SSCE 1793

QUESTION 1 (20 MARKS)

a) Using the substitution z = y − 2x + 3, solve the following initial value

problem
dy p
= 2 + y − 2x + 3, y(0) = 0.
dx
(5 marks)

b) Solve the following Bernoulli equation

dy y 1/2
+ 4y = .
dx 1 + ex
(7 marks)

c) Initially 30 g of salt is dissolved in a mixing tank containing 200 ` of

water. A brine solution of salt with concentration 1 g/` is then pumped
into the tank at a rate of 4 `/min. The well-mixed solution is pumped
out at the same rate. The amount of salt, A(t) at time t > 0, in the
tank can be modelled as
dA A
+ = 4.
dt 50
i. Find A(t). (5 marks)
ii. What is the salt concentration (g/`) of the solution in the mixing
tank at t = 5 minutes. (3 marks)

QUESTION 2 (15 MARKS)

a) Find the general solution of

y 00 + y = cot x.
(7 marks)

b) The equation of motion for a certain damped mass-spring system is

given by
y 00 + 4y = 4 cos 2t, y(0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 1

where y = y(t) denotes the displacement of the mass from equilibrium

at time t > 0. Solve this equation using the method of undetermined
coefficients. (8 marks)

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 SSCE 1793

QUESTION 3 (15 MARKS)

i) Express (
0, 0≤t<1
g(t) =
e2t , t ≥ 1

in terms of unit step function. Then find its Laplace transform.

(4 marks)
ii) Use partial fractions to find
 
−1 1
L .
(s − 2)(s2 + 9)
(6 marks)
iii) Use the result in parts (i) and (ii), and the method of Laplace trans-
forms to solve the following initial value problem

y 00 + 9y = g(t), y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0,

where g(t) is given as in part (i). (5 marks)

QUESTION 4 (15 MARKS)

a) By using convolution theorem, show that

 
−1 1 1
L 2 2
= (sin 3t − 3t cos 3t) .
(s + 9) 54
(6 marks)
b) Using Laplace transform, solve the system of differential equations
dx
− y = 1,
dt
dy
− 4x = 2H(t − 1),
dt
given that x = 0, y = −1 when t = 0. (9 marks)

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 SSCE 1793

QUESTION 5 (15 MARKS)

A periodic function f (x) is defined by
(
0, −π < x < 0
f (x) =
x2 , 0 < x < π,
f (x) = f (x + 2π).

a) Sketch the graph of f (x) over the interval −3π < x < 5π. (4 marks)
b) Determine the Fourier series representation of f (x). (11 marks)

QUESTION 6 (20 MARKS)

a) The propagation of a wave u(x, t) in a long cable is described by the

following initial value problem
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= 9 2, −∞ < x < ∞, t>0
∂t2 ∂x
1
u(x, 0) = cos x, ut (x, 0) = , −∞ < x < ∞.
e2
Find the solution for this problem. (5 marks)

b) A boundary value problem that represents the potential distribution

u(x, y) over a rectangular plate is given by
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ = 0, 0 < x < π, 0<y<π
∂x2 ∂y 2
u(0, y) = 0, u(π, y) = 0
u(x, 0) = 0, u(x, π) = 2.

i. By assuming u(x, y) = X(x)Y (y), show that the partial differ-

ential equation can be transformed into the following ordinary
differential equations
X 00 − λX = 0, Y 00 + λY = 0
where λ is a constant. (3 marks)
ii. Solve the above boundary value problem. (12 marks)

4
 SSCE 1793

Trigonometric Hyperbolic
cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 ex − e−x
sinh x =
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 2
ex + e−x
cot2 x + 1 = cosec2 x cosh x =
2
sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y 1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x
tan x ± tan y coth2 x − 1 = cosech2 x
tan(x ± y) =
1 ∓ tan x tan y sinh(x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cosh(x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x tanh x ± tanh y
tanh(x ± y) =
= 2 cos2 x − 1 1 ± tanh x tanh y
= 1 − 2 sin2 x sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
2 tan x cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
tan 2x =
1 − tan2 x = 2 cosh2 x − 1
2 sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y) = 1 + 2 sinh2 x
2 tanh x
2 sin x sin y = − cos(x + y) + cos(x − y) tanh 2x =
2 cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x − y) 1 + tanh2 x
Inverse Hyperbolic
Logarithm −1
p
sinh x = ln(x + x2p+ 1), −∞ < x < ∞
ax = ex ln a cosh−1 x = ln(x 2
 + x − 1), x ≥ 1
logb x 1 1 + x
loga x = tanh−1 x = ln , −1 < x < 1
logb a 2 1−x

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 SSCE 1793

Differentiations Integrations
Z
d
[k] = 0, k constant. k dx = kx + C, k constant.
dx
xn+1
Z
d n
[x ] = nxn−1 xn dx = + C, n 6= −1.
dx n+1
Z
d x
[e ] = ex . ex dx = ex + C.
dx
Z
d 1 dx
[ln |x|] = . = ln |x| + C.
dx x x
Z
d
[cos x] = − sin x. sin x dx = − cos x + C.
dx
Z
d
[sin x] = cos x. cos x dx = sin x + C.
dx
Z
d
[tan x] = sec2 x. sec2 x dx = tan x + C.
dx
Z
d
[cot x] = −cosec2 x. cosec2 x dx = − cot x + C.
dx
Z
d
[sec x] = sec x tan x. sec x tan x dx = sec x + C.
dx
Z
d
[cosec x] = −cosec x cot x. cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + C.
dx
Z
d
[cosh x] = sinh x. sinh x dx = cosh x + C.
dx
Z
d
[sinh x] = cosh x. cosh x dx = sinh x + C.
dx
Z
d
[tanh x] = sech2 x. sech2 x dx = tanh x + C.
dx
Z
d
[coth x] = −cosech2 x. cosech2 x dx = − coth x + C.
dx
Z
d
[sech x] = −sech x tanh x. sech x tanh x dx = −sech x + C.
dx
Z
d
[cosech x] = −cosech x coth x. cosech x coth x dx = −cosech x + C.
dx
Z
d
ln | sec x + tan x| = sec x sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
dx
Z
d
ln |cosec x + cot x| = −cosec x cosec x dx = − ln |cosec x + cot x| + C
dx

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 SSCE 1793

Differentiations of Inverse Functions Integrations Resulting in Inverse Functions

d 1
[sin−1 x] = √ , |x| < 1. Z
dx
dx 1 − x2 √ = sin−1 (x) + C.
d −1 1 − x2
[cos−1 x] = √ , |x| < 1.
dx 1 − x2 Z
dx
d 1 = tan−1 (x) + C.
[tan−1 x] = . 1 + x2
dx 1 + x2
Z
d −1 dx
[cot−1 x] = . √ = sec−1 (x) + C.
dx 1 + x2 |x| x2 − 1
d 1
[sec−1 x] = √ , |x| > 1.
Z
dx
dx |x| x2 − 1 √ = sinh−1 (x) + C.
x2 + 1
d −1
[cosec−1 x] = √ , |x| > 1.
dx |x| x2 − 1
Z
dx
√ = cosh−1 (x) + C, x > 0.
d 1 x2 − 1
[sinh−1 x] = √ .
dx 2
x +1 Z
d 1 dx
[cosh−1 x] = √ , |x| > 1. = tanh−1 x + C, |x| < 1.
dx 2
x −1 1 − x2
d 1
[tanh−1 x] =
Z
, |x| < 1. dx
dx 1 − x2 = coth−1 x + C, |x| > 1.
x2 − 1
d 1
[coth−1 x] = , |x| > 1.
dx 1 − x2
Z
dx
√ = −sech−1 (x) + C, |x| < 1.
d −1 x 1 − x2
[sech−1 x] = √ , 0 < x < 1.
dx x 1 − x2 Z
dx
d −1 √ = −cosech−1 x + C, x 6= 0.
[cosech−1 x] = √ , x 6= 0. |x| 1 + x2
dx |x| 1 + x2

7
 Z ∞
Laplace Transforms F (s) = f (t)e−st dt
0

f (t) F (s)
k
k
s
n!
tn , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . n+1
s
1
eat
s−a
s
cos at
s + a2
2

a
sin at
s + a2
2

s
cosh at
s − a2
2
a
sinh at
s − a2
2

eat f (t) F (s − a)
dn F
tn f (t), n = 1, 2, 3, . . . (−1)n
dsn
dn f (t)
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . sn F (s) − sn−1 f (0) − sn−2 f 0 (0) − · · · − f (n−1) (0)
dtn
1 s
f (at), a > 0 F
a a
Z ∞
f (t)
F (u) du
t s
e−as
H(t − a)
s
f (t − a)H(t − a) e−as F (s)

δ(t − a) e−as

f (t)δ(t − a) e−as f (a)

Z t
f (u)g(t − u) du F (s)G(s)
0
Z t
F (s)
f (u) du
0 s
Z t
−1
Convolution Theorem L {F (s)G(s)} = f (u)g(t − u) du
0