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MM9819 T1-5 Hydration of Cements With CRMs VF
MM9819 T1-5 Hydration of Cements With CRMs VF
MM9819 T1-5 Hydration of Cements With CRMs VF
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BS EN
Cement Replacement Materials (CRM)
197-1:2011 • The most important CRMs are silica fume (sf), pulverized fuel ash
(pfa), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (ggbs), and metakaolin
(mk).
CEM I
Portland cement • The approximate compositional ranges for these materials are shown
on the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary diagram below right.
CEM II SF
Blast-furnace
slag (ggbs)
Silica fume (sf) GGBS PFA
Natural
pozzolana MK
Pulverized fuel
ash (pfa; fly ash) C2S
CAC
Burnt shale C3S
Limestone PC
CEM III
More ggbs
C3A
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Cement Replacement Materials (CRM) Cement Replacement Materials (CRM)
• The most important CRMs are silica fume (sf), pulverized fuel ash • The most important CRMs are silica fume (sf), pulverized fuel ash
(pfa), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (ggbs), and metakaolin (pfa), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (ggbs), and metakaolin
(mk). (mk).
• Portland cement and calcium aluminate cement (CAC) are also shown • In an earlier lecture you were given some information about the typical
for comparison, together with some pure cement-related phases. characteristics of these materials. Density and specific surface area
data are shown below left.
SF SF
Density SSA
kg m-3 m2 kg-1
GGBS PFA GGBS PFA
OPC 3200 360
MK MK
GGBS 2900 420
C2S C2S
CAC CAC
C3S PFA 2240 380 C3S
PC PC
MK 2600 15000
SF 2160 20000
C3A C3A
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CEM II to V: cements with CRMs CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
The full black line on this figure The data in blue (referred to as
shows the cumulative heat CHactual/CHexpected) shows the
evolution over the first 20 hours result of dividing the values of %
for a CEM I hydrated at 20 °C CH measured for the blend by
with w/c = 0.4. those for the neat cement
multiplied by the fraction of
The red line is for a CEM III that
cement in the blend.
has 50% ggbs.
A value less than 1 means that
For comparison, the dashed
there was less CH than expected
black line is the CEM I multiplied
on the basis of simple dilution
by 0.5.
and a value greater than 1
Clearly, more heat had been means that there was more CH
evolved than would be expected than expected.
upon simple dilution!
The same happens with 75% slag … and with 90% slag
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CEM II to V: cements with CRMs CEM II to V: cements with CRMs
The data in blue (referred to as The data in blue (referred to as
CHactual/CHexpected) shows the CHactual/CHexpected) shows the
result of dividing the values of % result of dividing the values of %
CH measured for the blend by CH measured for the blend by
those for the neat cement those for the neat cement
multiplied by the fraction of multiplied by the fraction of
cement in the blend. cement in the blend.
A value less than 1 means that A value less than 1 means that
there was less CH than expected there was less CH than expected
on the basis of simple dilution on the basis of simple dilution
and a value greater than 1 and a value greater than 1
means that there was more CH means that there was more CH
than expected. than expected.
BUT, the situation is very different BUT, the situation is very different
with 30% pfa! with 30% pfa!
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Hydration accelerated: Value expected on the
the ‘filler’ effect basis of simple dilution
Reaction of
Hydration retarded the pfa
1.4
1.2
CH actual / CHexpected
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Data from many studies. Age (days)
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