Accra Technical University

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

DESIGN OF A COMBINED FOOTING

CVE 411

ATTADZE ALBERT KOFI -01211860B

IDDRISU NAJEED – 01211587B
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Bearing Capacity of soils

Bearing Capacity of soils is basically the load carrying capability of soils. Considering the
behaviour of earth materials (soil/rock) when loaded naturally or by human activities.
a. Gross Bearing Capacity
Gross bearing capacity is the total pressure that can be carried at the foundation by the
soil, including the existing overburden pressure based on soil strength considerations.
 b. Net Bearing Capacity
Net bearing capacity is the pressure in excess of the existing overburden pressure that
can be safely carried at the foundation depth based on settlement limitations.

c. Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Ultimate bearing capacity is the load per unit area of the foundation system at which
shear failure in the supporting soil occurs immediately below the footing.

d. Safe and Allowable Bearing Capacity

Safe and allowable bearing capacity is the maximum pressure that can be applied to a
foundation system that would ensure the foundation is safe against bearing capacity
failure and limit settlement to a tolerable amount with the consideration of a factor of
safety.

Methods of obtaining bearing capacity

a. Presumptive values from codes
 These are basically presumptive bearing capacity analysis based on the local
experience of the proposed site for construction. This consist of building codes of a
particular locality which give the allowable bearing capacity that can be used for
sizing and designing footings based on previous experience with the locality and
performance of other structures already built.

b. Bearing capacity theories

These consist of analytical methods and approaches developed by various scientists
and engineers for determining the bearing capacity of soils. These theories include:
1) Rankine’s theory of bearing capacity
Rankine in 1885 attempted to determine ultimate bearing capacity of the soil by
considering the equilibrium of two elements of the soil, one below the footing
and another outside the footing adjacent to the first element.
Rankine gave the ultimate bearing capacity for cohesionless soils as;
2
q u=k p γ d f
Where k p is the Rankine’s coefficient of passive earth pressure.
As per Rankine’s theory, when the depth of foundation is zero, the ultimate
bearing capacity is also zero, which is not true. As the Rankine’s theory does
not give reliable value of ultimate bearing capacity, it is rarely used in practice.
Instead, Rankine’s theory is used to determine the minimum depth of
2
Ka q
foundation as – d f=
γ
Where Ka is the Rankine’s coefficient of active earth pressure and q the
maximum pressure applied at the base of the foundation.

2) Prandtl’s theory of bearing capacity

Prandtl in 1920 proposed his theory of bearing capacity based on his study of
penetration or punching of long hard metal puncher into a softer material.
Prandtl considered a strip footing with a smooth base that sinks vertically down
when placed on a ground surface. Prandtl has shown that when a continuous
footing, with a smooth base, rests on a weightless soil possessing cohesion and
friction angle, it sinks into the soil that fails by punching shear. For a purely
cohesive soil, ɸu = 0. The logarithmic spiral becomes a circular arc and the
ultimate bearing capacity is given by –
q u=(π + 2)cu=5.14 cu
Since the actual footings have a rough base, Prandtl’s theory does not give
accurate results.

3) Terzaghi’s theory of bearing capacity

Terzaghi gave a general theory for the determination of ultimate bearing
capacity of a strip footing. The footing is assumed to be continuous with length-
width ratio (L/B) more than 10, so that the problem is assumed to be two-
dimensional. Terzaghi’s theory (1943) of bearing capacity is based on Prandtl’s
theory (1921).
Terzaghi gave the bearing capacity equation rewritten as –
q u=CNc + γDNq+ 0.5 BγNγ
 Terzaghi found that bearing capacity factors Nc, Nq, and Nγ are functions of ɸ,
the angle of shearing resistance of soil. The values of Nc, Nq and Nγ as given by
Terzaghi are shown in Table below;

Assumptions in Terzaghi’s Theory of Bearing Capacity:

The assumptions used for deriving the bearing capacity equation may be
summarized as follows:
i. The soil mass is homogeneous and isotropic.
ii. The soil mass is semi-infinite, that is, it extends infinitely below a level
surface.
iii. The footing is laid at a shallow depth, that is, D < B.
iv. The footing is continuous with L/B ratio > 10, so that the problem is
essentially two-dimensional. Thus, Terzaghi considered plane strain condition,
neglecting the effect of intermediate principal stress.
v. The base of the footing is rough.
vi. The failure surface does not extend above the base of the footing, that is, the
shear strength of the soil above the base of the footing is neglected.
vii. The effect of soil above the base of the footing is considered in the form of
surcharge, γD, acting at the level of the base of the footing.
viii. The load on the footing is vertical and its line of action coincides with the
centroid of the footing.
ix. The shear strength of the soil is governed by Coulomb’s equation.
x. The principle of superposition is valid, so that the three components of the
passive earth pressure can be computed separately and then added, although
their critical surfaces are different.

4) Skempton’s theory of bearing capacity

 For saturated cohesive soils, Skempton showed that the bearing capacity factor
Nc , in Terzaghi’s equation tends to increase with depth, where Nc increases
with increase in Df/B ratio.
The net ultimate bearing capacity for saturated cohesive soils under undrained
conditions, as per Skempton’s theory is given by –
q nu=CuNc

Where q nu is the net ultimate bearing capacity, Cu the undrained cohesion, Nc

the Skempton’s bearing capacity factor.

5) Meyerhof’s theory of bearing capacity

Meyerhof in 1951 gave a general theory of bearing capacity for a strip footing at
any depth. His equation is similar to that of Terzaghi, but his approach to solve
the problem is different. He assumed that the logarithmic failure surface extends
above the base of the foundation and as such considered the shear resistance of
the soil above the base of the footing.
Meyerhof gave the following equation for ultimate bearing capacity –
q u=C N c S c d c i c + γD N q Sc d c i c +0.5 BγNγ Sc d c i c
Where s, d, and i are the shape, depth, and inclination factors, respectively. N c,
Nq, and Nγ are the bearing capacity factors.

6) Hansen’s theory of bearing capacity

Brinch Hansen (1970) extended Meyerhof’s theory to determine the bearing
capacity for footings with an inclined base and for footings with sloping ground
surface. Hansen, Vesic, and Prandtl computed bearing capacity assuming the
base of the footing as smooth.
Hansen introduced the base inclination and ground surface inclination factors in
Meyerhof’s bearing capacity equation.

7) Vesic’s Theory of Bearing Capacity:

Vesic (1973) used the failure surface similar to that used in Terzaghi’s theory,
except that the slope of elastic wedge is assumed to be (45 + ɸ/2) with
horizontal. He used the same form of equation as used by Hansen but modified
some of the factors, while adopting the other factors from Hansen’s theory.

c. Bearing capacity from SPT and CPT data

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) consists of the following:
1. Driving a standard split-barrel sampler to a distance of 460 mm into the soil at
the bottom of the boring.
2. Counting the number of blows to drive the sampler the last two 150 mm
distances (total= 300 mm) to obtain the N number.
3. Using a 63.5-kg driving mass (or hammer) falling "free" from a height of 760
mm.
The exposed drill rod is referenced with three chalk marks 150 mm apart, and the
guide rod is marked at 760 mm (for manual hammers). The assemblage is then seated
on the soil in the borehole (after cleaning it of loose cuttings). Next the sampler is
driven a distance of 150 mm to seat it on undisturbed soil, with this blow count being
recorded. The sum of the blow counts for the next two 150-mm increments is used as
the penetration count N unless the last increment cannot be completed.
In this case the sum of the first two 150-mm penetrations is recorded as N value.

The Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is a simple test that is now widely used in lieu of the
SPT—particularly for soft clays, soft silts, and in fine to medium sand deposits. The
test is not well adapted to gravel deposits or to stiff/hard cohesive deposits.
In outline, the test consists of pushing the standard cone into the ground at a rate of 10
to 20 mm/s and recording the resistance. The total cone resistance is made up of side
friction on the cone shaft perimeter and tip pressure. Data usually recorded are the
cone side resistance, point resistance, and depth. Pore pressures, vertical alignment,
and temperature may also be taken if allowed by the equipment configuration. The tip
(or cone) usually has a projected cross-sectional area of 10 cm2 , but larger tips are also
used and may provide more reliable pore pressure readings.
 Foundations
A Foundation is a system which comprises of the soil/rock beneath a structure responsible
for carrying the loads and part of the structure itself (footing or pile) that directly transmits
the load of the structure to the underlying soil/rock.

Types of Foundations
Foundations are basically divided into Shallow foundations and Deep foundation. Shallow
foundations are foundation where the depth of the footing is less than or equal to the width of
the footing whereas for Deep foundations the depth of the footing is greater than that of the
width of the footing.

Shallow foundations comprises of:

1. Isolated Pad Foundation / Combined Footing
These are the type of footings used to carry and spread individual point loads such as a
structural column in shallow foundation. The may be circular, square or rectangular
slab in plan of uniform thickness or pad, stepped or sloped in design with
reinforcements within.
An isolated pad footing becomes a combined footing when it overlaps with nearby
isolated footing to hold two or more columns in the case of closeness of column to
sensitive installation or sometimes property line restraints.
2. Strap Foundation
Strap footing is a type of combined footing, consisting of two or more column footings
connected by a concrete beam called a “strap beam”.
It is a continuous reinforced concrete member used to support loads with minimal
bending. Strap footings are capable of spanning across non- load bearing areas, and
are commonly supported on pad footings or piles to help distribute the weight of either
heavily or eccentrically loaded column footing to adjacent footings.
3. Strip Foundation
A Strip Foundation/ Footing are basically an elongated spread footing which is
provided for a load bearing wall. It is commonly used for buildings and walls and
conveniently provided for a row of columns which are closely spaced that the spread
footing overlap or nearly touch each other.
Strip footing is used in a situation where the load bearing capacity of the soil is low
(e.g. soft clay) and for sites which may be subjected to “unequal settlement”, or where
the sub soil is “not uniform” in nature.
A Strip footing is also known as continuous or wall footing.

4. Raft Foundation
Raft or mat foundations are the types of foundation which are spread across the entire
area of the building to support heavy structural loads from columns and walls. A raft
foundation consists of a single heavily reinforced concrete slab that underlies the
entire structure or a major portion of the structure. Raft foundations distribute
structural loads over a large area, thus reducing the intensity of contact pressures. The
principal advantage of a raft footing is its ability to bridge over local soft and weak
spots, and to reduce differential settlement.
Deep Foundations
A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the ground farther
down from the surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of
depths.
A deep foundation is required to carry loads from a structure through weak compressible
soils to stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at depth.

Deep Foundations comprises of:

1. Deep footing
These are simple shallow foundations footings which are modified into deep
foundation using deeper pad/isolated or strip footings.

2. Piles e.g. Bearing piles, Friction piles

Pile foundations are a form of deep foundation of long and slender structural members
used to support and transfer loads of structures through columns to hard soil strata
which is much below ground level where shallow foundations cannot be used. This is
also used to prevent uplift of the structure due to lateral loads such as earthquake and
wind forces.
3. Caissons/well Foundation
This is a type of deep foundation in which precast concrete rings are set above ground
level, the sunk to the required level by excavating or dredging material from within the
caisson before concrete is cast to fill it.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
TWO 350 X 350 mm Columns A and B are spaced 2m
apart and carry the loads below. If the allowable soil
bearing capacity is 150KN/M2. Design a suitable
foundation.
 DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTING
REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
Design Parameters
BS 8110 Column a dead load 1200KN
Section 3 Column a live load 900KN
Table Column b dead load 1500KN
3.1 ,clause Column b live load 650KN
3.3.5.3& Table Maximum ground pressure 150KN/m2
3.3. Concrete strength 35KN/mm2
Reinforcement 460KN/mm2
Concrete cover 40mm

Given the diagram of footing as below,

Assuming a weight of base to be 10% of total load = 425KN

total load of columns A∧B

Area of base =
soil bearing capacity
(1200+ 900+1500+650+ 425)
¿
150
= 31.17m2 ……………………………………… (1)
REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
From the diagrammatic representation of the base,
Area of base (A) = length (L) X Breadth (B)
= 2(x +Ⴟ) X 2x
= 4x(x + Ⴟ)
= 4x2 + 4xႿ………………………………. (2)
But equations (1) = (2)
31.17 = 4x2 + 4xႿ………………………………… (3)

Taking moments of loads at B

FA X 2 + FA + FB (Ⴟ) = 0
(1200 x 1.4 +900 x 1.6) X 2 + { (1200+ 1500 ) 1.4 + ( 900+650 ) 1.6 } Ⴟ =0
6240 =6260Ⴟ
Ⴟ = 0.997m
From equation (3)
28.33 = 4x2 + 4xႿ
4x2 + 4xႿ -31.17 = 0
But Ⴟ = 0.997
4x2 + 4x (0.997) – 31.17 = 0
4x2 + 3.99x – 31.17 = 0
X = 2.34m
From the diagram of footing described before,
Length (L) = 2(X + Ⴟ)
= 2(0.997 + 2.34)
= 6.67m
Breadth (B) = 2x
=2(2.34)
= 4.68m
Therefore the base of the footing will appear as below
REF CALCULATION OUTPUT

Let the distance between the two columns be D

D=2
Ⴟ + Ⴟ1 = 2
Ⴟ1 = 2 - Ⴟ
Ⴟ1 = 1.003m
From the diagram above,
L = x1 + D + x
6.4 = x1 + 2 + 2.21
6.67 – 4.68 = x1
X1 = 1.99
(i) Case 1: Dead+imposed load on both columns
Column a. Ultimate load (WA) =1.4 x dead load+1.6 x live load
= 1.4(1200) +1.6(900)
=3120KN

Column b. Ultimate load (WA) =1.4dead load+1.6 live load

= 1.4(1500) +1.6(650)
=3140KN

From previous calculation we assumed area to be 31.17mm

 WA+WB 3120+3140
Now calculating ground pressure (p) = = = 200.83
AREA 31.17
KN/M2

Since the ground pressure (p) ˃ the soil bearing capacity (q), the area of base
needs to be adjusted.
Let new area of footing be given as,
New length = 7.6m
Ⴟ = 0.997m
Ⴟ1 = 1.003m Adopt a
7.6 rectangular
New x = -Ⴟ base =
2
= 3.8 – 0.997 7.6m by
= 2.803 5.61m
7.6 (Area
New x1 = - Ⴟ1 provided =
2
42.64m2
= 2.80m
New breadth = 2 x X
= 2 X 2.803
= 5.6m
New area of footing = 7.6 x 5.6
= 42.6m2
Adopting a depth of footing to be 0.8m
Weight of footing = 7.60m x 5.6m x 0.80 m x 24KN/m3 = 817.15KN

REF CALCULATION OUTPUT

 Hence the adjusted footing would be represented as below

Finding the new ground pressure

WA +WB
P=
new area of base
3120+3140
=
42.6
P = 146.95 KN/m2 ˂ q
Converting the ground pressure to a linear load,
P’ = 146.82KN/m2 x 5.6m
P’ = 822.91kN/m2 Maximum
The soil pressure is checked for service loads for case 1: pressure
Base area=7.6 × 5.6=42.6m2 case 1 =119.64
2
BS BL kN/m2<150KN/m2
Base modulus=
8110,part 6
1 =5.6×7.6 2/6=53.91 m3 The base is
Section2 Direct load=1200+900+1500+650+ 817.15 =5067.15 ken satisfactory with
clause The moment about the center line of the base is given by respect to soil
2.4.3.1 (1500 + 650)0.997 – (1200 + 900)1.003 = 37.25 NM pressure

5067.15 37.25
Maximum pressure = + = 119.64KN/m2
42.6 53.91

5067.15 37.25
Minimum pressure = - = 118..26KN/m2
42.6 53.91
Linear load = 119.64 x 5.6 = 669.98kN/m
 Shear force for region (ab)
∑fy=0
669.98x-v = 0
V=669.98x
At x=0, v=0
At x=2.79, v= 1869.24kn
BENDING MOMENT FOR REGION (AB)
∑MAB =0
(669.98X2)/2+M=0
M= 334.99 X2
AT X=0, M=0
AT X=1.4, M= 656.58 KNM
AT X=2.79, M= 2607.60 KNM
SHEAR FORCE FOR REGION (BC)
∑FY=0
669.98X-3120-V=0
V=669.98X-3120
AT X=2.79M, V=-1250.76 KN
AT X=4.79M, V= 89.20 KN
At Point of zero shear
669.98X-3120 = 0
X = 4.66m

BENDING MOMENT FOR REGION (BC)

∑MBC = 0
-334.99x2 + 3120(x – 2.79) + M = 0
M = 334.99x2 - 3120(x – 2.79)
At x = 2.79
M = 334.99(2.79)2
= 2607.60kNm
At x = 3.79, M = 1691.83 kNM
At x = 4.79, M = 2645.11kNM
SHEAR FORCE FOR REGION (CD)
∑FY=0
669.98X-3120-3140-V=0
V=669.98X-3120-3140
AT X=4.79M, V= -3050.8 KN
AT X=7.6M, V=0 KN
BENDING MOMENT FOR REGION (CD)
∑MCD =0
M= 334.99(7.6-x)2
AT X=4.79, M= 2645.11kNm
AT X=6.2, M= 656.58 kNM
At x 7.6, M = 0 KNm

REF CALCULATION OUTPUT

 SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Case 1
Max shear
Force=
3050.8KN

Case 1
Max bending
Moment =
2645.11KNm

RE CALCULATION OUTPUT
F
(ii) Case 2: column 1; dead + imposed load, column 2; dead load only Maximum
WA = 1200(1.4) x 900(1.6) = 3120KN pressure
WB = 1500(1.0) = 1500KN case 2 =115.02
The soil pressure is checked for service loads for case 1: kN/m2<150KN/m2
Base area=7.6 × 5.61=42.64
Base modulus=5.61×7.6 2/6=54.00 m3 The base is
Direct load=1200+900+1500+817.15 =4417.15KN satisfactory with
The moment about the center line of the base is given by respect to soil
(1500 )0.997 – (1200 + 900)1.003 = -610.8 NM pressure
4417.15 610.8
Maximum pressure = + = 115.02KN/m2
42.6 53.91
4417.15 610.8
Minimum pressure = - = 92.36KN/m2
42.6 53.91

WA+WB 3120+1500
ground pressure (p) = = = 108.45 KN/M2
AREA 42.6
Converting the ground pressure to a linear load,
P’ = 108.34 KN/m2 x 5.61m
P’ = 607.79kN/m2
Linear load = 115.02 x5.6 = 644.11kN/m

Case 2
Max shear
Force=
1797.06KN
Shear force for region (ab) 0≤x≤2.79
∑fy=0 Case 1
644.11x-v = 0
Max bending
V=644.11x
At x=0, v=0 Moment =
At x=2.79, v= 1797.06kN 2506.95KNm
BENDING MOMENT FOR REGION (AB) 0≤x≤2.79
∑MAB =0
(-644.11X2)/2+M=0
M= 322.06X2
AT X=0, M=0
AT X=1.4, M= 631.24 KNM
AT X=2.79, M= 2506.95KNM
SHEAR FORCE FOR REGION (BC) 2.79≤x≤4.79
∑FY=0
644.11X-3120-V=0
V=644.11X-3120
AT X=2.79M, V=-1322.93KN
AT X=4.79M, V= -34.71 KN
BENDING MOMENT FOR REGION (BC) 2.79≤x≤4.79
∑MBC = 0
-322.06x2 + 3120(x – 2.79) + M = 0
At x = 2.79
M = 322.06(2.79)2 -3120(x – 2.79)
= 2506.95KNm
At x = 3.79, M = 1506.10 KNM
At x = 4.79, M = 1149.38 KNM
SHEAR FORCE FOR REGION (CD) 4.79≤x≤7.6
∑FY=0
644.11X-3120-1500- V=0
V=--644.11+3120+1500
AT X=4.79M, V= -1534.71 KN
AT X=7.6M, V=0 KN
BENDING MOMENT FOR REGION (CD) 4.79≤x≤7.6
∑MCD =0
M= 322.06(7.6-x)2
AT X=4.79, M= 904.99kNm
AT X=6.19, M= 454.10kNM
At x 7.6, M = 0 KNm
RE CALCULATION OUTPUT
F
CASE 3: Column 1: dead load; column 2: dead+imposed load Maximum
WA = 1200(1.0) = 1200KN pressure
WB = 1500(1.4) + 650(1.6) = 3140KN case 2 =115.26
The soil pressure is checked for service loads for case 3: kN/m2<150KN/
Base area=7.6 × 5.61=42.64 m2
Base modulus=5.6×7.6 2/6=53.91m3
Direct load=1200+1500+650+817.15 =4167.15KN The base is
The moment about the center line of the base is given by satisfactory with
(1500 +650 )0.997 – (1200)1.003 = 939.95 KNM respect to soil
4167.15 939.95 pressure
Maximum pressure = + = 115.26KN/m2
42.6 53.91

4167.15 939.95
Minimum pressure = - = 80.38KN/m2
42.6 53.91
Linear load = 115.26 x 5.6 = 645.46kN/m

WA+WB 1200+3140
ground pressure (p) = = = 101.78 KN/M2
AREA 42.64
Converting the ground pressure to a linear load,
P’ = 101.78 KN/m2 x 5.61m
P’ = 571KN/M

Shear force for region (ab) 0≤x≤2.79

∑fy=0
645.46x-v = 0
V=645.46x
At x=0, v=0
At x=2.79, v= 1800.83kn
BENDING MOMENT FOR REGION (AB) 0≤x≤2.79
∑MAB =0
(-571X2)/2+M=0
M= 322.73X2
AT X=0, M=0
AT X=1.4, M= 632.55 KNM
AT X=2.79, M= 2512.16 KNM
SHEAR FORCE FOR REGION (BC) 2.79≤x≤4.79
∑FY=0
645.46X-1200-V=0
V=645.46X-1200
AT X=2.79M, V=-600.83KN
AT X=4.79M, V=1891.75 KN
BENDING MOMENT FOR REGION (BC) 2.79≤x≤4.79
∑MBC = 0
-322.73x2 + 1200(x – 2.79) + M = 0
At x = 2.79
M = 322.73(2.79)2 -1200(x – 2.79)
 = 2512.16KN
At x = 3.79, M = 3435.73 KNM
At x = 4.79, M = 5004.75 KNM Case 3
SHEAR FORCE FOR REGION (CD) 4.79≤x≤7.6 Max shear
∑FY=0
Force=
645.45X-1200-3140- V=0
V= -645.45X+1200+3140
1891.75KN
AT X=4.79M, V= -1248.25 KN
AT X=7.6M, V=0 KN
BENDING MOMENT FOR REGION (CD) 4.79≤x≤7.6 Case 3
∑MCD =0 Max bending
M= 322.73(7.6-x)2 Moment =
AT X=4.79, M= 2548.30 5004.75 KNm
AT X=6.19, M= 641.62kNm
At x 7.6, M = 0 KNm
REF CALCULATION OUTPUT
 Design of longitudinal reinforcement
BS 8110-1997, Bottom Steel
Part 1, Section The maximum moment from case 3
3. M=5004.75 kNm
Clause 3.4.4.4. M
k= 2
(bd )fcu
6
5004.75 x 10
= 2
5600 x 744 x 35
=0.046<0.156
z
=¿ 0.5 + √(0.25-0.046/0.9) = 0.95
d
M
As =
0.95 fyz
5004.75 Provide
=
BS 8110-1997 0.95 x 460 x 0.95 x 744 21T32-300
Section 3 clause = 16203m2 > min. area of reimforcement = (0.13/100) x 5600 x 800 mm centres
3.11.3.2 =5824mm2 to give a total
Provide 21T32-300 mm centres to give a total area of 16889m2 area of
(ℓc =1400 mm)<( 0.75(c+3d)=0.75(350+3×744)=1936.5 mm} 16889mm2
Reinforcement should be spread uniformly across the width

Top steel
Since there are no moments in the upper section of the footing,
minimum reinforcement would be provided in each direction.
Provide 19T20-300 mm centres to give a total area of 5969mm2

REF CALCULATION OUTPUT

 Transverse reinforcement
At ULS the maximum pressures under the base for load case 1 is 119.64 kN/m2
The pressure at 0.5 m from the end is
=118.24+ (119.64–118.26)×7.1/7.6=110.82 kN/m2
The average pressure on a 0.5 m length at the heavier end is
= (119.64+110.82)/2=115.23 kN/m
(5600-350)/2 =2625,
BS The moment at the face of the columns on a 0.5 m length at the heaviest loaded
8110- end is M= {115.23× (0.5×2.63)×2.63/2=199.23 kNm Provide
1997, k=199.23 x 106 / (800×7442 ×35) =0.013<0.156 19T20-300
Part 1, z mm centres
=¿ 0.5 + √(0.25-0.013/0.9) = 0.98>0.95
Section d to give a
3. total area of
Clause As =199.23 x 106 / (0.95×744×0.95×460) =645.03mm2 1810 mm2
3.4.4.4. Provide minimum reinforcement in the transverse direction over the length of the
base
Provide 19T20-300 mm centres to give a total area of 5969mm2
Vertical shear
The maximum vertical shear from case 1 is
V=3050.8kN
v=3050.8×103 /(5600×744)=0.73N/mm2
100As / (bd) =100×16203/ (5600×744) =0.39<3.0
400/d=400/544 <1. Hence take as 1
BS vc =0.79×()^1/3 (1.0)^1/4 (35/25)1/3 /1.25=0.52 N/mm2
8110; shear resistance of the concrete
Part 1, vc x b x d
section Vc= 1000
3. 0.52 x 5600 x 744 Shear
Clause = reinforceme
1000
3.5.5.2 =2166.53 Kn nt is
& vc + 0.4 = 0.52+0.4 = 0.92 required
clause Since vc < v < (vc + 0.4) ,shear reinforcement is required.
3.5.5.3. Provision of shear reinforcement
& For 2 legs T12 links(AS = 226mm2)
Table Asv x 0.95 x fy
3.16 Sv =
0.4 b
226 x 0.95 x 460
=
0.4 x 5600
Sv = 44.09mm Spacing is
Hence use Sv = 150mm ok
Svmax = 0.75d = 0.75 x 744 = 558mm
Since Svmax > Sv. spacing is ok
Provide 2 legs of T12 links (AS = 226mm2) across the length of the base.
Punching shear
The critical perimeter for punching shear is 1.5d around the column.
BS8110 For punching shear to be under control, the nominal design shear stress(V) should
-1997 not exceed the allowable value.
Section The nominal shear is calculated as follows.
3, V
clause Vn =
ud
3.7.7.3. but u = 4(3d + c)
equatio = 4(3(744)+350)
n 28 = 10328mm
BS8110
3
-1997 3050.8 x 10
Section V n = = 0.40N/mm2
10328 x 744
3,
clause The design shear stress v at any cross-section should be calculated from equation
3.5.5.2. 21
equatio V
n 21 vd=
bd
3
3050.8 x 10
=
5600 x 744
= 0.73N/mm2
The nominal design shear stress vn does not exceed the allowable design shear
stress vd , hence the punching shear value of the base is under control.
Where vn = nominal shear stress
Vd = allowable design shear stress

Sketch of reinforcement

SECTIONS
 PLAN

REFERENCES

(A) Reinforced Concrete Design theory and examples,Third edition by Prab Bhatt, Thomas J.MacGinley and Ban
Seng Choo
(B) BS8110:1997: Structural Use of Concrete Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction
(C) BS 6399–1:1996 Loading for buildings. Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads
(D) Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete. Institution of Structural Engineers, London, 1989.
(E) BS 8500–2:2002: Specifications for constituent materials and concrete
(F) BS 8004:1986: Code of Practice for Foundations
(G) Bowles, Joseph E., 1995, Foundation analysis and design, (McGraw-Hill), 5th Edition
(H) Reinforced concrete structural design,unit 15. – www.scribd.com
(I) Braja M. Das , principles of geotechnical engineering , 7th edition .
(J) Jose Calavera,2012, Manual for detailing reinforced concrete structures.