Contents

PYQ ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
What is meant by Emotional Intelligence? Its definitions. ........................................................ 2
Concept as per Psychology .......................................................................................................... 2
What are emotions? What is meant by base/core emotions ? ................................................ 3
Key elements of Emotion .............................................................................................................. 4
Functions of Emotions ................................................................................................................... 4
Role of emotion in decision making ........................................................................................... 5
What are the key components of Emotional intelligence? How can emotional
intelligence be developed ? .............................................................................................................. 6
Mayor and Salovey branch model ............................................................................................... 6
5 component of EI as per Daniel Golman .................................................................................. 7
Balance of Emotion....................................................................................................................... 10
Achieving Emotional Balance: ................................................................................................ 10
Practical Steps for Emotional Balance: ................................................................................ 11
How is Emotional intelligence important in administration. .................................................. 11
Crisis of conscience ..................................................................................................................... 12
Voice of Conscience ..................................................................................................................... 14
Ways to resolve Crisis Of Conscience and encourage Voice of Conscience ................... 15
Examples each of emotional intelligence in real life from Indian history,
mythology,sports, international affairs. ............................................................................... 16
Are there any downsides of Emotional intelligence.................................................................. 17
Social Intelligence ............................................................................................................................. 19
Important concepts based on PYQs. ............................................................................................ 21
Concept of Happiness .................................................................................................................. 21
As narrow and broad perception........................................................................................... 22
Broad Perception of Happiness ............................................................................................. 23
Three intangible elements of the human psyche .................................................................. 23
Anger and intolerance ................................................................................................................. 24
Impact of Anger ......................................................................................................................... 24
Impact of intolerance ............................................................................................................... 26
Method to channelize .............................................................................................................. 27
Managing Anger ........................................................................................................................ 27
PYQ

1. What are the components of emotional intelligence (EI)? Can they be

learned? Discuss. (10,2020)
2. “Emotional Intelligence is the ability to make your emotions work for you
instead of against you”. Do you agree with this view? Discuss. (10, 2019)
3. What is meant by crisis of conscience? How does it manifest itself in the
public domain?(2019)
4. What does this quotation mean to you in the present context: 'Anger and
intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding' ? Mahatma Gandhi.
(10, 2018)
5. How will you apply emotional intelligence in administrative practises.
(2017)
6. Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious to both personal life
and work life. (a) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and
undesirable behaviours. (b) How can it be managed and controlled? (10,
2016)
7. All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does
happiness mean to you? Explain with examples. (10, 2014)
8. What is emotional intelligence and how can it be developed in people?
How does it help an individual in taking ethical decision? (2013)
9. What do you understand by the term ‘voice of conscience’? How do you
prepare yourself to heed to the voice of conscience? (10,2013)
10. What is meant by ‘crisis of conscience’? Narrate one incident in your life
when you were faced with such a crisis and how you resolved the same.
(10, 2013)

What is meant by Emotional Intelligence? Its definitions.

Concept as per Psychology

EI is the ability to perceive emotions in oneself and others, manage them and
harness them towards achievement of goals

Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to recognize, understand,

manage, and effectively use one's own emotions as well as the emotions of
others. It involves a set of skills and competencies that enable individuals to
navigate social complexities, make sound decisions, and build positive
relationships. Emotional intelligence is crucial in various aspects of life,
including personal relationships, the workplace, and overall mental well-being.

Here are a few definitions of emotional intelligence from prominent researchers

and scholars in the field:
 • Daniel Goleman: emotional intelligence as "the ability to recognize,
understand, and manage our own emotions and to recognize, understand,
and influence the emotions of others."
• Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer: Emotional intelligence as "the ability to
perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist
thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to
reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual
growth."
• Travis Bradberry and Jean Greaves: Emotional intelligence as "your
ability to recognize and understand emotions in yourself and others, and
your ability to use this awareness to manage your behavior and
relationships."

In essence, emotional intelligence encompasses a range of skills, including self-

awareness, self-regulation, empathy, motivation, and social skills. It goes beyond
traditional measures of intelligence (like IQ) and plays a crucial role in personal
and professional success by influencing how individuals navigate and manage
their emotions and interpersonal relationships.

What are emotions? What is meant by base/core emotions ?

Emotions are complex psychological and physiological states that are often
triggered by specific events or experiences. They involve a combination of
subjective feelings, physiological responses, expressive behaviours, and cognitive
processes.

Emotions play a significant role in human experience, influencing thoughts,

behaviours, and interpersonal interactions.

Base or core emotions refer to a set of fundamental and universal emotions

that are considered to be innate and shared across cultures. These emotions
are believed to serve as the foundation for the wide range of more complex
emotions that individuals experience.

Paul Ekman, a prominent psychologist who extensively researched facial

expressions and emotions, identified six universal emotions as candidates for
being core or basic:

• Happiness: Associated with feelings of joy, contentment, and satisfaction.

• Sadness: Linked to feelings of loss, disappointment, and sorrow.
• Anger: Involves feelings of displeasure, frustration, and the desire to
overcome obstacles.
• Fear: Triggered by the perception of threat or danger, leading to feelings
of apprehension and the urge to escape or avoid.
 • Disgust: Elicited by unpleasant or offensive stimuli, prompting a desire to
distance oneself.
• Surprise: Arises in response to unexpected events or stimuli, often leading
to heightened attention and arousal.

These base or core emotions are considered to be biologically and

evolutionarily rooted, with the capacity to elicit specific adaptive responses that
enhance an individual's chances of survival and well-being.

Key elements of Emotion

1. Subjective Experience: This refers to the individual's personal and internal
feelings or experiences associated with an emotion.
Example: Consider a student who receives an unexpected high
grade on a challenging exam. The subjective experience in this case
might involve feelings of joy, pride, and a sense of accomplishment.
2. Psychological Response: This element involves the physiological changes
and cognitive processes that accompany an emotional experience.
Example: Following the news of a close friend's success, an
individual might experience a psychological response such as an
increased heart rate, a release of endorphins, and positive thoughts
about their friend's achievement.
3. Behavioural Response: Behavioural responses are the observable actions
or expressions that result from an emotional experience.
Example: Imagine a traditional Indian wedding where the bride's
family is bidding her farewell. The behavioural response among
family members might include tears of joy, hugging, and
expressions of happiness. The rituals and ceremonies during the
wedding also represent behavioural responses to the emotion of joy
and celebration.

In this cultural context, emotions are often expressed collectively, with shared
rituals and expressions that reflect the cultural values and social norms. The
subjective experience, psychological responses, and behavioral responses are
interconnected, creating a holistic understanding of the emotional experience.

Functions of Emotions
1. Adaptive Function (Intrapersonal): Emotions play a crucial role in helping
individuals adapt to their environment and respond to challenges or
opportunities.
Example: Imagine a person encountering a threatening situation in
a dark alley. Fear, as an adaptive emotion, triggers a "fight or flight"
response, preparing the individual to either confront the danger or
quickly escape.
 2. Social Function (Interpersonal): Emotions facilitate communication and
connection between individuals, influencing social interactions and
relationships.
Example: In a social setting in India, during a festive celebration, the
shared emotion of joy among family and friends enhances the sense
of togetherness, strengthens social bonds, and contributes to a
positive communal experience.
3. Social and Cultural Function: Emotions are influenced by cultural norms
and, in turn, play a role in shaping cultural identity and societal norms.
Example: In certain Indian cultures, the expression of respect and
deference is evident in emotions such as humility and gratitude.
Individuals may display these emotions when interacting with
elders or authority figures, reflecting cultural expectations and
social harmony.
4. Decision-Making Function: Emotions contribute to the decision-making
process by providing valuable information and influencing choices.
Example: Consider a person who is offered a job opportunity in a
different city. The emotions of excitement and anticipation may
signal a positive response to the potential change. However, anxiety
or fear may also arise, prompting the individual to carefully weigh
the decision, taking into account emotional signals related to both
opportunity and potential challenges.

In these examples, emotions are not just fleeting experiences; they serve as
adaptive mechanisms, enhance social interactions, reflect cultural norms, and
guide decision-making processes. Understanding the multifaceted functions of
emotions provides insight into their evolutionary significance and the intricate
ways in which they shape human behaviour and experiences.

Role of emotion in decision making

EMOTION WORKING FOR US US WORKING FOR EMOTION

Resolve cognitive dissonance - Poor working environment

Gandhi calling off NCM Eg- IIM Ahmedabad study- positive
working environment employees are more
productive and satisfied
Optimistic attitude- Falling for propaganda
• Leader act as change • Social media eco chambers
catalyst
• More targeted approach

Empathy and compassion Manipulation - social disharmony; riots

• Enhance trustworthiness
• Confidence

Humility and effective Self interest over public interest

communication • Nepotism

Avoid conflict of interest

Professionalism plus

What are the key components of Emotional intelligence? How can emotional
intelligence be developed ?

Mayor and Salovey branch model

Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer proposed the original model of emotional
intelligence, which includes four branches or components. Later, Daniel
Goleman expanded on this model, popularizing the concept of emotional
intelligence. The four branches of the Salovey and Mayer model are:

• Perceiving Emotions: This involves accurately recognizing and identifying

one's own emotions as well as the emotions of others. It includes being
able to discern subtle non-verbal cues and facial expressions.
• Example: If someone is able to recognize that their friend looks sad
even though they haven't explicitly stated it, they are
demonstrating perceiving emotions.
• Using Emotions: This branch involves the ability to harness emotions and
use them to facilitate various cognitive activities, such as thinking and
problem-solving. It also includes the ability to integrate emotions into
decision-making processes.
 • Example: A manager who uses their own enthusiasm and optimism
to motivate and inspire their team, especially during challenging
projects, is applying the skill of using emotions.
• Understanding Emotions: This component involves comprehending the
complex relationships between different emotions, as well as the ability to
understand the transitions between various emotional states.
• Example: If an individual can understand that feelings of frustration
might escalate to anger and, in turn, impact their decision-making,
they are demonstrating understanding emotions.
• Managing Emotions: Managing emotions involves the ability to regulate
and control one's own emotions as well as the ability to help others
manage their emotions. It includes being able to adapt and cope with
changing emotional situations.
• Example: An employee who remains calm and composed under
pressure, even in a stressful work environment, is demonstrating
effective emotional management.

These branches collectively form the framework for emotional intelligence,

emphasizing the importance of perceiving, using, understanding, and managing
emotions for personal and interpersonal effectiveness. The model suggests that
individuals with high emotional intelligence can navigate and leverage their
emotions in ways that enhance their well-being and contribute to positive social
interactions.

5 component of EI as per Daniel Golman

Components Method to learn

Self 1,. Introspection and Emotional Expression:

awareness o Aristotle's Wisdom and Self-awareness: Quoting
Aristotle, "Self-awareness is the beginning of all
wisdom," underlines the significance of
introspection for personal growth. Understanding
and accurately expressing emotions such as fear,
anxiety, or anger are vital facets of this
introspection.
2. Nishkam Karma for Self-awareness: By detaching from
results, individuals gain a deeper understanding of their
motivations and emotional responses.
3. Assessment of Capabilities and Clarity of Purpose:
Conducting an honest evaluation of one's and others'
capabilities is a critical step toward self-awareness. This
 reflection helps in understanding strengths and areas that need
improvement.
4. Clarity of Departmental/District Needs: Interlocution
with stakeholders, especially in areas facing unrest or
disturbance, aids in recognizing the precise requirements of the
department or district. This engagement cultivates a deeper
awareness of the challenges and necessities, facilitating more
effective and targeted solutions.
5. Professionalism and Exceptional Behavior: News Anchor
Supreet Kaur's Professionalism: The remarkable example of
news anchor Supreet Kaur, who displayed exceptional
professionalism by continuing to anchor a bulletin despite
learning of her husband's demise during the live broadcast,
exemplifies remarkable composure and dedication to her
profession.
Regulation 1. Emotional Self-control: Thinking Before Reacting
o Example: Bhagavad Gita teachings emphasize
thinking before reacting, reflecting the importance
of emotional self-control.
2. Establishing Trust and Understanding
o Example: Ratan Tata's leadership style focused on
trust and understanding, nurturing an environment
promoting loyalty and innovation.
3. Cultivating an Optimistic Attitude
o Example: MS Dhoni's optimistic leadership in
cricket under pressure demonstrated the impact of
positivity on team performance.
4. Well-Designed Third-Party Interventions
o Example: India's 'nudge' approach for Open
Defecation Free districts showcased effective
interventions for societal change.
5. Ethical Work Environment: No Verbal Attacks
o Example: Narayana Murthy's emphasis on respect
and integrity at Infosys signifies an ethical
workplace culture.
Motivation 1. Intrinsic Sense of Achievement: Encouraging Farmers
for Financial Responsibility Motivating farmers to pay
bank loans showcases a sense of pride in fulfilling
financial obligations, fostering intrinsic motivation in
rural India.
2. Extrinsic Incentives: Rewarding and Encouraging
Performance Utilizing external incentives like monetary
rewards, career advancements, or recognition to
 motivate and reward exceptional work, fostering
professional growth and dedication.
3. Aligning Personal and Professional Goals: Integration of
Personal and Professional Objectives Aligning personal
aspirations with professional pursuits, seen in Indian
examples like entrepreneurs focusing on social impact,
enables fulfillment in work.
Empathy 1. Empathy: Understanding Through Shared Experiences
a. Empathetic Engagement: IAS officer Ravi Kumar's act of
sharing a meal with Dalits to enhance employment in the mid-
day meal program reflects a deep empathy and understanding
of marginalized communities.
2. Illustration: Relating to farmers and tribes by embracing
Mahatma Gandhi's principles of simplicity and fragility
signifies an empathetic connection to their challenges.
3. Adaptive Strategies: Tailoring for Diverse Workers-
Adapting work schedules to suit the needs of female or
aged workers ensures a more inclusive and
accommodating workplace.
o Example: Customizing work timings to
accommodate the comfort and requirements of
diverse workers, acknowledging their specific
needs and capabilities.
Social skill 1. "Walk the Talk" Ethos: DC Pankaj Jain's assignment of his
daughter to an anganwadi showcases flexibility in roles
and responsibilities.
2. Personal Responsibility and Humility: Leaders like
Mahatma Gandhi exemplify humility by taking
responsibility for their actions without blaming others.
3. Effective Communication and Inspirational Leadership:
Open Communication and Democratic Approach: Dr.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's open and democratic leadership
style fosters effective communication in the office.
4. Inspirational Leadership: Figures like Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel, through their inspirational leadership, unite and
motivate others.
5. Teamwork, Collaboration, and Impersonality
6. Channelizing Emotions for Constructive Purposes:
Personalities like Virat Kohli harness emotional energy
for teamwork and collaboration in achieving collective
goals.
7. Impersonality in Bureaucracy: Impersonality, a key
virtue in bureaucracy, as seen in civil servants like Sardar
 Vallabhbhai Patel, ensures fair and impartial decision-
making.

Balance of Emotion

Striking a balance between too much and too little emotion is crucial for
maintaining emotional well-being and fostering positive relationships. Excessive
emotions can lead to impulsive decisions, strained interactions, and an
inability to cope with stress. On the other hand, suppressing emotions can
result in detachment, hindering personal growth and emotional intimacy.
identifying Emotional Extremes:

• Emotional Excess: Characterized by intense and easily triggered

emotions, often resulting in impulsive behavior, difficulty managing stress,
and strained relationships.
• Emotional Detachment: Marked by a suppression of emotions, leading to
apathy, difficulty forming emotional connections, and an inability to
empathize with others.

Achieving Emotional Balance:

• Self-Awareness: The foundation of emotional regulation lies in self-
awareness, recognizing and understanding one's emotions. Practices like
mindfulness and journaling can enhance self-awareness.
• Emotional Expression: Healthy emotional expression involves finding
appropriate outlets for emotions, such as talking to trusted friends,
engaging in physical activity, or pursuing creative endeavors.
• Coping Mechanisms: Developing effective coping mechanisms, such as
deep breathing, relaxation techniques, or seeking professional help, can
aid in managing intense emotions.
• Emotional Intelligence: Cultivating emotional intelligence, which involves
understanding and managing one's own emotions as well as recognizing
 and responding to the emotions of others, is crucial for building strong
relationships.

Practical Steps for Emotional Balance:

• Engage in regular physical activity: Exercise releases endorphins, which
have mood-boosting effects.
• Prioritize adequate sleep: Adequate sleep allows for emotional processing
and rejuvenation.
• Maintain a balanced diet: A nutritious diet supports emotional regulation
and overall well-being.
• Practice mindfulness: Mindfulness techniques, such as meditation,
cultivate present-moment awareness, reducing emotional reactivity.
• Seek professional support: If emotional challenges persist, seeking
guidance from a therapist or counselor can provide valuable tools and
strategies.

Remember, achieving emotional balance is a lifelong journey, requiring consistent

effort and self-compassion. Embrace the ups and downs of emotions, and
continuously refine your emotional regulation skills to cultivate a more balanced
and fulfilling life.

How is Emotional intelligence important in administration.

EI helps to balance extreme voices of too little and too much emotions and helps
to follow the Aristotelian mean of virtue.
Emotional intelligence (EI) plays a crucial role in administration by influencing
how leaders manage themselves, interact with others, and navigate the
complexities of the workplace

1. Self-Awareness: The administrator, with high emotional

intelligence, is self-aware. They recognize their own strengths and
weaknesses, acknowledging the potential challenges of
implementing a new policy. This self-awareness allows them to
proactively address any personal biases or limitations that might
impact their leadership.

2. Empathy: The administrator demonstrates empathy by

understanding the concerns and perspectives of the team
members. They take the time to listen to individual concerns and
address any anxieties or uncertainties related to the policy change.
This empathetic approach fosters a supportive work environment.
 3. Communication: Effective communication is a cornerstone of
successful administration. The emotionally intelligent administrator
communicates the details of the new policy clearly and
transparently. They consider the emotional impact of the change
on the team and address questions and concerns promptly. Open
communication builds trust and mitigates resistance.

4. Decision-Making: In a situation where decisions need to be made

regarding the implementation strategy, the administrator considers
both the rational and emotional aspects. They recognize the
potential impact on team morale and motivation, striving for
decisions that balance efficiency with the well-being of the staff.

5. Conflict Resolution: As challenges arise during the policy

implementation, conflicts may emerge among team members. The
emotionally intelligent administrator addresses conflicts with a
focus on resolution rather than blame. They encourage open
dialogue, seek common ground, and facilitate collaboration to
overcome obstacles.

6. Motivation: Recognizing the importance of motivation, the

administrator employs motivational strategies tailored to individual
team members. They acknowledge and celebrate small victories,
providing positive reinforcement and encouragement. This helps
maintain high morale and a sense of accomplishment among the
team.

7. Adaptability: The policy implementation process may encounter

unexpected challenges. The emotionally intelligent administrator
remains adaptable, adjusting plans and strategies as needed. They
demonstrate resilience in the face of setbacks and encourage the
team to embrace change positively.

Crisis of conscience
Crisis of conscience arises in a situation with ambiguous values and
consequences where our conscience fails to provide guidance for right and
wrong.

Imagine you are playing with your friends and you accidentally break your friend's
toy. You know that you should apologize and try to fix the toy, but you are also
afraid of being scolded by your friend. This is a crisis of conscience because you
 are struggling to decide what to do. Do you tell the truth and risk getting in
trouble, or do you lie and keep your friend from being upset?

A crisis of conscience is when you have to make a difficult decision that goes
against your conscience. Your conscience is your inner voice that tells you what
is right and wrong. When you are in a crisis of conscience, your conscience may
be struggling to give you a clear answer because the situation is confusing or the
options are not clear.

Civil servants often face crises of conscience, as they are often tasked with
making difficult decisions that have significant consequences for the public.
These decisions can be made even more challenging when they involve
choosing between two evils, or when contradictory laws or ethical
considerations come into play.

Individual Civil servant

1. A doctor who is asked to perform a
life-saving surgery on a patient
who has expressed a strong desire
to die. The doctor's conscience
may struggle with the conflicting
values of preserving life and
respecting the patient's autonomy.
2. A police officer who is faced with a
situation in which they must
decide whether to use lethal force
to apprehend a suspect. The
officer's conscience may grapple
with the value of protecting the
public from harm versus the value
of preserving human life.
3. A whistleblower who is aware of
illegal or unethical activity within
their organization. The
whistleblower may feel torn
between their loyalty to their
employer and their conscience,
which may tell them to report the
wrongdoing.
4. A soldier who is ordered to carry
out an action that they believe to
be morally wrong. The soldier's
1. Choosing the Lesser Evil
Civil servants often face situations
where both available options are
undesirable. For instance, they might
need to approve a project with
environmental repercussions or
reject it, leading to job losses in the
community. They're tasked with
weighing the consequences and
selecting the option causing the least
harm.
Example: A civil servant is pressured
to authorize a factory project that
may harm the environment but also
promises substantial employment
opportunities for the local
community.
2. M
Balancing laws like the Right to
Information Act (RTI) and the Official
Secrets Act (OSA) can be challenging.
Sometimes, these laws clash,
requiring civil servants to decide
which law to prioritize.
Example: A civil servant faces a
situation where disclosing certain
 conscience may clash with their
duty to obey orders.
5. A politician who is faced with a
decision that could have a
significant impact on the lives of
many people, but also could
benefit themselves or their
political allies. The politician's
conscience may struggle to
balance their personal interests
with the public good.
information in response to an RTI
request may violate the secrecy
mandated by the Official Secrets Act.
Trade-offs Between Development and
Environmental Ethics
Civil servants often grapple with
decisions impacting the environment
for economic development. They're
forced to find a balance between
fostering growth and protecting the
environment.
Example: A civil servant is asked to
approve a large-scale construction
project that promises economic
growth but might endanger a fragile
ecosystem.
Impact of Greed
Greed can lead civil servants to make
decisions prioritizing personal gain
over the public interest, potentially
resulting in corruption and misuse of
power.
Example: A civil servant manipulates
procurement processes to benefit
financially, disregarding the best
interests of the public.

Kalam on Erosion of Conscience

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam emphasized the erosion of conscience due to a perpetual
greed-driven mindset. He stressed the importance of civil servants adhering to
moral principles and prioritizing the welfare of the public over personal gain.
Example: Civil servants favoring family or associates in contract allocations
despite their incompetency, resulting in a compromise of public service quality.
Ethical dilemmas in civil service often arise from conflicting interests, laws, and
the balance between personal gain and public welfare. Handling these dilemmas
requires careful consideration of the greater good and adherence to moral
principles.

Voice of Conscience
 Sometimes, you might hear your conscience telling you to do something that is
hard, like telling the truth even when it means getting in trouble. Or, you might
hear your conscience telling you to do something that is nice, like helping
someone out even when you don't have to.
It's always a good idea to listen to your conscience, even when it's hard. If you do,
you'll grow up to be a kind, honest, and responsible person.

The voice of conscience is a powerful internal compass that guides us towards

moral conduct and helps us resolve dilemmas. It is a crucial aspect of our
ethical decision-making process, enabling us to distinguish between right and
wrong and act in accordance with our values.

Ways to resolve Crisis Of Conscience and encourage Voice of Conscience

Cognitive
• Gandhi's Talisman: This approach involves considering the impact
of our actions on the most vulnerable members of society. By
asking ourselves whether our actions would benefit even the last
person, we can gain a broader perspective and make more ethical
choices.
• Nishkam Karma (Selfless Action): This principle from the
Mahabharata emphasizes performing our duties without
attachment to the outcomes. It encourages us to focus on the
intrinsic value of our actions rather than seeking personal gain or
recognition.
Behavior
1. Humility and Effective Communication: Former Indian President
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam stressed the importance of humility and
effective communication in ethical decision-making. By
approaching situations with humility and engaging in open and
respectful dialogue, we can better understand the perspectives of
others and make informed choices.
2. Integrity: Integrity is a cornerstone of ethical behavior. It involves
adhering to our principles, even when it is difficult or inconvenient.
Lal Bahadur Shastri, former Prime Minister of India, exemplified
integrity by refusing to use government property for personal
purposes.
3. Constitutional Morality: Fundamental Duties and Directive
Principles of State Policy (FD and DPSP) in the Indian Constitution
provide a framework for ethical governance. By upholding
constitutional morality, we can ensure that our actions align with
the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
4. Maintaining Integrity and Trustworthiness: Preserving our
integrity and trustworthiness is essential for making sound ethical
 decisions. By consistently demonstrating honesty, fairness, and
accountability, we can foster trust within ourselves and among
others.

Remember, the voice of conscience is a lifelong journey of self-reflection and

ethical growth. By cultivating empathy, integrity, and a commitment to serving
others, we can strengthen our moral compass and make a positive impact on the
world.

Examples each of emotional intelligence in real life from Indian history,

mythology,sports, international affairs.

Context Example Key Aspects of Emotional Intelligence

Commitment to non-violence, empathy

towards oppressed, Connecting with

Mahatma
Indian History diverse people, effective
Gandhi
communication, managing emotional

challenges during freedom struggle.

• Guidance in the Bhagavad Gita,

empathy, wise emotional

• Lord management.

Krishna • Self-control, empathy, and

Indian Mythology
• Lord respect for others' emotions. Lord

Rama Rama’s decision to exile himself to

honor his father's word, his

compassion toward those who

 served him, and his ability to

manage emotions in the face of

adversity are reflective of

emotional intelligence.

Resilience, sportsmanship, positive

Sports Mary Kom
emotional channeling.

fight against apartheid in South Africa,

Mandela displayed forgiveness,

reconciliation, and a deep

International
Nelson Mandela understanding of the emotional wounds
Affairs
inflicted on the nation. His ability to

unite a divided country showcased high

emotional intelligence.

Empathetic leadership, social

Entrepreneurship Ratan Tata responsibility, making tough decisions

with consideration.

Are there any downsides of Emotional intelligence

While emotional intelligence (EI) is generally considered a positive and beneficial
trait, like any psychological construct, it can have potential downsides or
challenges. Here are some aspects to consider:

• Emotional Manipulation: A person with high emotional intelligence might

use their understanding of others' emotions to manipulate situations or
individuals for personal gain. They could exploit emotional vulnerabilities
for manipulation or control.
• Overemphasis on Emotions: In certain situations, an individual with
exceptionally high emotional intelligence might rely too heavily on
emotions, neglecting rational or logical considerations. This overemphasis
on emotions can lead to decisions that are not well-balanced or grounded
in objective reasoning.
• Difficulty Setting Boundaries: Someone with high emotional intelligence
may find it challenging to establish and maintain emotional boundaries,
especially if they are highly attuned to the feelings of others. This can lead
to emotional exhaustion or being overly affected by the emotions of those
around them.
• Suppression of Personal Emotions: An individual skilled in managing
others' emotions may prioritize this skill to the detriment of
acknowledging and expressing their own emotions. This suppression of
personal emotions can lead to emotional burnout or a lack of authentic
self-expression.
• Cognitive Overload: Constantly processing and interpreting emotional
cues from oneself and others can become mentally taxing. Individuals
with high emotional intelligence may experience cognitive overload,
leading to fatigue, stress, or difficulty concentrating on other tasks.
• Difficulty Handling Negative Emotions: Even with high emotional
intelligence, individuals may struggle when faced with intense or negative
emotions, either from themselves or others. Coping with challenging
emotional situations may be draining or evoke discomfort.
• Social Manipulation: In social settings, individuals with high emotional
intelligence may use their understanding of group dynamics and emotions
to manipulate social situations for personal or group advantage. This can
potentially lead to interpersonal conflicts or the exploitation of group
dynamics.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI systems designed to interpret and respond to
human emotions may pose risks if they are not ethically developed and
implemented. The use of emotionally intelligent AI in areas like
surveillance, marketing, or decision-making without proper safeguards
could lead to privacy concerns, bias, and unintended consequences.
o Example: Emotion recognition technology used in hiring processes
might inadvertently discriminate against candidates based on their
emotional responses, reinforcing existing biases.
 • Excessive Politicization: Emotional intelligence in the political sphere can
be weaponized when leaders or groups manipulate emotions for political
gain. Excessive politicization of emotional issues may contribute to
polarization, societal divisions, and the manipulation of public opinion.
o Example: Exploiting emotions related to fear, anger, or identity to
manipulate public sentiment and sway political outcomes can
undermine the democratic process.
• Fake News: Emotional intelligence can be exploited to create and spread
misleading or emotionally charged information. Individuals may be more
susceptible to fake news that appeals to their emotions, leading to
misinformation, distrust, and social discord.
o Example: Fabricated stories with emotionally provocative content
designed to evoke strong reactions can spread rapidly on social
media platforms, contributing to the dissemination of false
information.
• Online Games and Apps: The use of emotional intelligence in designing
addictive online games or apps can have negative consequences on
mental health. Manipulating emotions to keep users engaged may lead to
issues such as addiction, social isolation, or negative impacts on well-
being.
o Example: Game developers using psychological techniques to
create a sense of urgency, reward, or social connection within a
game may inadvertently contribute to unhealthy gaming behaviors.

It's crucial to address these threats by promoting ethical practices, responsible

development of technology, and critical awareness among individuals. Striking a
balance between the positive aspects of emotional intelligence and mitigating
potential risks is essential to ensure that these tools and concepts are used for
the benefit of individuals and society as a whole.

Social Intelligence

Social intelligence encompasses a range of skills related to understanding and

navigating social situations.

• Verbal Fluency and Conversational Skills:

• Example: During a networking event, an individual demonstrates
high verbal fluency by engaging in articulate and meaningful
conversations. They express themselves clearly, use appropriate
language, and demonstrate the ability to connect with others
through effective verbal communication. Their conversational skills
help create a positive and engaging social interaction.
• Knowledge of Social Roles, Rules, and Scripts:
 • Example: In a business meeting, a person displays social intelligence
by understanding the roles and expectations of different
participants. They navigate the meeting effectively, adhering to
established rules of professional conduct. Recognizing the script of
a formal meeting, they contribute relevantly and ensure a smooth
interaction within the defined social context.
• Effective Listening Skills:
• Example: During a group discussion, an individual with strong social
intelligence actively listens to others. They make eye contact, nod
in agreement, and respond thoughtfully to others' contributions. By
demonstrating effective listening skills, they not only enhance the
quality of the conversation but also build rapport and show respect
for diverse perspectives.
• Impression Management Skills:
• Example: In a job interview, a candidate uses impression
management effectively. They present themselves professionally,
maintain good posture, and use non-verbal cues to convey
confidence. By showcasing their skills and accomplishments
strategically, they create a positive impression on the interviewer,
highlighting their social intelligence in managing the perception
others have of them.
• Adaptability in Social Situations:
• Example: At a social gathering with a diverse group, an individual
displays social intelligence by adapting their communication style
to suit the social context. They gauge the tone of the conversation,
adjust their level of formality, and seamlessly transition between
different social roles, demonstrating flexibility and awareness of
social nuances.
• Non-Verbal Communication:
• Example: In a team meeting, a team leader uses non-verbal cues
effectively to convey enthusiasm and support for the team's ideas.
Through gestures, facial expressions, and body language, they
communicate encouragement, reinforcing a positive team
atmosphere and showcasing social intelligence in non-verbal
communication.
• Conflict Resolution Skills:
• Example: During a disagreement in a work setting, an individual
with strong social intelligence takes a proactive approach to resolve
the conflict. They acknowledge differing opinions, use empathetic
language, and propose solutions that consider the needs and
perspectives of all involved parties. Their ability to navigate conflict
constructively demonstrates social intelligence.
Important concepts based on PYQs.

Concept of Happiness
Happiness is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various aspects of life,
including material, social, aesthetic, psychological, and spiritual well-being.
Classical Indian tradition, with its emphasis on the interconnectedness of these
aspects, offers valuable insights into achieving holistic happiness.
The four pillars of Artha, Kama, Dharma, and Moksha form the foundation of
classical Indian philosophy and provide a comprehensive framework for
pursuing happiness.
a. Artha (Material Well-being): Artha refers to material security,
financial stability, and the fulfilment of basic needs. It forms the
foundation upon which other aspects of happiness can be built.
Without basic necessities, such as food, shelter, and healthcare, it is
challenging to achieve true happiness.
b. Kama (Sensual Pleasure): Kama represents the enjoyment of life's
pleasures, including sensory experiences, love, and intimacy. It
emphasizes the importance of savoring life's joys and appreciating
the beauty and richness of the world around us.
c. Dharma (Righteous Conduct): Dharma refers to living a life aligned
with moral principles, ethical conduct, and fulfilling one's duties
and responsibilities. It highlights the importance of acting with
integrity, treating others with respect, and contributing positively
to society.
d. Moksha (Spiritual Liberation): Moksha represents liberation from
the cycle of reincarnation and the attainment of ultimate spiritual
enlightenment. It signifies the pursuit of self-realization, inner
peace, and transcendence of worldly desires.
The pursuit of happiness in classical Indian tradition is not about achieving each
pillar in isolation but rather about integrating them harmoniously. A balanced
life that encompasses all four pillars leads to a more fulfilling and meaningful
existence.
Means to achieve above things

• Artha: Pursue financial stability through responsible financial planning

and smart career choices.
• Kama: Engage in activities that bring you joy and pleasure, whether it's
spending time with loved ones, pursuing hobbies, or exploring nature.
• Dharma: Act with integrity and honesty in all your interactions. Fulfill
your responsibilities towards your family, community, and society.
• Moksha: Practice mindfulness, meditation, or other spiritual practices
that foster self-awareness and inner peace.
As narrow and broad perception
Narrow perception
1. Consumerism- druggist
youth ; mental health;
2. Self centric (atomism)-
individualism trap
3. Preference of
nuclearization of
traditional family
structure
4. Lack of trusteeship-
crony capitalism
5. Selfishness- corruption ;
Broad perception
1. optimistic attitude:
2. Peace and satisfaction -progressive
realization of our ideals based on
Maslow hierarchy of needs
3. Free from discrimination- equal
opportunity for development of all-
Amartya sen's capability approach
4. Pleasure which doesn't harm others-
passive smoking gives temporary relief
but hamper family as well as
environment
5. Balance of duties and happiness- Virat
kohli took paternity leave to rear his
child
6. Ethically guided happiness-
Vivekanana's karmayoga - service to
man is service to god; Daridra narayana

Narrow perceptions can have detrimental effects on society, leading to various

social issues and hindering collective progress.

Narrow Perception Results (Examples)

Druggist Youth; Excessive spending, addiction to

social media, unrealistic beauty standards, pressure
Consumerism to conform to trends, low self-esteem, anxiety

Lack of empathy, social isolation, antisocial

Self-Centric (Atomism) behavior, disregard for the common good, Mental
Individualism Trap Health
Preference for
Nuclearization of Decline in extended family support systems,
Traditional Family increased reliance on social services, strain on
Structure individual families

Nepotism, corruption, unethical conduct,

Lack of Trusteeship – misallocation of resources, neglect of public
Crony Capitalism services
Abuse of power, misuse of public funds, bribery,
Selfishness – Corruption conflicts of interest
Broad Perception of Happiness
Embracing a broad perception allows for a more holistic and inclusive view of
the world, fostering greater understanding of the interconnectedness between
individuals, societies, and the environment. This broader perspective is pivotal in
cultivating a more just, equitable, and sustainable world.

The broad perception offers a comprehensive understanding of the world and

promotes a more harmonious, equitable society. It encourages striving for peace
and satisfaction through self-actualization, advocating for equality, pursuing
happiness without causing harm, balancing duties with personal fulfillment, and
embracing ethical behavior. These principles collectively pave the way for a more
just and compassionate world for all.

Three intangible elements of the human psyche

Spirituality Morality Ethics

Resides in the Resides in the conscience. Resides in the mind.

consciousness.

Works Works through idea of Work through spatial

through belief/faith. character - self-evaluation and community-based
of the individual. understanding.
Instruments of ethics
are man made rules of
conduct.

Aim - understand the Aim - arrive at truth with Aim - find the
reality beyond immediate the help of so-called meaning of life in
physical experience. divine commandments. community.
Defines the relationship Between Man and Self. Between Man and
between - Man and God Man.
(or Force)

E.g. moral imperatives of E.g. Not hurting fellow

truth and non-violence, men, not being unjust
sacrifice and satyagraha, to others, legitimate
integrity of thought and use of power.
action

Anger and intolerance

Impact of Anger
Anger is a natural human emotion that can be triggered by a variety of factors,
including frustration, hurt, or injustice. While it is a normal and healthy emotion
to experience, anger can become destructive if it is not managed or expressed in
a healthy way.
NEGATIVE POSITIVE
• Prohibits rational thinking:
Anger can cloud our judgment
and make it difficult to think
clearly. This can lead to
impulsive decisions that we
may later regret. In the case of
the IAS officer in Tripura who
forcibly stopped a wedding
during the COVID-19 pandemic,
his anger likely clouded his
judgment and led him to make
an irrational decision.
• Impacts on physical, emotional,
and psychological health: Anger
can have a negative impact on
our physical health, leading to
increased heart rate, blood
pressure, and muscle tension. It
can also contribute to stress,
anxiety, and depression. In the
case of the Manipur outrage,
the anger and frustration of the
people over the government's
handling of the COVID-19
pandemic led to protests and
violence.
• Depressed tendency from
young age: If anger is not
managed effectively, it can lead
to a pattern of depression and
hopelessness, especially in
children and adolescents. This
can have a significant impact on
their emotional development
and well-being.
• Lack of faith in constitution:
When anger is directed towards
the government or institutions,
it can lead to a loss of faith in
the system. This can make it
difficult to maintain social
order and can contribute to
political instability. Naxalism
and lone wolf attacks are
Positive Impacts of Anger
• National security: In some cases,
anger can be a motivating force
for positive change. For
example, the anger that followed
the URI attack in India led to a
surgical strike against Pakistan,
which was seen as a way to
deter future attacks.
• Anger towards wrongs against
humanity: Anger can also be a
source of strength and
motivation in the face of
injustice. For example, anger
over the abuse of women or
other human rights violations
can inspire people to take action
to protect the rights of others.
• Motivation for positive change:
Anger can also be a motivating
force for positive change. For
example, someone who is angry
about the state of the
environment may be inspired to
become an environmental
activist or to make changes in
their own life to reduce their
impact on the planet.
 examples of how anger can lead
to violence and destruction.
• Deep hatred and destruction
for humanity: In extreme cases,
anger can lead to deep hatred
and a desire to inflict pain and
suffering on others. This is
often seen in dictators and
other individuals who have
gone on to commit acts of
genocide or other atrocities.
Hitler's rise to power was
fueled by anger and
resentment, and his actions led
to the deaths of millions of
people.

Impact of intolerance
Negative Positive
 o Biased perception - religious o Reduce poverty
fundamentalism, communal o Intolerant to Human
disharmony trafficking and
o Stereotyping and racism human rights
o Hate speech (Nupur Sharma), • Kailash satyarthi- child
mob lynching (Palghat MH) right
o Deprive compassion
o Manipulation- social media
eco chambers o Wrong against
o Criminalization of politics LGBTQ, special abled
category person

Method to channelize
• Knowing cause of anger
1. Other's thought - inculcate humility to understand
2. Others inappropriate work- effective communication, law and
vigilance
3. Unfavorable results such as plight of migrant during covid
lockdown - find method not to repeat
4. Others Action such as terrorism - punish
5. E.g. Maritpeterburg Gandhi Ji racism fight against colonialism

Managing Anger
It is important to learn how to manage anger in a healthy way so that it does not
control us. Here are a few tips:

• Take a timeout: If you feel yourself getting angry, take a few minutes to
calm down before you say or do anything you might regret.
• Express your anger in a healthy way: There are many healthy ways to
express anger, such as talking to a trusted friend or family member,
exercising, or writing in a journal.
• Learn to forgive: Holding onto anger can be harmful to your health and
relationships. Learning to forgive can help you to let go of anger and move
on.
• Seek professional help: If you are struggling to manage your anger on
your own, a therapist can teach you coping skills and help you to
understand the root of your anger.
Remember, anger is a normal emotion, but it does not have to control you. By
learning how to manage anger in a healthy way, you can improve your
relationships, your physical and mental health, and your overall well-being.