KPTCL (1) 2

Study of 400/220kV receiving station, Guttur
INTRODUCTION
Description of KPTCL
st
KPTCL is divided into 5 companies. These companies came into existence from 1 June 2002
1. MESCOM–(Mangalore Electricity Supply Company)
2. BESCOM–(Bangalore Electricity Supply Company)
3. HESCOM–(Hubli Electricity Supply Company)
4. GESCOM–(Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company)
5. CESCOM–(Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Company)
Electricity Supply Companies (ESCOM) Distribution
Companies Areas covered
GESCOM Bidar, Bellary, Gulbarga, Koppal, Raichur and Yadgiri
HESCOM Dharwad, Gadag, Bijapur, Bagalkot, UttaraKannada, Haveri and Belgaum
MESCOM Dakshina kannada, Udupi, Chickmagalur and Shimoga
BESCOM Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Chikkaballapura, Kolar, Davangere,

Tumkur, Chitradurga and Ramnagar
CESCOM Mysore, Chamarajanagar, Mandya, Hassan, Madakeri
Table 1.1 Electricity Supply Companies Distribution
Receiving Station, Guttur
Guttur, a locality under the Municipality of Harihar Taluk is one of the most important receiving stations,
which is coming under the distribution company BESCOM. Incorporating a land of 140 acres. In the time
when the power was being carried in the year of 1992 another important switching station was planned
that was nothing but Guttur receiving station. This is consisting of 400kV bay, 220kV bay and 66kV MUSS
substation. In which the yard of 400/220kV bay is of 42 acres and it carries power from 8 different lines
and a total capacity of power receiving from these lines is about more than 1000MW.
Presently Guttur station is having:
• 2×315MVA Interconnected Transformers.
• 8 lines of 400kV capacity.
• 12 lines of 220kV capacity.
• 3×50MVAR line reactors, 1×63MVAR bus reactor.
• 12.5MVA, 15MVA transformers in 66/11kV lines.
• This receiving station was commissioned on 31stMarch, 1995 in order to transmit power to
Bangalore.
In Guttur station there are eight 400KV lines named as below:
1. KAIGA 1
2. KAIGA 2
3. NARENDRA 1
4. DONI
5. NARENDRA 2
6. BTPS
7. BEERNAHALLI 1
8. BEERNAHALLI 2
There are twelve 220KV lines named as below:
1. HAVERI 1
2. HAVERI 2
3. RANEBENNUR
4. DAVANAGERE 3
5. DAVANAGERE 2
6. CHITRADURGA
7. DAVANAGERE 1
Department
ge2 of EEE, PESITM, Shivamogga
8. NEELAGUNDA
9. SHUZLON
10. JOGIHALLI
11. GUTTUR 1
12. GUTTUR
Incoming and Outgoing lines
INCOMING OUTGOING LINE INCOMING &

LINES OUTGOING
KAIGA 1 BEERNAHALLY 2 HAVERI 1 &2
KAIGA 2 BEERNAHALLY 1 RANEBENNUR
BTPS DAVANGERE 1 CHITRADURGA
GUDDADAHALLY DAVANGERE 2 NEELAGUNDA
NARENDRA 1 & 2 DAVANGERE 3 GUTTUR 1 & 2
Table 1.2 Incoming and Outgoing lines
Department
Purpose and objectives of the internship
The Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is a state-owned utility responsible for
power transmission in Karnataka, India. The purpose and objectives of an internship at KPTCL includes:
• To gain practical experience and knowledge about the power transmission sector, including its
operations, technologies, and systems.
• To acquire and enhance technical and professional skills related to power transmission, electrical
engineering, and related fields.
• To gain exposure to real-world projects and challenges within the organization, allowing interns to
understand the intricacies of power transmission.
• To collaborate with experienced professionals, engineers, and experts to work on projects and
contribute to the organization's goals.
• To participate in problem-solving activities and contribute to finding solutions to challenges in the

power transmission sector.
• To build professional networks by interacting with employees, mentors, and peers within the
organization.
• To explore potential career paths in the power transmission and electrical engineering field and gain
insights into the industry's requirements and opportunities.
• To contribute to specific projects or tasks, making a meaningful impact on the organization's objectives
during the internship period.
Department
WORK DISCRIPTION DAY WISE UPDATES
Day 3 14/08/2023
Batteries
For controlling various operations of substation equipment’s, suitable D.C. supply is required. In battery
charger panel, A.C. 1 phase or 3 phases is given, which converts A.C. to D.C. supply. This D.C. supply is
given to various control panel so substation and for charging the batteries through D.C. Distribution Board
(DCDB) In case of A.C. supply failure, batteries provide D.C. supply for controlling the operations of
substation equipment’s in normal or abnormal conditions. Battery capacity is expressed in ‘Ampere Hours’
which is the useful quantity of electricity that can be taken from a battery at the specified rate of discharge
before its cell voltage falls to the specified value, which is equal to 1.75 volts multiplied by the number of
cells. Ampere hours is equal to the product of the specified discharge current in amperes multiplied by the
number of hours before the battery discharges to the specified extent.
Department
Day 5 16/08/2023
Single line diagram
Fig 1.1 Single line diagram of 400/220kV receiving station Guttur
Department
Fig 1.2 Single line diagram of 66/11kV MUSS, Guttur
Department
Day 6 17/08/2023
Visiting 400kV side of the 400/220kV receiving station
Department
Day 7 18/08/2023
Visiting 66/11kV Master unit substation
Department
Day 8 19/08/2023
Types of relays
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electro-magnetto operate a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary
to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled
circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload
or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called
“Protective Relays”.
Types of Relays
• Electromechanical relay
• Under frequency relay
• Non-directional over current relay
• Voltage supervision relay
• Directional power relay
• Distance relay
• Directional over current relay
• Differential relay
• Under voltage and overvoltage relays
• Negative sequence relay
• Bus bar protection relay
Department
Day 10 21/08/2023
Relay Classification
Fig 4.1 Kaiga line Breaker Relay Panel
Fig 4.2 Main-1 Distance Relay Panel Fig 4.3 Transformer Differential Relay panel
Department
Distance Relay
Distance relays are the most important distance protection elements, which depend on the distance of the
source feeder point and the point where the fault occurs. The principle of these relays differs from one form
of protection to others because its performance depends on the ratio of voltage and current. These are said to
be double actuator relays because one coil is energized by voltage and the other coil is energized by the
current. This type of relays are most widely used where there is a need for fault protection, backup protection
in transmission and distribution lines at high speeds, and also when the over current relaying is very slow.
The distance relay is also referred to as the impedance relay or distance protection element or voltage
controlled device. It’s working mainly depends on the distance between the impedances of the points where
the fault occurs and where there lay is installed (feeding point). There lay gets operated when the ratio of
voltage and current is set to a predetermined value or less than the relay. This type of relay is used for backup
protection, fault protection, phase protection, and main protection of transmission and distribution lines. The
distance relay gets starts operating only when the voltage and current ratio, which means impedance is less
than the predetermined impedance value of the relay. As the impedance of the transmission line is directly
proportional to its length, then the relay starts operating if any fault occurs within the length of the
transmission line or predetermined distance.
Department
Day 11 22/08/2023
Maintenance of Transformer
Transformer oil
The function of transformer oil is to provide insulation between windings as well as cooling due to its chemical
properties and very good dielectric strength. It dissipates the heat generated by the core and windings of a
transformer to the external environment. When the windings of transformer gets heated due o flow of current
and losses, the oil cools down the windings by circulating inside the transformer and transfer heat to the external
environment through its cooling tubes.
Methods of Transformer Drying Treatment
Induction heating method
The induction heating method is to place the transformer body in the original tank, and the winding coil outside
the tank is dried by electric current, using the eddy current heating of the tank skin. At this time, the temperature
of box wall should not exceed 115℃～120℃, and the temperature of transformer body should not exceed 90℃
～95℃. For the convenience of winding the coil, make the number of turns of the coil less or the current smaller
as far as possible. Generally, the current is 150A, and the conductor can be used 35-50mm2.
Hot air drying
The transformer is placed in the drying chamber and dried by hot air. The drying chamber can be overlapped
with wall panels according to the size of transformer body. The wall panels are covered with asbestos board or
other canvas or asbestos linen impregnated with fire-proof solution. The drying chamber should be as small as
possible, and the distance between the panel and the transformer should not be greater than 200 mm. It can be
heated by electric furnace and steam snake tube.
Department
Vacuum drying method
Vacuum drying method is based on air as heat carrier. Under atmospheric pressure, transformer body or winding
is gradually preheated to about 105 C before vacuum treatment begins. Because of the slow heat transfer and
uneven internal and external heating (internal cooling and external heat), the transformer with high voltage and
large capacity often needs more than 100 hours to preheat because of its thick insulating layer. The production
cycle is very long and the drying is not thorough, so it is difficult to meet the transformer’s insulation
requirements. But the equipment is simple and the operation is simple.
Gas-phase vacuum drying
The vapor phase vacuum drying method uses a special kerosene vapor as the heat carrier. The kerosene vapor
introduced into the vacuum tank condenses on the transformer body and releases a large amount of heat energy,
thus heating the dried body. Because of the high thermal energy of kerosene vapor (kerosene vaporization heat
is 306 *103j/kg), the transformer body is dried and heated more thoroughly, more uniformly, with high
efficiency and little damage to insulation materials. However, due to its complex structure and high cost, it is
currently limited to the application of large transformer body drying treatment at 110 kV and above.
Department
Day 12 23/08/2023
Different parts of Transformer and their functions
Main Tank
Main tank is the robust part of transformer that serves mainly two purposes:
• It protects core and windings from the external environment and provide housing for them.
• It is used as a container for transformer oil and provide support for all other external accessories of
the transformer.
Conservator Tank
The Conservator Tank of a transformer is defined simply as a cylindrical tank mounted on the roof of the
transformer main tank. It is used to provide enough space for the oil in the transformer to spread after heating.
Terminals and bushings
Terminals and bushings are also important parts of the transformer that are used to connecting incoming and
outgoing cables of supply and load. These are connected with the ends of the winding’s conductor. Bushings
are mainly an insulator made up of porcelain or epoxy resins. They are mounted over the tank and forms a
barrier between terminals and tank. They provide safe passage for the conductor connecting terminals to the
windings.
Silica gel
The main function of silica gel is to control the amount of moisture available within a breather transformer.
They are used to prevent any extra moisture from entering the transformer which may bring forth many
unnecessary damaging effects to the transformer.
Department
Transformer oil
The function of transformer oil is to provide insulation between windings as well as cooling due to its
chemical properties and very good dielectric strength. It dissipates the heat generated by the core and
windings of a transformer to the external environment. When the windings of transformer gets heated due
to flow of current and losses, the oil cools down the windings by circulating inside the transformer and
transfer heat to the external environment through its cooling tubes.
Tap Changer
The main function of the tap changer is to regulate the output voltage of transformer by changing its turn’s
ratio. There are two types of tap changers.
• On-load tap changer: In an on-load tap changer, tapping can be changed without isolating the
transformer from the supply. Hence it is capable to operate without interrupting the power supply.
• Off-load tap changer: In off-load tap changer, the transformer needs to isolate from supply to
change its tapping (turns ratio).
Breather
Breather is a cylindrical container filled with silica gel and directly connected with the conservator tank of
the transformer.
The main function of the breather is to supply moisture-free fresh air to the conservator tank during the
expansion and contraction of transformer oil.
Transformer protection
Transformer protection basically divided into two types. One is Electrical Protection and it is designed based
on Electrical parameters like Current, Voltage, Frequency, and Impedance. The second type of protection is
Mechanical Protection and it is designed based on Mechanical parameters like Temperature, Pressure.
Department
Transformer-Electrical Protection Types
• Over Current/Earth Fault
• Under Impedance /Distance relay
• Differential Current Protection
• Restricted Earth fault Protection
• Three Phase Overload Protection
• Over Fluxing Protection
• Over Voltage Under Voltage
Transformer-Mechanical Protection Types
• Oil Temperature Indicator
• Winding Temperature Indicator
• Oil Pressure Relief-PRV
• Gas Accumulation use in Gas Accumulation Relay (Buchholz Relay)
Oil Temperature Trip Relay
This relay senses oil temperature when an internal fault like insulation failure in one phase of winding and
shorted or a local hot spot is generated, so the produced temperature is transferred to oil, and oil gets heated.
When the oil temperature increases and exceeds a set value, this oil temperature relay operates.
Winding Temperature Trip Relay
Winding temperature indicator indicates temperature, which is proportional to load current plus top oil
temperature of the transformer. The indicator is provided with two/four mercury switches. One is used for
alarm, second is used for the trip, third for fan control, and fourth for Pump. The temperature settings of
the switches are different from each other for discrimination.
Department
Pressure Relief Valve (PRV)
In case of as ever fault in the transformer, the internal pressure may buildup to a level, which may result in
an explosion of the tank. To avoid such a contingency a Pressure relief valve is fitted on the transformer.
Normally, the pressure relief device valve PRD will be mounted on top of the transformer. If pressure arises
inside a transformer and exceeds a pre-set pressure limit, the pressure safety valve PRD open sits valve clap,
which is held by a spring and releases the internal pressure until it declines. After a decrease in the pressure,
the pressure valve clap moves back to its original position and closes completely.
Fig 5.1 Transformer-Mechanical Protection meters
Department
Buchholz Relay
It is basically a Gas-actuated relay. During the normal operation of the transformer, the Buchholz relay is
completely filled with oil. In the event of any internal fault, gas bubbles are produced in the transformer
tank and gas is accumulated in the relay chamber on the way to the conservator.
This is a double element relay, which detects minor or major faults in a transformer. The first (alarm)
element will operate after a specified volume of gash as accumulated. The second (trip) element will operate
if a rapid loss of oil occurs in the event of serious faults inside a transformer.
Fig 5.2 Buchholz Relay
Department
Day 13 24/08/2023
Interconnected Autotransformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively
coupled conductors – the transformer coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer’s core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary
winding.
This is the costliest equipment of substation. ICT is used to step down the EHV transmission voltage
(400kV) to HV transmission voltage (220kV). Normally 315 MVA auto-transformers are being used. The
secondary winding provides 220kV voltages and other 33kV voltage (tertiary winding). Usually, tertiary
winding is connected in closed in delta formation and can be used for auxiliary station supply purpose.
With transformers, however, the high cost of repair or replacement, and the possibility of a violent or fire
involving adjacent equipment, may make limiting the damage a major objective. The protection aspects
of relays should be considered carefully when protecting transformers. Faults internal to the transformer
quite often involve a few turns.
Fig.4.18315MVAInterconnectedTransformer
Fig 6.1 315MVA Interconnected Transformer
Department
Manufacturer - Crompton Greaves Limited
Serial No - T0942/1
Year of Manufacture - 2005
KV(No load) HV 400
- IV 220
- LV 33
Amperes HV 272.8/363.7/454.7
- IV 496.0/661.3/826.7
- LV 1102.2/1469.6/1837
Phases - 3
Frequency - 50Hz
Type of Cooling - ONAN/ONAF/OFAF
- HV 189 252 315
- IV 189 252 315
Rating(MVA) LV Reactive 63 84 105
LV Active 5 5 5
Guaranteed Temp. Rise OF Oil 50°C
Over 50°Cambient IN Winding 55°C
Connection Symbol - YNa0d11
Department
Total Oil Kg/L 70525/80600
Total mass Kg 272000
Guaranteed Load / No KW 550/84

Load loss
Table 2.1 Name plate details of ICT-2
Department
Day 14 25/08/2023
Lightning arrestor
It is the first equipment in a substation. Substation design involves more than one installing apparatus,
protective devices and equipment. The significant momentary investment and required reliable continuous
operation of the facility requires detailed attention to preventing surges for monitoring the substation
facility. The effects of disturbances with limiting in a power system, which if allowed to persist, may
damage plant and interrupt the supply of electrical energy. Lightning is one of the most serious causes of
over voltage. If the power equipment especially at outdoor substation is not protected, the over-voltage will
cause burning of insulation.
Electrical equipment can be damaged due to over-voltage such as switching surge over- voltage, Lightning
surge over-voltage, transient recovery voltage and power frequency temporary over-voltage in transmission
line and receiving end of substation. It is important to protect power equipment against them wherever
possible. Lightning Arrester can protect the damages of electrical equipment’s. So, Lightning Arrester must
be installed at the terminal end of the transmission line, substation, high voltage transformers and low voltage
transformer.
The analysis of electromagnetic transient is depended on operating voltage, lengths of the lines and contact
or configuration. So, it can be chosen correctly the technical specifications of the apparatus of Lightning
Arrester base on the amounts of receiving overvoltage. Generally, arresters are connected in parallel with
the equipment to be protected, typically between phase and earth for three phase installations.
Lightning arresters are the most effective means of protecting an electrical apparatus against traveling
voltage waves caused by lightning and switching. Lightning arresters are connected across and apparatus to
provide a Low resistance path to ground, thus limiting the transient voltages below the Basic Impulse Level
of the apparatus.
Fig 7.1 Lightning arrester
Department
There are four different classes of arrester

• Station
• Intermediate
• Distribution Secondary
The Functions of Lightning arresters are

• To act like an open circuit during the normal operation of the system.
• To limit the transient voltage to a safe level with the minimum delay.
• To bring the system back to its normal operation mode as soon as the transient voltage is
suppressed i.e., to interrupt the power-follow current and to reseal itsel
Department
Day 17 28/08/2023
Calculation for Electric bill
1. Calculate the total electrical bill for a given load.
Sl no Appliances Load in watts Hours Quantity

01 TV 80 06 01
02 Fan 80 12 03
03 Washing machine 120 02 01
04 Fridge 40 24 01
05 LED light 20 08 05
06 AC 1000 05 01
07 Mixer 750 10 min 01
08 Water heater 1000 01 01
09 Water filter 60 24 01
10 Owen 180 30 min 01
11 Motor 1/2HP 01 01
Here 1kW=₹85
2kW=₹95
Ans:
Sl no Appliances Calculation Total load in Wh
hrs×watts×qty
01 TV 6×80 480
02 Fan 3×12×80 2880
03 Washing machine 2×122 240
04 Fridge 24×40 960
05 LED light 5×20×8 800
06 A.C 1000×5 5000
07 Mixer 0.67×750 120
08 Water heater 1×1000 1000
09 Water filter 24×60 1440
10 Owen 0.5×180 90
11 Motor 1×373 373
Total load =13383Wh
Department
For 1 day =13383/1000=13.38kWh

For 1 month=13.381×30=401.43kWh or units
Bill calculation
Fixed charges=1×85=₹85
=3×95=₹285
Here,
50×4.10 205
50×5.55 277.50
100×7.10 710
202×8.15 1646.30
Total charges in Rs ₹2838.80
Total charges for 1 month=2838.80+370

=₹3208.20
2. Calculate the total electrical bill for a given load.
Sl no Appliances Load in watts Hours Quantity

01 TV 40 04 01
02 Light 09 06 06
03 Fan 80 08 02
04 Fridge 180 24 01
05 Washing machine 120 02 05
06 Mixer 750 10 min 01
07 Iron box 1000 15 min 01
08 Motor 373 01 01
09 Water filter 60 04 01
10 Heater 1000 30 min 01
11 Wi-Fi 05 24 01
12 Vacuum cleaner 60 01 01
Here 1kW=₹85
2kW=₹95
Department
Ans:
Sl no Appliances Calculation=h Total load in Wh

rs×watts×qty
01 TV 4×40 160
02 Light 3×12×80 324
03 Fan 8×80×2 1280
04 Fridge 24×180 4320
05 Washing machine 2×120×1 240
06 Mixer 1000×0.167 120
07 Iron box 1×1000 250
08 Motor 1×373 373
09 Water filter 4×60×1 240
10 Heater 0.5×1000 500
11 Wi-Fi 24×05 120
12 Vacuum cleaner 1×60×1 60
Total load =7987Wh
For1 day=7987/1000=7.987kWh
For1 month=7.987×30=239.61kWh or units
Bill calculation
Fixed charges=1×85=₹85
=3×95=₹285
Here,
50×4.10 205
50×5.55 277.50
100×7.10 710
39.61×8.15 322.82
Total charges in Rs ₹1515.32
Total charges for 1month=1515.32+370

=₹1885.3
Department
Day 18 29/08/2023
Line loss calculation
Calculation of power
A1=0.172 V1=62.81
A2=0.172 V2=64.25
A3=0.170 V1=63.93
Here p.f=0.99 and CT ratio=1000/1
Ans:
V1=√3×62.81×3636.36=395.60kV
V2=√3×64.25×3636.36=404.66kV
V3=√3×63.23×3636.36=398.24kV
A1=0.172×100=17.2A
A2=0.172×100=17.2A
A3=0.170×1000=170A
Here we can take highest value of voltage and current for calculation, then V=404kV and
A=172A
Active power =√3VI Cos
=√3×404k×172×0.99
=119MW
Reactive power =√3VI Sin
=√3×404k×172×0.141
=9.79MVAr
Apparent power =√3VI
= √3×404k×172
=118.84MVA
Department
Day 19 30/08/2023
Visited to Battery room
Ratings of Battery set used:
a. 400 AH for source 1

b. 400 AH for source 2
Ratings of Battery Charger used:

• CP-220V/81for source1
• CP-220V/81for source2
Fig 8.1 Battery Room
Department
Day 20 31/08/2023
Description of Current Transformer and Potential Transformer
Current Transformer
The Current Transformer (C.T.) is a type of “Instrument transformer” that is designed to produce an
alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current being measured in its
primary. Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a convenient
way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission line using a standard
ammeter.
CT ratio of Guttur station: 1000/1amps
A typical 400/220kV CT has five cores which are used for following functions:
Core1: Main 1 protection

Core2: Main 2 protection
Core3: Metering
Core4: Bus bar 1 protection
Core5: Bus bar 2 protection
Fig 9.1 Current transformer
Department
Potential Transformer
Potential transformer is a voltage step-down transformer which reduces the voltage of high voltage circuit to
a lower level for the purpose of measurement. These are connected across or parallel to the line which is to
be monitored.
The basic principle of operation and construction of this transformer is similar to the standard power
transformer. In common, the potential transformers are abbreviated as PT. The primary winding consists of
a large number of turns which is connected across the high voltage side or the line in which measurements
have to be taken or to be protected. The secondary winding has lesser number of turns which is connected to
the voltmeters, or potential coils of wattmeter and energy meters, relays and other control devices. These can
be single phase or three phase potential transformers. Irrespective of the primary voltage rating, these are
designed to have the secondary output voltageof110V.
Types Potential Transformers
• Electromagnetic or Wound Type Conventional Potential Transformer
• Capacitive Voltage Transformers(CVT)
Fig 9.2 Potential Transformer
Department
Day 21 01/09/2023
Visited to Control Room
Here all the operations of the station are to be controlled remotely. For All the 400kV lines and 200kV
lines, carries one single control panel which is to be kept in control room. All the 400kv side control panels
having digital meters, and 200kV panels having analog meters for reading. There should be a winding
temperature indicating meter is present, beside of that ammeter; voltage and KVA indicator are present.
And below of that digital display is present in that all types of faults are to be indicated. So, during the
operation any of the faults appeared means respected display will on gives buzzer.
The relays, protection and control panels are installed in the controlled room. These panels along with PC
aids in automatic operation of various circuit breakers, tap changers, auto-reclosers, sectionalizing
switches and other devices during faults and abnormal conditions. The task of control system in a
substation includes data collection, scanning, event reporting and recording, voltage control, frequency
control, other automatic and semiautomatic controls etc. The various switching actions like auto reclosing
of line circuit breakers, operation of sectionalizing switches, on-load tap changers are performed by remote
command from control room. The other sequential operations like load transfer from one bus to another,
load shedding etc. are also taken care by control center.
Fig 10.1 Control room
Department
Fig 10.3 Maintenance Transfer rSwitch
Fig 10.2 The entire control panel board Fig 10.4 Breaker Control Switch
Fig 10.5 Ammeter switch Fig 10.6 SCADA Control Switch
Department
Maintenance Transfer Switch
This is the switch always to be kept in normal position. It is having another position that is tie. This should
be kept in tie, when due to some disturbances the line CB becomes fault at that time the entire bay should be
kept off but this is the major problem at the receiving ends because all the receivers will be disconnected for
such a long time so to avoid this the line CB should be transfer to the bus tie cum bus coupler at that time the
handle of the maintenance switch is to be kept at tie position. Remaining time, it should be in normal position.
Breaker Control switch
This switch has three positions those are neutral, trip, close. To indicate the breaker position, we will use this
switch nothing but either closed or open, if the breaker is to be closed means the red light will be glow if it is
to be tripped means green color light will glow.
Ammeter switch
To measure the current in each phase of the line we will use this knob. It has three indications like R,Y,B by
placing the knob at each position it will shows that phase current.
SCADA Control switch
This switch is to be help us to get the communication signal and converting the electrical signals into voice
signals so there should be a communication between the two stations.
Department
Day 22 02/09/2023
Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from
damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and by interrupting
continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to
be replaced, a circuit breaker can be rest (either manually or automatically) to resume normal condition.
Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance
up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
The type of the circuit breaker is usually identified according to the medium of arc extinction. The
classification of the circuit breakers based on the medium of arc extinction is as follows:
• Air break circuit breaker
• Oil circuit breaker
• Minimum oil circuit breaker
• Air blast circuit breaker
• Vacuum circuit breaker
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker
SF6 Circuit breaker
SF6 circuit breakers are the most commonly used circuit breakers particularly the EHV & UHV system, the
SF6 gas is used for extinction of the arc. SF6 gas is a chemically inert non inflammable and is odorless and
colorless. At atmospheric pressure it has three times the dielectric strength of air and at a pressure of 3 bars
has a di-electric strength equal to good insulating oil. SF6 gas has excellent insulating, arc extinguishing and
many other properties which are the greatest advantages of SF6 circuit breakers.
Department
Types of Circuit Breakers in SF6
 Single interrupter SF6 circuit breaker applied upto 220kV
 Two interrupters SF6 circuit breaker applied upto 400kV
 Four interrupters SF6 circuit breaker applied upto 715kV
Fig 11.1 Internal diagram of SF6 Circuit breaker
Department
Fig 11.2 SF6 circuit breaker and name plate details
Advantages of SF6 circuit breaker
• Its performance is not affected due to variations in atmospheric condition.

• There is no reduction in dielectric strength because no carbon particles are formed during arcing.
• It requires less maintenance and no costly compressed air system is required.
• SF6 performs various duties like clearing short-line faults, switching, opening unloaded transmission
lines, and transformer reactor, etc. without any problem.
Department of EEE, PESITM, Shivamogga

Page 37
Vaccum circuit breaker
Vaccum is used as an arc extinguishing medium. In this circuit breaker, the fixed and moving contact is
enclosed in a permanently sealed vacuum interrupter. The arc is extinct as the contacts are separated in high
vacuum. It is mainly used for medium voltage ranging from 11 kV to 33 kV. When the contacts of the breaker
are opened in the vacuum, an arc is produced between the contacts by the ionization of metal vapors of
contacts. The arc is quickly extinguished because the metal vapors, electrons and ions produced during arc
are diffused in a short time. The arc extinction in a vacuum breaker occurs with a short contact separation
(0.625cm) because of very fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength.
Fig 11.3 Vaccum circuit breaker
Advantages of Vaccum circuit breaker
 It has a small operating mechanism, small size, and lightweight.

 The control power is small, and the action noise is low during switch operation.
 With multiple reclosing functions, it is suitable for the application requirements of the distribution
network.

Page 38
Air Circuit Breaker
This circuit breaker will operate in the air; the quenching medium is an arc at atmospheric pressure. In
many countries, the air circuit breaker is replaced by an oil circuit breaker. About the oil circuit breaker,
we will discuss later in the article. Thus, the importance of ACB is still a preferable choice to use an Air
circuit breaker upto 15kV. This is because oil circuit breaker may catch fire when used at 15V.
Fig 11.4 Air Type Circuit Breaker
Oil Circuit Breaker
In this type of circuit, breaker oil is used, but mineral oil is preferable. It acts better insulating property
than air. The moving contact and fixed contact are immersed inside the insulating oil. When these parathion
of current takes place, then carrier contacts in the oil, the arc in the circuit breaker is initialized at the
moment of separation of contacts, and because of this arc in the oil is vaporized and decomposed in
hydrogen gas and finally creates a hydrogen bubble around the arc. This highly compressed gas bubble
around and arc prevents re-striking of the arc after the current reaches zero crossings of the cycle. The
OCB is the oldest type of circuit breaker.
Advantages
 Good cooling property because of decomposition.
 Oil has high dielectric strength.
 It acts as an insulator between the earth and the live parts.

Page 39
Disadvantages
 It will not permit high speed of interruption.
 It takes a long arcing time.
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
It is a circuit breaker that utilizes oil as the interrupting media. The minimum oil circuit breaker will place
the interrupting unit in an insulating chamber at the live potential. But insulating material is available in the
interrupting chamber. It requires less amount of oil so it is called a minimum oil circuit breaker.
Advantages
 It requires less maintenance.

 It is suitable for both automatic operation and manual.
 It requires a smaller space.
 The cost of breaking capacity in MVA is also less.
Disadvantages
 Oil deteriorates because of carbonization.
 There is a possibility of explosion and fire.
 As it has a smaller quantity of oil, so carbonization increases.
 It is very difficult to remove gases from the space between the contacts.
Air Blast Circuit Breaker
Air blast circuit breakers are used for a system voltage of 245kV, 420kV and also even more.
Axial Blast Breaker
In the axial blaster breaker, the moving contact of the axial blast breaker will be in contact. The nozzle or if
ice is fixed to the contact of a breaker at a normally closed condition. A fault occurs when high pressure is
introduced into the chamber. Voltage is sufficient to sustain high-pressure air when flowed through the
nozzle.

Page 40
Advantages of Air-Blast Circuit Beaker
 It is used where frequent operation is required because of lesser arc energy.
 It is risk-free from fire.
 Small in size.
 It requires less maintenance.
 Arc quenching is much faster.
 The speed of the circuit breaker is much higher.
 The time duration of the arc is the same for all values of the current.
Disadvantages of Air-Blast Circuit Breaker
 It requires additional maintenance.
 The air has relatively lower arc extinguishing properties. It contains a high-capacity air compressor.
 From the air pipe junction, there may be a chance of air pressure leakage.
 There is the chance of a high rate rise of re-striking current and voltage chopping.
Application and Uses of Air Circuit Breaker
 It is used for the protection of plants, electrical machines, transformers, capacitors, and generators.
 An air circuit breaker is also used in the Electricity sharing system and GND about 15kV.

Page 41
Day 24 04/09/2023
Reactor
A reactor is a coil which has large number of turns and whose ohmic resistance value is much greater.
Reactors are used to limit the short circuit currents which can cause damage to the equipment’s of the power
system. The additional reactance added in series with the system for protection, are called reactors. It has air
core, oil filled ONAN type. Generally, 50 and 63MVA R shunt reactor are used with both the LINE/BUS
both non-switchable/switchable type shunt reactors are in use.
A current limiting reactor is a type of reactor which limits the heavy flow of current through other sections
of the system. In this way, we don’t have to shut down the whole system, we can just isolate the faulty section.
Reactors are also used to protect the circuit breakers of different ratings. They are used to limit the short
circuit currents according to the capacity of circuit breakers. Therefore, while doing changes in the system,
we don’t have to replace the circuit breakers, instead we can add reactors and utilize the same circuit breaker,
due to which, time and money, both can be saved.
Fig 12.1 Reactor

Page 42
Uses of reactors
• For arc suppression.
• To filter out harmonics.
• In series with low reactance auto transformers.
• In series with low reactance induction regulators.
• To protect from high voltage waves, surges and lightning.
• To control starting currents of motors.
Line/Wave trap
A line trap, also known as wave trap, or high-frequency stopper, is a maintenance- free parallel resonant
circuit, mounted inline on high-voltage (HV) AC transmission power lines to prevent the transmission of
high frequency (40kHz to 1000kHz) carrier signals of power line communication to unwanted destinations.
Line traps are cylinder-like structures connected in series with HV transmission lines. A line trap is also
called a wave trap.
The line trap acts as a barrier or filter to prevent signal losses. The inductive reactance of the line trap presents
a high reactance to high-frequency signals but a low reactance to mains frequency.
This prevents carrier signals from being dissipated in the substation or in a tap line or branch of the main
transmission path and grounds in the case of anything happening outside of the carrier transmission path.
The line trap is also used to attenuate the shunting effects of high-voltage.

Page 43
Fig 12.2 Wave trap
Use of Wave trap
Power line carrier communication (PLCC) technology has been frequently used since 1950 by the grid stations
to transmit information at high speed. Transmitting information along high-voltage lines, at high frequency has
been one of the main means of communication in electric power for over fifty years. The data collected from
different sensors is transmitted on power lines thereby reducing the maintenance cost of the additional wiring.
In some countries, this technology is also used to provide Internet connection. In order to communicate, high-
frequency line traps are used as they allow substations to communicate with each other through the power lines
at the same time as they transmit electrical power. In order to separate power from messages being sent, different
frequencies are used. Electrical power has a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz in most places, and the communication
waves use frequencies such as 150 kHz and 200 kHz. Line traps consist of filter circuits that allow only power
frequency waves to travel to that of electrical equipment. They also stop communication waves from traveling
to equipment. Communication is crucial for substations.

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Day 25 05/09/2023
CTR Nitrogen fire protection
Nitrogen gas occupies the space created by oil drain and acts as an insulating layer between the top layer of oil
in the transformer tank and oxygen in the atmosphere. Transformer Conservator Isolation Valve (TCIV) blocks
the passage of oil and isolates conservator oil there by preventing escalation of fire.
Fire hazards occurring at power transformer and interconnecting transformer installations are the matter of
serious concern. These installations are prone to fire because of several reasons such as internal faults,
overheating, high order harmonics, failure of dielectric, lightening etc.
Fig 13.1 Nitrogen injection fire protection system.

Page 45
The main parts of the system are briefly discussed below,
Sensors: The sensors are usually provided at the top side of transformer tank. These units work as
temperature transducers. The temperature of transformer oil is sensed by the sensors. Any abnormal rise in
temperature due to fire hazards to the control box.
Valves: The valves provided at three locations,

a. Between conservator and breather.
b. On oil drain pipe
c. At nitrogen cylinder.
Pipelines: Basically, two pipelines are provided, one for oil evacuation and the other for nitrogen filling.
Control Box: The control box receives signals from sensors and accordingly sends command to operate the
system.
Oil Pit: It is the underground pit below the soil in which the small quantity of oil is drained from transformer
tank.
Outdoor cubicle: The outdoor cubicle is provided near transformer installation. It comprises of nitrogen
cylinder and mechanism for operating the system.

Page 46
Day 26 06/09/2023
Isolators
An electrical isolator which is commonly known as an isolator or disconnector is a piece of equipment that
is used in electric devices and power systems with the main function of effectively isolating two different
parts of an instrument. By definition, isolation is the process of complete separation of various parts of an
apparatus and this separation can either be physical or electrical or both.
Pantograph isolator
The Pantograph isolators are single break and vertical reach type isolators mounted on a post insulator
operated through a operating rod insulator. The divided support isolators are mounted directly on the
structure.
vv
Fig 14.1 Closed pantograph isolators Fig 14.2 Open pantograph isolators

Page 47
Single break isolator
The contact arm is divided into two parts one carries male contact and other female contact. The contact arm
moves due to rotation of the post insulator upon which the contact arms are fitted. Rotation of both post
insulators stacks in opposite to each other causes to close the isolator by closing the contact arm. This
motorized form of this type of isolators is generally used but emergency hand driven mechanism is also
provided.
Fig 14.3 Single break isolator
Double break isolator
This type of isolator consists of three loads of post insulators. The middle insulator holds a flat male or tubular
contact that can be turned straightly by a spin of the middle post insulator. The rotation of the middle post
insulator can be done by a lever method at the bottom of the post insulator, as well as it is related to manual
operation (operating handle) or motorized operation motor (using motor) of the isolator via a mechanical knot
rod.

Page 48
Fig 14.4 Double break isolator
Classification of Isolators
Application Placement
Single Break Double Break Pantograph MCB Bus Side Transfer Bus Line Side
Type Isolator Type Isolator Isolator Isolator Isolator Side Isolator Isolator
Fig 14.5 Classification of isolator

Page 49
Day 27 07/09/2023
Busbar
In electrical power distribution, a bus bar is a thick strip of copper or aluminum that conducts electricity
with in a switchboard, substation or other electrical apparatus. Busbar are used to carry very large currents
or to distribute current to multiple devices with in switchgear or equipment’s. Bus bars are typically either
flat strips or hollow tubes as these shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface
are at a cross sectional are a ratio. The size of the bus bar is important is determining the maximum amount
of current that can be safety carried.
Bus bar may either be supported on insulators or else insulation may completely surround it. Bus bars are
protected from accidental contact either by a metal enclosure or by elevation out of normal reach. Bus bars
may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted or clamp connections.
Types of Bus configurations:
Single Bus
The one-line diagram of a single bus substation configuration. This is the simplest of configurations, but is
also the least reliable. It can be constructed in either of low-profile or high-profile arrangement depending
on the amount of space available. In the arrangement shown, the circuit must be de-energized to perform
breaker maintenance, which can be overcome by the addition of breaker by pass switches, but this may then
disable protection systems.
Fig 15.1 Single bus

Page 50
Single bus advantages
 Lowest cost
 Small land area
 Easily expandable
 Simple in concept and operation
 Relatively simple for the application of protective relaying
Single line bus disadvantages
• Single bus arrangement has lowest reliability.
• Failure of a circuit breaker or a bus fault causes loss of entire substation.
• Maintenance switching can complicate and disable some of the protection schemes and over all relay
operation.
Main and Transfer Bus
A main and transfer bus configuration is shown below, there are two separate and independent buses a main
and a transfer. Normally, all the circuits, incoming and outgoing, are connection with the main bus. If
maintenance or repair is required on a circuit breaker, the associated circuit can be then fed and protected
from the transfer bus, while the original breaker is isolated from the system.
Fig 15.2 Main and Transfer bus

Page 51
Advantages
 The main advantage is shifting the load from one type to another type if any fault occur loss of
continuity.
 The cost of repair and maintenance is less. Relays can be operated by using the bus potential. It is very
easy to shift the load on any other buses.
Disadvantages
 As the whole systems use two bus bars, the cost would increase.
 The whole system may break down if any fault occurs in any of the sections on the bus.

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Day 28 08/09/2023
Description of Earth Switch and Zone of Protection
Earth Switch
The Earth Switch is a manually/motor operated device with safety interlocking keys, designed to ground
electrical circuit on both sides. This ensures the safety of the maintenance personnel during maintenance and
routine checking.
In substations earth switches are provided in isolators, when the isolators are closed than earth switch is open
and when isolators are opened the earth switch is closed. This is provided only for safety of the persons
working during maintenance and testing of any equipment (circuit breaker, isolator, CT, PT) of a bay.
Zones of Protection
To limit the extent of the power system that is disconnected when a fault occurs, protection is arranged in
zones. Ideally, the zones of protection should overlap, so that no part of the power system is left unprotected.
For practical physical and economic reasons, this ideal is not always achieved, accommodation for current
transformers being in some cases available only on one side of the circuit breakers. This leaves a section
between the current transformers and the circuit breaker. That is not completely protected against faults. The
point of connection of the protection with the power system usually defines the zone and corresponds to the
location of the current transformers.
There are mainly four zones,
• Zone1: 80% of the protected line. There is no delay.
• Zone2: 100% of the protected line and 50% of the adjacent short line. Here the time delay is 350ms.
• Zone3: 100% of the protected line and 100% of the adjacent longer line. Here the time delay is
800ms.
• Zone4: 10% of the protected line in reverse direction. Here the time delay is 1000ms.

Page 53
Roles and responsibilities
• Analyzing data related to power consumption, distribution, or grid performance.
• Participating in field visits to power substations or transmission lines for inspection and maintenance
purposes.
• Collaborating with other team members and departments as necessary.
• Involving in ongoing projects, such as the construction or maintenance of power infrastructure.

Page 54
LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT
New Skill Acquired

While preparing for an internship at KPTCL (Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited), we
acquired and enhanced certain skills to excel in the power transmission industry. Here are some skills we
developed:
• Understand the fundamentals of electrical engineering, including concepts related to power generation,
transmission, and distribution.
• Familiarize with the power systems, grid operations, and the components involved in transmitting
electricity.
• Gained proficiency in using software tools like MATLAB, PSCAD, or ETAP for power system analysis
and simulation.
• Learnt about safety protocols and best practices for working with electrical systems, especially in high-
voltage environments.
• Developed effective communication skills for working in a team and interacted with colleagues and
superiors.
• Problem-solving skills to address technical challenges that may arise during your internship.
• Learnt data analysis and interpretation, which is crucial for optimizing power transmission and
distribution systems.
• Understand the regulatory framework and policies governing the power industry in Karnataka and India.
• Acquired project management skills to effectively plan, execute, and monitor projects related to power
transmission.

Page 55
Lessons learned
Internships at KPTCL (Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited) is a valuable learning

experiences. Here are some common lessons that we learnt during internship at KPTCL:
• We interns gain an in-depth understanding of power system operations, including how electricity is
generated, transmitted, and distributed.
• We acquired practical technical skills related to electrical engineering, power transmission, and substation
operations.
• Safety is paramount in the power industry. We learnt the importance of adhering to safety protocols and
best practices to prevent accidents.
• Working as part of a team is a significant aspect of KPTCL operations. We learnt how to collaborate
effectively with colleagues and other stakeholders.
• We encounter real-world challenges in power transmission and distribution and learnt how to troubleshoot
and find solutions.
• Understand the regulatory framework and compliance requirements in the power sector is crucial for us.
• We gain experience in data analysis, which is essential for optimizing power systems and making
informed decisions.
• Effective communication with colleagues, superiors, and external parties is a skill that's often refined
during the internship.

Page 56
ACHIEVEMENTS AND CONTRIBUTION
Highlights of significant accomplishments
• Identified and implemented process improvements, discussed how these changes enhanced efficiency,
reduced costs, or improved safety.
• Noted new technical skills or knowledge we acquired during our internship, particularly which is
relevant to the power transmission industry.
• Described how they tackled and solved challenges or issues that arose during our internship.
• Attended training sessions that gives knowledge and was applied to benefit of the organization.
• Emphasize our accuracy and usefulness in decision-making.
• We improved our communication skills.

Page 57
Contribution to the company’s goals and objectives
• Cost-saving opportunities help the company to save resources.
• Enhancing the reliability of the transmission system or optimizing maintenance practices, emphasizes
the objective of ensuring uninterrupted power supply.
• Improving customer satisfaction through better service quality or reduced outages, supportes the
company's customer-centric objectives.
• Regulatory requirements helps KPTCL meet its legal and regulatory obligations.

Page 58
CONCLUSION
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We are made aware of
how the transmission of electricity is done. We too come to know about various parts of substation systems.
The major station includes a control room from which operations are coordinated. Smaller distribution
substation follows the same principle of receiving power at higher voltage on one side and sending out a number
of distribution feeders at lower voltage on other, but they serve more limited local area and are generally
unstaffed. The central component of station is transformer, as it provides the effective in enface between the
high and low voltage parts of system. Other crucial components are circuit breakers and switches. Breakers
serves as protective devices that open automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a protective relay
indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition. Switches are control devices that can be opened or
closed deliberately to establish or break a connection.

Page 59

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Study of 400/220kV receiving station, Guttur

1. MESCOM–(Mangalore Electricity Supply Company)

2. BESCOM–(Bangalore Electricity Supply Company)

3. HESCOM–(Hubli Electricity Supply Company)

4. GESCOM–(Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company)

5. CESCOM–(Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Company)

Electricity Supply Companies (ESCOM) Distribution

Companies Areas covered

GESCOM Bidar, Bellary, Gulbarga, Koppal, Raichur and Yadgiri

HESCOM Dharwad, Gadag, Bijapur, Bagalkot, UttaraKannada, Haveri and Belgaum

MESCOM Dakshina kannada, Udupi, Chickmagalur and Shimoga

BESCOM Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Chikkaballapura, Kolar, Davangere,

Table 1.1 Electricity Supply Companies Distribution

Receiving Station, Guttur

Presently Guttur station is having:

• 2×315MVA Interconnected Transformers.

• 8 lines of 400kV capacity.

• 12 lines of 220kV capacity.

• 3×50MVAR line reactors, 1×63MVAR bus reactor.

• 12.5MVA, 15MVA transformers in 66/11kV lines.

In Guttur station there are eight 400KV lines named as below:

There are twelve 220KV lines named as below:

Incoming and Outgoing lines

INCOMING OUTGOING LINE INCOMING &

KAIGA 2 BEERNAHALLY 1 RANEBENNUR

BTPS DAVANGERE 1 CHITRADURGA

GUDDADAHALLY DAVANGERE 2 NEELAGUNDA

NARENDRA 1 & 2 DAVANGERE 3 GUTTUR 1 & 2

Table 1.2 Incoming and Outgoing lines

Purpose and objectives of the internship

• To participate in problem-solving activities and contribute to finding solutions to challenges in the

WORK DISCRIPTION DAY WISE UPDATES

Fig 1.1 Single line diagram of 400/220kV receiving station Guttur

Fig 1.2 Single line diagram of 66/11kV MUSS, Guttur

• Under frequency relay

• Non-directional over current relay

• Voltage supervision relay

• Directional power relay

• Directional over current relay

• Under voltage and overvoltage relays

• Negative sequence relay

• Bus bar protection relay

Fig 4.1 Kaiga line Breaker Relay Panel

Methods of Transformer Drying Treatment

Induction heating method

Hot air drying

Vacuum drying method

Gas-phase vacuum drying

Terminals and bushings

Transformer-Electrical Protection Types

• Over Current/Earth Fault

• Under Impedance /Distance relay

• Differential Current Protection

• Restricted Earth fault Protection

• Three Phase Overload Protection

• Over Fluxing Protection

• Over Voltage Under Voltage