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eet t eet t PHYSICS
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .
i N
. N l a
la
ssaa UNIT -1
ddaassaa
ddaassaa
.P
. Paa .P
.Paa
ELECTROSTATICS
wwww
ww wwww
ww

m
FORMULAE
et
e t eet t

cot
1 q1q2 ∧
.iN .iN
→

i .N i .N
(1) Electrostatic force between charges q1 and q2, F = F12 = r21

s.N. e
l
ssaaala 1
s a
sal a
l a ssaal a
l a
4πε o r212
(2) Value of k =
4πε o
aa daa
= 9 × 109 Nm2C–2
d ad
a a
d a
ε w
w .P
. P
(3) Value of = 8.854 × 10–12 C2N–1m–2 w
w .P
. P
wwqwwn e wwww
(5) Total charge = × ; Number of electrons × Charge of an electron

laki
F1= F cos q; F2 =F sin q ; |F| = F1 + F2
2 2
(6) Components of force F,

e t t
soao e t t
(7) Relative permittivity or Dielectric constant ε r =
e e
ε

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a
(8) Force between charges in medium Fm = .iN
.N Fair
εo

l a
la
ssaa ddaassaa
force F
εr

ddaassaa
a q
a
dab

. P a
(9) Electrostatic field, E =
.P charge
=q ⇒F= E
.P
. P a
w
w 1 q ∧
ww
wwww wwww
(10) Electric field due to a point charge E = r
Paa

4πε o r 2
→ ∧
(11) Electric dipole moment, p = q × 2a i
w. ur

→
1 2p
→
(12) (i) Electric field due to a dipole at a point on the axial line, E = (r >> a )
eet t eet t 4πε 0 r 3

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
lai.iN
.N lala −1 p
→
→
ww .s

(ii) Electric field due to a dipole at a point on the equatorial line E = E tot =
ssaa a a (r >> a )
p aass a
 
aass a 4πε 0 r 3
dd
(13) Magnitude of torque τ = p × E = E sinθ (p = q 2a)
aa aadd
.P
. P .P
. P 1 q
w

w
w ww
(14) Electric potential at a point due to a point charge, V = 4πε r

wwww wwww
o
→ →
p
(15) Electric potential energy of dipole U = – E cosθ = - p .E
w

p cos θ
(16) Electric potential at a point due to an electric dipole V = 4πε r2
t t t t
o
→ →

i .iN
.Nee
(17) Electric flux =
q
εo
i .iN
.Nee
⇒ fE = E . A = EA cosθ
w

l
ssaa a
l a aalala
(18) Electric field due to infinite long straight charged wire, E =
ss s a
s l
a a
la λ
2πε o r

aaddaa σ
ad
a a
d
q 1a → σ ∧
.P
.P .P
. P
(19) Electric field due to plane sheet of charge E = 2ε = A 2ε Vector form, E =
ww ww 2ε 0
n

wwww wwww
o o
σ
(20) Electric field at a point between two parallel sheets of charge E = ε
o

eet t
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2
eet t Sura’s
eet t ➠ XII Std - Physics - Public Exam Special Guide

lalai .iNN EXAM FREQUENTLY ASKEDlaQUESTIONS

.PUBLIC l i
a .iN
.N l a
la
a
ssa aass aa aassaa
1M aadd aadd d
1. w w.P
. P ark

ww
An air-core capacitor is charged by a battery..P
.P d Q

wwww wwww
P
After disconnecting it from the battery, a

m
d
dielectric slab is fully inserted in between its
plates. Now, which of the following quantities Aε 0 Aε 0
remains constant?  [PTA-1] (a) (b)
d 2d
et
e t(a) Energy (b) Voltage
eet t

cot
i.iN
.N (c) Electric field
.iN
(d) Charge
i .N 2Aε 0 3Aε 0

s.N. e
l
ssaaala 
s a
sal a
l a
[Ans. (d) Charge] (c)

ssaalda
la (d)
d
2Aε0
2.
(a) C2 N–1 m–2
aadda
The unit of permittivity is: 
a (b) N m2 C–2
[PTA-2]

ad
a a

d a [Ans. (c)
d
]

(c) H m–1
ww.P
. P (d) N C–2 m–2
w
w .P
. P C = C1+ C2 = 2C

wwww wwww
[Ans. (a) C2 N–1 m–2] Hint:
∴C =
2ε 0 A

laki
3. A coil of area of cross-section 0.5 m with 2
d
10 turns is in a plane which is parallel to a
uniform electric field of 100 N/C. The flux
soao 8. An electric dipole is placed at an angle 30°

eet t
through the plane is: 
eet t
[PTA-2] with an electric field intensity of 2 × 105 N C–1.

l a
l i
a .iN
.N (a) 100 V.m
(c) 20 V.m
(b) 500 V.m
l a
l
(d) zero i
a .iN
.N It experiences a torque equal to 4 N m. The

l a
la
charge on the dipole if the dipole length is
ssaa 
ddaassaa
[Ans. (b) 500 V.m]
ddaassaa
2 cm is 
(a) 8 mC (b) 2 mC
[PTA-6]

a a
dab
4.
_________ 
.P
. P a
Dimension and unit of Electric flux is
[PTA-3; Aug-2021; FRT-’22]
.P
. P a(c) 5 mC (d) 7 μC
w
w ww  [Ans. (b) 2 mC]
wwww wwww
(a) ML T A , Nm C
2 3 –2 2 –1
Paa

(b) ML3T–3A–1, Nm2C–1 9. When a point charge of 6mC is moved between

(c) ML2T–1A–2, Nm2C–1 two points in an electric field, the work done is
w. ur

(d) ML–4T–3A–2, Nm2C–1 1.8 × 10–5 J. The potential difference between

[Ans. (b) ML3T–3A–1, Nm2C–1] the two points is
eet t eet t  [Govt. MQP-2019]

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
5.
l a
lai.iN
.N
At infinity, the electrostatic potential is[PTA-4]
(a) 1.08 V
lala (b) 1.08 mV
ww .s

(a) infinity
ssaa (b) maximum
ddaassaa
ddaa 
aa
(c) 3 V
ss (d) 30 V
[Ans. (c) 3 V]
(c) minimum
(d) zero .P
. Paa [Ans. (d) zero] .P
. Paa
w

W 1.8 × 10 −5
w
w ww
wwww wwww
V = =
6. Five balls marked 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are suspended Hint: q 6 × 10 −6
by separate threads. The pairs (1, 2) (2, 4) and = 3V
(4, 1) show mutual attraction and the pairs
w

(2,3) and (4, 5) show repulsion. The number of 10. Two point charges A and B having charges
ball marked as 1 is  +Q and –Q respectively, are placed at certain
eet t
(a) positive eet t
[PTA-5]
distance, apart and force acting between them is
i .iN
.N i .iN
.N
w

F. If 25% charge of A is transformed to B, then

l
ssaa a
l a (b) negative
(c) neutral
ssaalala s a l a
la
force between the charges becomes.  [QY-2019]
s a
ddaa
(d) can’t determine[Ans. (c) neutral]
aa ad
a a
d
(a)a 16
F (b)
4
F (c) F (d) 9
7.
w .P
.P
The resultant capacitance of four plates, each
w ww.P
. P F9 3 16

wwww
is having an area A, arranged as shown above,
will be (plate separation is d)  [PTA-5]wwww  [Ans. (d)
9
16
F]

eet t
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e e t t / 8124301000
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Sura’s
eet t➠ XII Std - Physics - Public Exam Special Guide 3
e e t t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
11. A cylinder of radius R and length L is placed
a .iN
.N 4.
a
Can two equipotential surfaces intersect? Give
l l a
ssaa aa aa
in a uniform electric field E parallel to the
ss reason. 
Since the electric field is normal to the equipotentiala
cylinder axis. The total flux for the surface of
dd Ans.
d d assaa[PTA-5]

the cylinder is given by 

.P
. Paa p 2
[QY-2019]
P a
P the
surface and also the potential difference betweena
is.nullified,
.
(a) 2πR E
2
w
w (b) R any two points on the surface w w
wwww E
wwww
intersection is not possible.

m
(c) (πR2 – πR)/E (d) Zero
5. Define electric dipole.  [PTA-5; FRT-’22]
[Ans. (d) Zero]
Ans. Two equal and opposite charges separated by a
12. In the given diagram a y very small vector distance.

et
point charge +q is placed at A
e t eet t 6. Show graphically the variation of electric field

cot
the origin O. Work done in (0, a)
i.iN
.Ntaking another point charge +q
i .iN
.N E (y-axis) due to a charged infinite plane sheet

s.N. e
l
ssaaala –Q from point A to point B
s a
sal a
l a
O B (a, 0) x l a
la
with distance d (x-axis) from the plate.
ssaa
is : 
qQ  a 
[Mar-2020]

aaddaa 
ad
a a
d a
Ans. It is independent of the
y [Govt. MQP-2019]

(a)  
4πε a 2  2 
ww.P
. P(b) Zero
w
w .P
. P distance. It is a straight
E

wwww wwww
0
line parallel to x-axis.
 −qQ 1   qQ 1 

laki
x
(c)   2a (d)   2a 0 distance - d
 4πε 0 a 2   4πε 0 a 2 
 [Ans. (b) Zero] 7. A parallel plate capacitor has square plates of

eet t
soao
2 Marks
ee
side 5 cm and separated by a distance of 1mm,
t t
then calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.

l a
l i
a .iN
1. .N l a
l
The electric field outside a conductor is perpendiculari
a .iN
.N 
l a
la [QY-2019]

ssaa to its surface. Justify. 

dd a as saa
[PTA-1]
d aa aa
Ans. The capacitance of the capacitor is
ss
e A 8.85 ´ 10-12 ´ 25 ´ 10-4
d
a a
dab
Ans. (i)
is perpendicular to . P
.
the P a
The electric field outside the conductor
surface of the
C = 0 =
.P
. P a d 1 ´ 10-3
w w ww
wwandwwhas a magnitude of wwww
= 221.2 × 10 F
–13
Paa

s
conductor C = 22.12 × 10–12 F = 22.12 pF
ε0
where σ is the surface charge density at
w. ur

8. Dielectric strength of air is 4 × 106 Vm–1.

that point. Suppose the radius of a hollow sphere in the

eet t eet t
(ii) If the electric field has components parallel Van de Graaff generator is R = 0.4 m, calculate

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
lai.iN
.N
to the surface of the conductor, then free
electrons on the surface of the conductor
the maximum potential difference created by
lala
ww .s

this Van de Graaff generator. [Aug-2021]

ssaa ddaassaa
would experience acceleration.
(iii) This means that the conductor is not in
ddaassaa
Ans. The electric field on the surface of the sphere is

.P Paa
equilibrium. Therefore at electrostatic
. .P
. Paagiven by (by Gauss law)
w

w
w
equilibrium, the electric field must be
ww 1 Q
2.

wwww wwww
perpendicular to the surface of the conductor.
State the law of conservation of electric charges.
E = •
4 πε 0 R 2
The potential on the surface of the hollow
w

[PTA-2]
Ans. The total electric charge in the universe is metallic sphere is given by

eet t
constant and charge can neither be created
eet t
V =
1
• Q = ER
i .iN
.N nor be destroyed. In any physical process, the
i .iN
.N 4 πε 0 R
w

l
ssaa a
l a3.
net change in charge will always be zero.
s a
s l
aala
Define the physical quantity whose unit is Vm,
s a
s l
a a
la
Since Vmax = Emax R

d a
d a
and state whether it is scalar or vector. [PTA-3]
aa ad a
d a
Here Emax = 4×106 Vm–1. So the maximum
a
Ans.
It is a scalar quantity. w
w .P.
Unit of Electric flux is Vm or P
Nm C 2 –1
.P
. P
potential difference created is given by
ww
wwww wwww
Vmax = 4×106 × 0.4
= 1.6 × 106 V (or) 1.6 million volt

eet t
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e e t t / 8124301000
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.NKindly send me your questions and answerkeys.N
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4
eet t Sura’s
eet t ➠ XII Std - Physics - Public Exam Special Guide

lalai .iN
.N
9. State : Gauss Law. 
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
[FRT, July-’22] 2.
l a
Two capacitors of unknown capacitances
la
ssaa ssaa
Ans. Gauss’s law states that if a charge Q is enclosed
ddaa ddaa aa
are connected in series and parallel. If net
ss
capacitances in two combinations are 6 μF and 25

.P
. Pa
by an arbitrary closed surface, then the total
a
electric flux ΦE through the closed surface is
.P
.Paa μF respectively, find their capacitances.  [PTA-2]
w
w ww
www
∫w wwww
1 1 1 C1 + C2
  Q Sol. = + =

m
fE = E.d A = encl C s C1 C2 C1C2
e0
C1C2
10. Calculate the electric flux through the rectangle ⇒Cs = But CP = C1 + C2
of sides 5 cm and 10 cm kept in the region of C1 + C2

et
e t
a uniform electric field 100 NC–1. The angle
eet t

cot
C1C2 CC
i.iN
.N .iN
.N
θ is 60°. What is the electric flux?  [FRT-’22]
i Hence Cs = ⇒6= 1 2

s.N. e
l
ssaaala aal a
l a
Sol. The electric flux through the rectangular area
s s aal a
la
CP
∴ C1 C2 = 25 × 6 = 150
ss
25

θ = 60°
aaddaa ad
a a
d a 150
ΦE = E.A = EAcos θ
ww.P
. P w
w .P
. P ⇒ C2 =
C1
; C1 + C2 = 25

wwww wwww
150
ΦE = 100 × 5 × 10 × 10–4 × cos 60° ⇒ C1 + = 25 ⇒ C12 + 150 = 25 C1

laki
C1
1
ΦE = 5000 × 10–4 × = 2500 × 10–4 (or)
2 C1 – 25 C1 + 150 = 0
2

ΦE = 0.25 Nm2C–1
soao C12 – 10 C1 – 15 C1 + 150 = 0
eet t 3 Marks eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
1.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Four point charges +q, +q, –q and –q are to
C1 (C1–10) – 15 (C1 – 10) = 0

l a
la
(C1–10) (C1–15) or C1 = 10 or 15
ssaa a ssaa
be arranged respectively at the four corners of
dd a
ddaassaa
if C1=10μF ; C2 = 15μF
a a
dab

.P
. P a
a square PQRS of side r. Find the work needed
to assemble this arrangement.  [PTA-1]
.P

. P a C1=15μF ; C2 = 10μF
w
w ww Calculate the force between electron and
wwww wwww
Sol. The work done to arrange the charges in the 3.
Paa

corners of the square is independent of the way proton in Hydrogen atom.(e = 1.6 × 10–19 C
they are arranged. We can follow any order and r0 = 0.53Å)  [PTA-3]
w. ur

(i) First, the charge +q is brought to the corner Sol. The proton and the electron attract each other.
P. This requires no work since no charge is The magnitude of the electrostatic force between
eet t already present, WP = 0 eet t these two particles is given by

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
lai.iN
.N
(ii) Work required to bring the charge –q to the
lala ke 2 9 ´109 ´ (1.6 ´10-19 ) 2
ww .s

ssaa aa a
Fe =
a =

ddaas
corner Q = (-q) × potential at a point Q due
s
to +q located at a point P.
ddaass r2 (5.3´10-11 ) 2

.P
. Pa
1 qa 1 q2
.P
. Pa
=a 9 ´ 2.56
× 10–7 = 8.2 × 10–8 N
w

WQ = –q ×
w
w =
4πε 0 a 4πε 0 a ww
wwww wwww
28.09
(iii) Work required to bring the charge +q to the 4. Four point charges are placed at the four
corner R= q × potential at the point R due corners of a square in two ways (a) and (b) as
w

to charges at the point P and Q. shown in figure. Will the (i) electric potential
and (ii) electric field, at the centre of the
eet t
WR = q ×
1  q
− +
q 

 =
1 q 2 
ee
−1+t1 
t 
2  square be the same or different in the two
i .iN
.N 4πε 0  a
.iN
2a  4πε 0 a 
i .N
w

l
ssaa a
l a aalala
(iv) Work required to bring the fourth charge
ss s a
s l
a a
configurations and why? 
la [PTA-5]
A B

aa daa
–q at the position S = q × potential at the
d
point S due the all the three charges at the
ad
a a
d a
+q
A
r
B
+q –q
r
r +q

.P
.P
point P, Q and R
ww ww.P
. P
(a)
r
O (b) O

wwww
1  q q q  1 q  1 
wwww r r
WS = –q ×  + +  = 2 −  r r
4πε 0  a a 2a  4πε 0 a  2 –q –q +q –q
D C D C

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Sura’s
eet t t t
➠ XII Std - Physics - Public Exam Special Guide 5
ee
lalai .iN
.N
Ans. (i)
a i .iN
.N
Electric field at the centre of fig (b) will
l l a l a
there will be two different electric field
la
ssaa ddaassaa
be zero because same charges on the
diagonally opposite corners of a square
ddaa
(v)ssaa vectors at the same point.
The number of electric field lines that

.P
. Paa
give zero electric field at the centre whereas
.P
.Paa emanate from the positive charge or end at

w
w
it will be ‘non zero’ in fig (a). ww a negative charge is directly proportional to

wwww wwww the magnitude of the charges.

m
(ii) Electric potential will be the same in case of 7. What are the application of Capacitors?[FRT-’22]
fig(a) and (b) because there are two positive Ans. Capacitors are used in various electronics circuits.
and two negative charges of same magnitude A few of the applications.

et
e t at equal distance from centres in both
eet t (a) Flash capacitors are used in digital cameras

cot
i.iN
.N figures.
i .iN
.N for taking photographs.

s.N. e
l
ssaaala 5.
s a
sal a
l a
Define and derive an expression for the energy
aal a
la
(b) During cardiac arrest, a device called heart
ss
aa daa
density in parallel plate capacitor.[Govt. MQP-2018]
d
Ans. The total work done to charge a capacitor is
ad
a a
d adefibrillator is used to give a sudden surge

.P
. P
stored as electrostatic potential energy in the
ww w
w .P
. P of a large amount of electrical energy to the
patient’s chest to retrieve the normal heart

wwww wwww
capacitor
function.
Energy stored in the capacitor

laki
1 (c) Capacitors are used in the ignition system of
UE = CV2  ...(1) automobile engines to eliminate sparking
2 soao εA
This is rewritten as using C = 0 & E Vd= Ed.
eet t d
eet t (d) 
Capacitors are used to reduce power

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 1  ε A 1
l a
l i
a
UE =  0  ( Ed )2 = ε 0 ( Ad ) E 2 ...(2).iN
.N fluctuations in power supplies and to increase

l a
la
the efficiency of power transmission.
ssaa 
2 d  2

ddaassaa
where Ad = volume of the space between the 8.
ddaassaa
Charges of +
10
× 10–9 C are placed at each
a a
dab

.P
. P a
capacitor plates. The energy stored per unit
.P
. P a 3
of the four corners of a square of side 8 cm.
w
w
volume of space is defined as energy density
ww
wwww wwww Find the potential at the intersection of the
Paa

U
uE = From equation (4), diagonals.  [QY-2019]
Volume
Sol.:
w. ur

A +q 8 +q B
We get uE = 1 ε 0 E 2 ...(3) a 8
l = = = 4 2 cm
eet t 2
eet t 2 2
.iN
.N .iN
.N
a
8 8
i i
2
The energy density depends only on the electric field
l a
l a l a
la lala 0
ww .s

= 4 2 × 10 m –2

ssaa a a
and not on the size of the plates of the capacitor.
aass a
6. State the rules followed while drawing electric
aass a
aadd
field lines for the representation of electric field.
aad
Potential at the intersection D
d +q
8 C
+q
 .P
. P .P
of the diagonals
. P
w

[QY-2019]
w
w ww kq
wwww
Ans. The following rules are followed while drawing
electric field lines for charges.
(i) The electric field lines start from a positive
wwww V=4×
l
10
4 × 9 × 109 × × 10 −9
w

charge and end at negative charges or at 31

=
infinity. 4 2 × 10 −2
eet t eet
(ii) The electric field vector at a point in space t
i .iN
.N i .iN
.N 30 × 102 3000
w

is tangential to the electric field line at that = =

l
ssaa a
l a point.
ssaalala s a
s l
a
2 a
la 2

aadda
(iii) The electric field lines are denser (more closer)
a
in a region where the electric field has larger
ad
a a
d
= a 3000
×
2
= 1500 2 Volt

ww.P
.P
magnitude and less dense in a region where
the electric field is of smaller magnitude. ww.P
. P 2 2

wwww
(iv) No two electric field lines intersect each
other. If two lines cross at a point, then
wwww
eet t
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6
eet t eet
Sura’s
t ➠ XII Std - Physics - Public Exam Special Guide

lalai .iN
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9.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
A dipole is formed by two charges of 5 mC and (ii)
l a
The magnitude of the electric dipole moment
la
ssaa field at
ddaa aa
–5 mC at a distance of 8 mm. Find the electric
ss ddaassaa is equal to the product of magnitude of one of
the charges and the distance between them.

. Paa
a) a point 25 cm away from center of dipole
.P
along its axial line. .P
.Paa 
p = 2qa and it is directed from –q to +q
w
w ww
wwww
b) a point 20 cm away from center of dipole
wwww 12. Define ‘electrostatic potential’.[PTA-6; Aug-2021]

m
along its equatorial line. [HY-2019] Ans. The electric potential at a point P is equal to the
Sol.: work done by an external force to bring a unit
Given : q = 5 μC, E along axial line at 25 cm = ?, positive charge with constant velocity from infinity

et
e t E along equatorial line at 20 cm = ?
eet t to the point P in the region of the external electric


cot
i.iN
.N
a) E along axial line at 25 cm
i .iN
.N field E .

s.N. e
l
ssaaala ∴ Dipole moment
s a
sal a
l a ssaal a
la
13. What is Corona discharge?[Mar-2020; May-2022]

ddaa
p = 2qd = 2 × 5 × 10–6 ×8 × 10–3 = 80×10–9
aa ad a
d
Ans. (i)
a a The electric field near the edge is very high
1 2p
ww.P
. P 2×80×10 −9

w
w . P
. P and it ionizes the surrounding air.

wwww wwww
E = 3 = 9 × 10 ×
9
(ii) The positive ions are repelled at the sharp
4πε 0 r ( )
3
25×10−2 edge and negative ions are attracted towards

laki
= 0.09216 × 106 = 9.2 × 104 NC–1 the sharper edge.
(iv) This reduces the total charge of the conductor
b) E along equatorial line at 20 cm
soao near the sharp edge. This is called action of
eet t 1 p 80×10−9
eet t points or corona discharge.
.iN
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E= = 9 × 10 ×
.iN
.N
9

l a
l i
a 4πε 0 r 3
l a
l i
(20×10−2 )
a
3
14. Derive an expression for the torque experienced
l a
la
ssaa
ddaassaa
= 0.09 × 106 = 9 × 104 NC–1
ddaa aa
by a dipole due to a uniform electric field. [PTA-3]
ss
Ans. Electric dipole in uniform electric field :
a a
dab

.P
. P a
10. What are the differences between Coulomb .P
. P a (i) Consider an electric dipole of dipole
w
w ww →
moment p placed in a uniform electric
wwww
force and gravitational force?  [QY; HY - 2019]
wwww
Paa

→
Ans. field E whose field lines are equally
spaced and point in the same direction.
w. ur

S. Coulomb Gravitational →
No The charge +q will experience a force q E

eet t i) It may be attractive It is

eet t
always in the direction of the field and charge –q

l a
l i
a .iN
.N or repulsive.
l a
lai.iN
.N
attractive in nature.
lala
→
will experience a force –q E in a direction
ww .s

ssaa ii) It depends upon

medium
ddaassaa
It does not depend
upon the medium
ddaassaa opposite to the field.
(ii) These two forces acting at different points

.P Paa
iii) It is always greater
. It is lesser than
.P
. Paa will constitute a couple and the dipole
w

w
w
in magnitude coulomb force ww experience a torque.
wwww
because of high
value of
because value of
G is wwww (iii) This torque tends to rotate the dipole. The
total torque on the dipole about the point
w

K = 9 × 109 Nm2 C–2 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2 O.

iv) The force between It is always same → → → →

eet t the charges will

eet
whether the twot →
τ = ΟΑ × − q E + ΟΒ × q Ε

i .iN
.N i .iN
.N
w

not be same during masses are rest or

l
ssaa a
l a motion or rest.
ssaalala
motion

s a
s l
a a
la
Using right-hand corkscrew rule, it is
found that total torque is perpendicular to
ddaa
11. Define ‘electric dipole’. Give the expression for
aa ad
a a
d a
the plane of the paper and is directed into

ww.P
and the direction.  P
the magnitude of its electric dipole moment
. [PTA-5]
ww.P
. P it.

wwww
Ans. (i) Two equal and opposite charges separated
by a small distance constitute an electric
dipole.
wwww
eet t
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