡 + 8𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = [36 + 8 ]| = 16.
3 2 0
0

b) Given curve 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑡𝑑𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑡, 𝑧 = 4𝑡 2 − 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = (8𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡

then (i) becomes
1

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫{(3(2𝑡 2 )2 )(4𝑡𝑑𝑡) + (2(2𝑡 2 )(4𝑡 2 − 𝑡) − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + (4𝑡 2 − 𝑡)(8𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡}

𝐶 0
1
71
= ∫(48𝑡 5 + 16𝑡 4 + 28𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 =
5
0
𝑥2 𝑥 3𝑥 3 9
c) Given curve 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 ⇒ 𝑦 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥, 3𝑥 3 = 8𝑧 ⇒ 𝑧 = ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 8 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 and
4 8
x: 0 to 2 then (i) becomes

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 Department of Mathematics

2
3 3 𝑥2 𝑥 3 9
⃗
∫ 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 ( 𝑥 ) − ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 }
2
8 4 2 8 8
𝐶 0
2
3 𝑥 3 27 5
= ∫(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 5 − + 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 16.
8 8 64
0

Exercise:
1. If⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑦𝑗̂, evaluate ∫𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ from (0, 0) to (1, 1)
2
(a) along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 Ans: 3
7
(b) along the parabola 𝑦 = √𝑥 Ans: 12.
2. Find the total work done by the force represented by 𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ + 2𝑧𝑥𝑘̂ in moving a
particle round the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝜃 & 𝑧 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
3. Find the circulation of 𝐹⃗ around the curve 𝐶, where 𝐶 is the rectangle whose vertices are given
𝜋 𝜋
by (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 2 ) & (0, 2 ) and 𝐹⃗ = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑖̂ + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑗̂.

4. If 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ + (3𝑦 − 4𝑥)𝑗̂ evaluate ∮𝐶 𝐹⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑑𝑟 around a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane
with 𝐴(0, 0) 𝐵(2, 0) and 𝐶(2, 1),
14
(a) In the counter clockwise direction. Ans: − 3

14
(b) What is the value in the opposite direction? Ans: 3

5. Evaluate the line integral ∫𝐶 (𝑥 2 2 2

+ 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶: 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒: 𝑥 = ±1, 𝑦 =
±1 . Ans:0

NOTE: If circulation is "0" then ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ is irrotational.

GREEN’S THEOREM

Green’s theorem in the plane transforms a line integral to a double integral in a plane.
Statement:
If 𝑅 is a closed region in XY-plane, bounded by a simply closed curve 𝐶 and if

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𝜕 𝜕
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be continuous functions at every point in 𝑅, then
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
.
Proof: Suppose that 𝐶 is a simply closed curve with the property that any line parallel to either
axis meets the curve in at most two points.

Consider
𝜓(𝑥)
𝑏 𝑏
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜓(𝑥)
∬ (− ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (− ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ −𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)| 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑎 𝜕𝑦 𝑥=𝑎 𝜙(𝑥)
𝑅 𝑦=𝜙(𝑥)
𝑏
=∫ [−𝑃(𝑥, 𝜓(𝑥)) + 𝑃(𝑥, 𝜙(𝑥))] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
= ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝜓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝜙(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑎

⇒ ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐
Similarly,
𝜕𝑄
∬ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝑐
𝑅

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∴ ∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.
𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

Problem 1. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for ∮𝐶 {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} taken around the
boundary of the rectangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (𝑎, 0), (𝑎, 𝑏) and (0, 𝑏).
Solution: We have to verify

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𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
Consider

∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3 𝑐4
𝐶

∮ {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} = ∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦

𝐶
𝐶

Along 𝐶1 : 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
3
𝑥 𝑎3
∫ {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = | = .
3 3
𝑐1 0 0
Along 𝐶2 : 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏

2 2 2
𝑎𝑦 3 𝑎𝑏 3
∫ {(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦} = ∫ −𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − | =− .
3 3
𝑐2 0 0
Along 𝐶3 : 𝑦 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥: 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 0
0 0
3
𝑥 𝑎3
∫ {(𝑥 2 2 2
+ 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦} = ∫(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑏𝑥| = − − 𝑏𝑎.
3 3
𝑐3 𝑎 𝑎
Along 𝐶4 : 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦: 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0
0

∫ {(𝑥 2 2
+ 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦} = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑐3 𝑏

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∴ ∮ {(𝑥 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦} = ∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦

𝐶
𝐶
𝑎3 𝑎𝑏 3 𝑎3 𝑏2
= − − − 𝑏𝑎 + 0 = −𝑎𝑏 (1 + ) … … (1)
3 3 3 3

Next consider,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝑦3 𝑏2
∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (−𝑦 2 — 1) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ [ + 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ ( + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 3 0
3
𝑅 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 0
2
𝑏
= −𝑎𝑏 (1 + ) … … (2)
3
From (1) and (2), Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 2. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for ∫𝑐 {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦} taken around
the boundary of the finite area in the positive quadrant included between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 & 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 .
Solution: We have to verify
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∫ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅

∫𝐶 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑐1 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑐2 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦=∫𝐶1 {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦} +

∫𝐶2 {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦}

Along 𝐶1 : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 and 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 1

1
∫ {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦} = ∫ {(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )2𝑥𝑑𝑥}
𝑐1 0

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1 1
𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2 4
=∫ (2𝑥 3 2
+ 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [2 + + ] = .
0 4 3 2 0 3
2
Along 𝐶2 : x= 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 and 𝑦: 1 𝑡𝑜 0
0
∫ {(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦} = ∫ {(𝑦 2 − 𝑦)2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦}
𝑐1 1
0 0
𝑦4 𝑦3 𝑦2 2
=∫ (2𝑦 3 2
− 𝑦 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = [2 − + ] =− .
1 4 3 2 1 3

4 2 2
∴ ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄 𝑑𝑦 = − = . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
3 3 3
𝐶
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
Now 𝑃 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 ⇒ 𝜕𝑦 = −1 and 𝑄 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ⇒ =1
𝜕𝑥
1 √𝑦 1 √𝑦
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (1 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅 𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦 2 𝑦=0 𝑥=𝑦 2
1 1
𝑦
= ∫ (2𝑥)√𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ (√𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑦=0
3 1
𝑦2 𝑦3 2
= 2( − ) = . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
3 3 3
2 0
From (1) and (2), Green’s theorem is verified.

Problem 3. Show that area enclosed by a simple closed curve 𝐶 is given by

1
2
∮{𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥}. Using this, find the area bounded by the ellipse with axes 2𝑎 and 2𝑏.
Solution: we have
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝑃 = −𝑦 ⇒ 𝜕𝑦 = −1 and 𝑄 = 𝑥 ⇒ =1
𝜕𝑥

1 1
∮ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∬(1 + 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 𝐶 2
𝑅

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𝑥2 𝑦2
To find the area of the ellipse, the equation is 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.
In parametric form
𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃.
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝜃
1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∮ 𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∮ {𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑏 cos 𝜃 − 𝑏 sin 𝜃 (−𝑎 sin 𝜃)} 𝑑𝜃
2 𝐶 2 𝐶
2𝜋
1 1
= 𝑎𝑏 ∫ (cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏[2𝜋] = 𝜋𝑎𝑏.
2 2
0

Problem 4. Using Green’s theorem in the plane, evaluate ∫𝐶 {(2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦}, 𝐶
is the boundary of the region bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1.
Solution: we have

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝑃 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 ⇒ 𝜕𝑦 = −2𝑦 and 𝑄 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ⇒
2 2
= 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥

1 1−𝑦 1 1−𝑦
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝑥2
∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ [ + 𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 0
𝑅 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 0

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1
(1 − 𝑦)2
= 2∫( + (1 − 𝑦)𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2
0
1
1
= 2 ∫ ( (1 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )) 𝑑𝑦
2
0

1
1 𝑦3 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦3 2
= 2 [ (𝑦 + − 2 ) + ( − )] = .
2 3 2 2 3 0 3
Problem 5. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate ∫𝑐 (𝑦 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶 is the
𝜋 2
triangle enclosed by the lines 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝜋 𝑥.
Solution: we have
𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∮ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑅
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄
𝑃 = 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝜕𝑦 = 1 and 𝑄 = cos 𝑥 ⇒ = − sin 𝑥
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃
∫ (𝑦 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐶 𝑅
𝜋 2𝑥 𝜋
2 𝜋 2
2𝑥
= ∫ ∫ (− sin 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(sin 𝑥 + 1)[𝑦]0𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 0

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𝜋
2
2
= − ∫(𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
2 𝑥2 2 2 𝜋
= − [−𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + ] = − ( + ).
𝜋 2 0 𝜋 4
Exercise:
1. Verify Green’s theorem for ∫𝐶 (𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦)𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶 is the rectangle,
𝜋 𝜋
whose vertices are (0, 0), (𝜋, 0), (𝜋, 2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, 2 ). Ans: [2(𝑒 −𝜋 − 1)]

2. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑥 −1 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑦, where 𝐶 is the bounded

16
by 𝑦 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 1 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 5

3. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate ∮𝐶 (𝑥 2 − cosh 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑦) where 𝐶 is the

boundary of the rectangle 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝜋(cosh 1 − 1)

Surface Integral

Any integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called surface integral.

Physical interpretation: The surface integral of a vector function 𝐹⃗ express the normal flux
through a surface.

Note: If 𝐹⃗ represents velocity vector of a fluid, the surface integral represents the rate of flow of
fluid through the surface.

1. The surface integral of a vector point function 𝐹⃗ over a surface 𝑆 is defined as the
integral of normal component of 𝐹⃗ taken over the surface 𝑆.
2. If 𝐹⃗ represents the velocity of a fluid ∯𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 gives the flux across the surface 𝑆.
3. If the flux of 𝐹⃗ across every closed surface 𝑆 in a region 𝑅 is zero. Then 𝐹⃗ is a solenoidal
vector point function in the region 𝑅.
4. If 𝐹⃗ represents gravitational force, electric force or magnetic force in each case
∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 gives corresponding flux.

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Working Rule:
∇∅
1. For the given surface ∅, find 𝑛̂ = |∇∅| , 𝑛̂ is outward unit normal vector to the surface.
2. Find 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
3. If the projection of 𝑆 is taken in 𝑌𝑍 −plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = |𝑛̂.𝑖̂|
, where 𝑖̂ is the unit vector
along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4. If the projection of 𝑆 is taken in 𝑋𝑌 −plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = ̂|
|𝑛̂.𝑘
, where 𝑘̂ is the unit vector
along 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
5. If the projection of 𝑆 is taken in 𝑋𝑍 −plane, then 𝑑𝑠 = |𝑛̂.𝑗̂ |
, where 𝑗̂ is the unit vector
along 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

NOTE: To evaluate any surface integral, it is convenient to evaluate the double integral of its
projection on 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦𝑧, 𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑥 plane.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂
|𝑛̂. 𝑘̂|
𝑆 𝑆 𝑅
where 𝑅 is the projection of 𝑆 in 𝑋𝑌 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.

Problems 1. Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = 18𝑧𝑖̂ − 12𝑗̂ + 3𝑦𝑘̂ and 𝑆 is the part of the 2𝑥 +
3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12, located in first octant (𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0).
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Solution: Given 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 ⇒ 6 + 4 + 2 = 1
Let ∅ = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 12
∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
then ∇∅ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇∅ 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂
𝑛̂ = = =
|∇∅| √22 + 32 + 62 7
2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ 36z − 36 + 18y
𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = (18𝑧𝑖̂ − 12𝑗̂ + 3𝑦𝑘̂ ). ( )=
7 7
Projecting on to any plane (i. e, xy, yz or zx)
Projecting on to plane 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

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12−2𝑥 6
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12; 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 6 ; 𝑦: 0 𝑡𝑜 and |𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| = 7
3

12−2𝑥
6 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 36z − 36 + 18y 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = ∫ ∫
|𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| 7 6
𝑆 𝑅 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 7
12−2𝑥
6 3
1 12 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦
= ∫ ∫ (36 − 36 + 18𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
6 6
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
12−2𝑥
6 3 6
12−2𝑥
1 1
= ∫ ∫ (36 − 12𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(36 𝑦 − 12 𝑥 𝑦)| 0 3 𝑑𝑥
6 6
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
6 6
12−2𝑥
3
12 − 2𝑥
= 2 ∫(3 − 𝑥 )𝑦| 0 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(3 − 𝑥 ) ( − 0) 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥=0 0
6
12 − 2𝑥
= 2 ∫(3 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 24.
3
0

Problem 2. Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑖̂ + 2𝑥𝑗̂ − 𝑧𝑘̂ and 𝑆 is the surface of the plane
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 included in the I octant cut by 𝑧 = 4.
Solution: Let ∅ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6
∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
then ∇∅ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇∅ 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
𝑛̂ = = =
|∇∅| √4 + 1 √5
2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ 2y + 2x
𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = (𝑦𝑖̂ + 2𝑥𝑗̂ − 𝑧𝑘̂). ( )=
√5 √5
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Projecting on to 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, we get

1
|𝑛̂. 𝑗̂| = ; 𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 3 and 𝑧: 0 𝑡𝑜 4
√5

Now consider
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂
|𝑛̂. 𝑗̂|
𝑆 𝑅
3 4 3 4
2y + 2x 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ ∫ = ∫ ∫(2(6 − 2x) + 2x) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥
√5 1
𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
√5
3 4 3 4

= ∫ ∫(12 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (12 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 = 108.

𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0

Problem 3. Evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = 𝑧𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂ + 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂ where 𝑆 is the surface of the
cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 included in the first octant between 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 5.
Solution: Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 is a right circular cylinder with base circle as 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =
16, 𝑧 = 0 and generates parallel to 𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Let ∅ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16
∂∅ ∂∅ ∂∅
then ∇∅ = 𝑖̂ + ∂y 𝑗̂ + ∂z 𝑘̂ = 2𝑥𝑖̂ + 2𝑦𝑗̂
∂x

∇∅ 2𝑥𝑖̂ + 2𝑦𝑗̂ 2(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂) 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂

𝑛̂ = = = = =
|∇∅| √4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 2√(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) √16 4
𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ xz + xy
𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = (𝑧𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂ + 3𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂ ). ( )=
4 4

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Projecting on to plane 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

5 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 xz + xy 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑦
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = ∫ ∫ 𝑦 ∵ |𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| =
|𝑛̂. 𝑗̂| 4 4
𝑆 𝑅 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 4
5 4 5 4
xz xz
= ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑦 √16 − 𝑥 2
𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0
5 4 4 5
x
= ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 = 90.
√16 − 𝑥 2
𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
Exercise:
1. Find the surface integral over the parallelepiped 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3 when 𝐴⃗ =
2𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥𝑧𝑘̂ 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 33.
2. If 𝑆 is the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑑 2 and 𝐴⃗ = 𝑎𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑧𝑘̂ , evaluate
2𝜋𝑑 3
∬𝑆 𝐴⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 3 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
3. If 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑦𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑘̂ and 𝑆 is the surface of the parabolic cylinder 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 in the first
octant bounded by the planes 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑧 = 6, show that ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 132.

Gauss divergence theorem

(Relation between surface and volume integrals)

Statement: If 𝑉 is the volume bounded by a closed surface 𝑆 and 𝐹⃗ is a vector point function
having continuous derivatives, then

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉,
𝑆 𝑉

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where 𝑛̂ is the unit normal drawn to 𝑆. (𝑛̂ → outward unit normal i.e, normal vector away from
the surface)

Problem 1. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ taken over the
suface of the cube bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 2 and the coordinate planes.
Solution: We have to verfy that

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝑆 𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑠3 𝑠4 𝑠5 𝑠6
where 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝑆3 , 𝑆4 , 𝑆5 , 𝑆6 are the six faces of the cube.

∴ ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑆 𝑆
For 𝑺𝟏 (𝐷𝐵𝐸𝐺) which is parallel to 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 its equation is 𝑥 = 2, 𝑛̂ = 𝑖 & 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧.

Here 𝑛̂ = 𝑖, (𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖. 𝑖 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧 (remaining are zero).

∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) ∙ 𝑖̂ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

𝑆1 𝑆1
2 2 2 2 2
𝑧𝑦 2
= ∫ ∫ (8 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ [8𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑧 = ∫[16 − 2𝑧] 𝑑
2 0
𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0 𝑧=0
2 2
2𝑧
= [16𝑧 − ] = 32 − 4 = 28.
2 0

For 𝑺𝟐 (𝑂𝐶𝐸𝐵) which is 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑦 = 0, ̂𝑛 = −𝑗 & 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥.

2 2

∬ ((𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫ (2𝑥 2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = 0

3 2
∵𝑦=0
𝑆2 𝑥=0 𝑦=0
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For 𝑺𝟑 (𝑂𝐴𝐷𝐵) which is 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑧 = 0, ̂𝑛 = −𝑘 & 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.

2 2

∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫ ∫(−𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ∵𝑧=0

𝑆3 𝑦=0 𝑥=0

For 𝑺𝟒 (𝑂𝐶𝐹𝐴) which is 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑥 = 0, ̂𝑛 = −𝑖 & 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧.

∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑆4
2 2 2 2 2 2

= ∫ ∫ −(𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0
2 2 2 2
𝑧 𝑦
= [ ] [ ] = 4.
2 0 2 0

For 𝑺𝟓 (𝐺𝐹𝐴𝐷) which is parallel to 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 2, 𝑛̂ = 𝑗̂ & 𝑑𝑠 =

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧.

∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑆5
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 (2) 2
= ∫ ∫ −2𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ∫ −2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = −4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 =
𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑥=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0
3 2
𝑥 8 64
= −4 [ ] [𝑧]20 = −4 × × 2 = − .
3 0 3 3

For 𝑺𝟔 (𝐺𝐸𝐶𝐹) which is parallel to 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑧 = 2, ̂𝑛 = 𝑘 & 𝑑𝑠 =

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦.

∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ ) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑆6
2 2 2 2

= ∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 = 8.
𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=0

22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)

 Department of Mathematics

64 56
∴ ∬ ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 28 + 0 + 0 + 4 − +8= .
3 3
𝑆

Now to evaluate ∭𝑉 ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉
Consider
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . ((𝑥 3 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ − 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 1
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2 2 2 2 2

∴ ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 ∫(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

𝑉 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
22
𝑥3 8 56
= [𝑧]20 [𝑦]20 [ + 𝑥] = (2)(2) ( + 2) = … … … … . . (2)
3 0
3 3
0

From (1) and (2), we see that

56
∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 =
3
𝑆 𝑉
Hence the Gauss divergence theorem.

Problem 2. Verify divergence theorem 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ + 2𝑧𝑘̂ over the region bounded by the
plane 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 & 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4.
Solution: Let ∅ = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 4
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑖. 𝑒. + + =1
2 2 4

∇∅ 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝑛̂ = =
|∇∅| 3
2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧
𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ =
3
Now project the surface on 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)

 Department of Mathematics

2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 1
|𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| = | . 𝑘̂| =
3 3
𝑥: 0 𝑡𝑜 2
𝑦: 0 𝑡𝑜 2 − 𝑥
plane 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 ⇒ 𝑧 = 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ = ∬( )
|𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| 3 1
𝑆 𝑅 𝑅 3
2 2−𝑥

= 2 ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥

= 2 ∫ ∫ (𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥
2
𝑥𝑦 3𝑦 2
=2 ∫[ − − 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 0
𝑥=0
2
𝑥(2 − 𝑥)2 3(2 − 𝑥)2
=2 ∫[ − − 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥) + 4(2 − 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥=0
2
1 3
= 2 ∫ [ (4𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 ) − (4 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) − 8𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 8] 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥=0
2
1 4𝑥 2 𝑥 4 4𝑥 3 3 𝑥 3 4𝑥 2 8𝑥 2 2𝑥 3
= 2[ ( + − ) − (4𝑥 + − )− + + 8𝑥] = 4 (1)
2 2 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 0

22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)

 Department of Mathematics

Surface Remarks 𝑛̂ ds 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑆1 : 𝐴𝑂𝐵 𝑛̂ = − 𝑘̂ dx dy -2z=0
𝑧=0
𝑦𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑆2 : 𝐵𝑂𝐶 𝑛̂ = − 𝑖̂ dy dz -xy=0
𝑥=0
𝑥𝑧 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑆3 : 𝐴𝑂𝐶 𝑛̂ = − 𝑗̂ dx dz y=0
𝑦=0
∇∅
𝑛̂ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Projection on |∇∅| 2(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝑆4 : 𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ =
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ |𝑛̂. 𝑘̂| 3
=
3
Now consider
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . (𝑥𝑦𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ + 2𝑧𝑘̂) = 𝑦 + 1
∂x ∂y ∂z
2 2−𝑥 4−2𝑥−2𝑦

∴ ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ (𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑉 𝑥=0 𝑦=0 𝑧=0
2 2−𝑥
4−2𝑥−2𝑦
= ∫ ∫ [(𝑦 + 1)𝑧]𝑧=0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥

= ∫ ∫ [(𝑦 + 1)(4 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)]𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥

= ∫ ∫ [2𝑦 + 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑥=0 𝑦=0
2 2−𝑥
2
2𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2 2𝑦 3
= ∫[ + 4𝑦 − − 2𝑥𝑦 − ] 𝑑𝑦
2 2 3 0
0
2
2
= ∫ [(2 − 𝑥)2 + 4(2 − 𝑥) − 𝑥(2 − 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥(2 − 𝑥) − (2 − 𝑥)3 ] 𝑑𝑦 = 4 … (2)
3
0
From (1) and (2), Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Problem 3. Using divergence theorem, evaluate ∬𝑆 [(𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗̂ + (𝑧 2 −

𝑥𝑦)𝑘̂]. 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, over the surface of the rectangular parallelepiped 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑐.
Solution: We have

22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)

 Department of Mathematics

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . ((𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖̂ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗̂ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘̂) = 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
∂x ∂y ∂z
𝑐 𝑏 𝑎

∴ ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 2(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑉 𝑧=0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0
𝑐 𝑏 𝑎
𝑥2
= 2 ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑧𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
2 0
𝑧=0 𝑦=0
𝑐 𝑏
𝑎2
= 2 ∫ ∫ ( + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
0 0 2
𝑐 𝑐 𝑏
𝑎2 𝑎𝑦 2 𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎𝑏 2
=2 ∫ [ 𝑦+ + 𝑎𝑧𝑦] 𝑑𝑧 = 2 ∫ [ + + 𝑎𝑧𝑏] 𝑑𝑧
0 2 2 0 0 2 2
𝑐
𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑧2
=[ 𝑧+ 𝑧 + 𝑎𝑏 2 ] = 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐).
2 2 0

Problem 4. Evaluate using divergence theorem ∬𝑆 [𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑘̂]. 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, where 𝑆 is the
surface consisting of the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 and the circular discs cut by the plane 𝑧 = 0
& 𝑧 = 𝑏.
Solution: Here
𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . (𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑘̂) = 5𝑥 2
∂x ∂y ∂z

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ ∇. 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑉 = ∭ 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉 𝑉

using cylindrical coordinates

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃,
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃,
𝑧 = 𝑧,
𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝑟: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝜃: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋
22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)
 Department of Mathematics

𝑧: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
𝑏 2𝜋 𝑎

∴ ∭ 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑉 = ∫ ∫ ∫ 5(𝑟 2 cos 𝜃) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑧
𝑉 𝑧=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
𝑎 2𝜋 𝑏
𝑎4 1 sin 2𝜃 2𝜋
= 5 ∫ 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 = 5 × × [𝜃 + ] × [𝑧]𝑏0
4 2 2 0
𝑟=0 𝜃=0 𝑧=0
5𝑎4 𝑏 𝜋
= .
4

Problem 5. Using divergence theorem, ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠, 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̂ taken over the surface

consisting of the hemisphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 above the 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 bounded by the 𝑥𝑦 −
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
Solution: Here
𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̂
∂ ∂ ∂
∇. 𝐹⃗ = ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . (𝑥 3 𝑖̂ + 𝑦 3 𝑗̂ + 𝑧 3 𝑘̂) = 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) = 3𝑎2
∂x ∂y ∂z
Using Spherical coordinates
∵ 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 , 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
𝑟: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝜋
𝜃: 0 𝑡𝑜 [𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒]
2
𝜙: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋 [𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒]

𝜋
2𝜋 2 𝑎

∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹⃗ ) 𝑑𝑉 = 3 ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 (𝑟 2 sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜙
𝑉
𝑆 𝜙=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
𝜋
2𝜋 2 𝑎

= 3 ∫ 1 𝑑𝜙 × ∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 × ∫ 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟
𝜙=0 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
5 5
𝑎 6𝜋𝑎
= 3 × 2𝜋 × ×1= .
5 5
Using Cartesian coordinates

22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)

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∬ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∭ 𝑑𝑖𝑣(𝐹⃗ ) 𝑑𝑉
𝑉
𝑆
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
2 2 2)
6𝜋𝑎5
=∫ ∫ ∫ 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥=−𝑎 𝑦=−√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑧=0 5
Exercise:
1. Verify divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑗̂ + 𝑦𝑧 𝑘̂ taken over the cube bounded by
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = 1.
2. Using divergence theorem, evaluate ∬𝑆 𝑟⃗. 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝑆 is the surface of the sphere𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 108𝜋
3. Using divergence theorem, evaluate ∬𝑆 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 over the entire surface 𝑆 of the region
above 𝑥𝑦 plane bounded by the cone 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑧 2 the plane 𝑧 = 4 where 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧𝑖̂ −
𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ + 3𝑧 𝑘̂ 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 704𝜋

STOKES THEOREM
(Relation between line and surface integral)
Statement: If 𝑆 be an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve 𝐶 and 𝐹⃗ be any vector
point function having continuous first order partial derivatives, then

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑠⃗

𝐶 𝑆 𝑆
where 𝑛̂ is the outward drawn unit normal at any point to 𝑆.
Problem 1. Verify Stokes theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗̂ taken round the rectangle
bounded by the lines 𝑥 = ±𝑎, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏.
Solution: We have to prove that

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
Now
𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ((𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖̂ − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗̂). (𝑑𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘̂) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ … … … … (1)

𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4

22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)

 Department of Mathematics

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∮ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝐶
𝐶
Along 𝐶1 : 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥: − 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
𝑎
2𝑎3
∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
− 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
3
𝐶1 𝐶1 −𝑎
Along 𝐶2 : 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦: 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑎𝑏 2

𝐶2 𝐶2
Along 𝐶3 : 𝑦 = 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥: 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑎
−𝑎
2𝑎3
∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 2 2
− 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑏 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − − 2𝑎𝑏 2
3
𝐶3 𝐶3 𝑎
Along 𝐶4 : 𝑥 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦: 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0
0

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ −2(−𝑎)𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑎𝑏 2

𝐶4 𝐶4 𝑏

2𝑎3 2𝑎3
∴ (1) ⇒ ∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 2
− 𝑎𝑏 − − 2𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑏 2 = −4𝑎𝑏 2 … … … (2)
3 3
𝐶
Next, consider
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = || | = −4𝑦𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −2𝑥𝑦 0
Rectangle in 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛̂ = 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)
 Department of Mathematics

𝑏 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏

∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ −4𝑦𝑘̂ . 𝑘̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ ∫ 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −4 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 × ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑅 𝑦=0 𝑥=−𝑎 −𝑎 0

∴ ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = −4𝑎𝑏 2 … … … (3)

𝑆
From (2) and (3), Stokes theorem is verified.
Problem 2. Verify Stokes theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂ over the upper half
surface of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 bounded by its projection on 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.
Solution: The projection of upper half of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 in the 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 (𝑧 =
0) is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and let 𝐶 be its boundary.
We have

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬(∇ × 𝐹⃗ ). 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
Consider

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {(2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧}

𝐶 𝐶
In 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0

∴ ∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ {(2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧} = ∫ (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
Here 𝐶 is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 whose parametric equation is given by
𝑥 = cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = sin 𝜃
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Here 𝜃: 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋.

22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)

 Department of Mathematics

2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋

∴ ∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (2 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)(− sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (sin 2𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 0 + ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

𝐶 0 0 0
𝜋
2
1 𝜋
= 4 ∫ sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 4 × × = 𝜋.
2 2
0
Next, consider
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 | ̂
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗ = || |=𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 2 −𝑦 2 𝑧
On the 𝑥𝑦 −plane 𝑛̂ = 𝑘̂ and 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬ 𝑘̂ ∙ 𝑘̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑆 𝑅 𝑅
= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1) = 𝜋 ∵𝑟=1
Hence Stokes theorem is verified.
Problem 3. Evaluate by Stokes theorem ∮𝐶 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧, 𝐶 is the
boundary of the triangular with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0 , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1, 1, 0).
Solution: By Stokes theorem we have

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 |
∇ × 𝐹⃗ = || | = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 + 𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧
In 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 ⇒ 𝑛̂ = 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

∬ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ . 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑠 = ∬(2𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂). 𝑘̂ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∬ 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

𝑆 𝑅 𝑅
22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)
 Department of Mathematics

1 1
= ×1×1= .
2 2
Exercise:
1. Evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 by Stoke’s theorem where 𝐶 is the square in the 𝑥𝑦 plane
with vertices (1,0) (−1,0) (0,1) (0, −1).
2. Verify Stokes’s theorem where 𝐴⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑘̂ and 𝑆: upper half of the
surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝜋
3. Evaluate ∮𝐶 4𝑧 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑧 by Stoke’s theorem where 𝐶 is the ellipse 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑧 = 𝑦 + 1. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: − 4𝜋
Video Links:
1. Line integral
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FUNdFN6ZKI
2. Surface integral
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1dfwKPV75A

Disclaimer: The content provided is prepared by department of Mathematics for the specified
syllabus by using reference books mentioned in the syllabus. This material is specifically for the use
of RVCE students and for education purpose only.

22MA21A (Vector Calculus, Laplace Transform and Numerical Methods)