Teman-Teman…below, there are two groups of sentences.

Each of which consists of

jumbled sentences. Your task is to rearrange them into two good arranged paragraphs.
But before doing it you must identify one grammatical mistake in each sentence and
correct it!

Group 1

Also included -- within the visual arts -- are the applied art -- such as industrial
design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design and decorative art.

The visual arts are -- art forms that create works -- that are primary visual in nature,
such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts,
photography, video, film making and architecture

These definition -- should not be taken -- too strictly as many artistic disciplines --
(performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well
as arts of other types.

Group 2

Before the Arts -- and Crafts Movement -- in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the
20th century, the term 'artist' is often restricted to a person working in the fine arts
(such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the handicraft, craft, or applied
art media.

The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement who
values vernacular art forms as much as high forms.

Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts from the crafts maintaining that a
craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of art.

The current usage of the term "visual arts" included fine art as well as the applied,
decorative arts and crafts, but this was not always the case.

Discussion:

Group 1.

1. Also included -- within the visual arts -- are the applied art -- such as industrial
design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design and decorative art.

In this sentence, the grammatical mistake is in the noun phrase (NP) ‘the applied art’.
Here, the noun ‘art’ should be in plural form ‘arts’. The reason is because it is
followed by ‘such as’ that is followed by more than one NP: industrial design, graphic
design, fashion design, interior design and decorative art. The conclusion is that the
word art should be in its plural form because the example of it is more than one noun.
2. The visual arts are -- art forms that create works -- that are primary visual in nature,
such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts,
photography, video, film making and architecture.

The grammar error is in the phrase ‘primary visual’. The phrase is an adjective phrase
(AP) with the adjective head ‘visual’. In an AP, the part of speech needed to modify
the adjective head is an adverb. So the word should be the adverb ‘primarily’ not the
adjective ‘primary’.

3. These definition -- should not be taken -- too strictly as many artistic disciplines --
(performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well
as arts of other types.

The grammatical mistake is in the NP ‘These definition’. There is no concordance

between the determiner ‘these’ with the singular noun head ‘definition’. The
determiner ‘these’ demands a plural noun head. Actually, there are two options to fix
this problem either to replace the determiner ‘these’ with ‘this’ or to pluralize the
noun head ‘definition’ to become ‘definitions’. To choose the correct options, we
need to look at the context of the paragraph. Does the paragraph discuss a single
definition or does it inform more than one definition? What do you think Teman-
Teman, should it be the first option or the second?

The correct order for the sentences is: 2 – 1 - 3

Group 2

1. Before the Arts -- and Crafts Movement -- in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of
the 20th century, the term 'artist' is often restricted to a person working in the fine arts
(such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the handicraft, craft, or applied
art media.

Here, the case is the wrong use of tense. The event talked about in this sentence is an
event happened in the past time. The verb ‘is’ in it should be changed into ‘was’.

2. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement who
values vernacular art forms as much as high forms.

Again in this sentence, the error is in the tense used. From the context of the
paragraph, we know that the discussion is still about the Arts and Crafts Movement
that happened in the past (at the turn of the 20th century). The tense used in the
superordinate clause (The distinction ……. Movement) is correct already which is the
simple past tense. The wrong tense is the one used in the subordinate clause
(who……. forms.). Based on the rule of the tense sequence, if the superordinate
clause is in past tenses, it should be followed by one of the past tenses too. The verb
‘values’ in the subclause should be changed into ‘valued’.

3. Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts from the crafts maintaining
that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of art. (4)

Here, the grammar mistake is in the use of the preposition ‘from’ before the NP ‘the
crafts’. The correct preposition should be used is ‘and’. It is determined by the word
‘between’ comes previously. Within the word ‘between’ used in the paragraph
context, there is a meaning of additional relationship. If you say between, it must be
between one thing AND another thing.

4. The current usage of the term "visual arts" included fine art as well as the applied,
decorative arts and crafts, but this was not always the case.

The grammar error is in the wrong verb form used. The words ‘current’ mean now. It
means that the tense of the sentence should be in one of the present tenses. The verb
‘included’ should be changed into the present form ‘includes’.

The correct order for the sentences is: 4 – 1 – 2 – 3

In arranging those jumbled sentences to become a good or effective paragraph there

are things to consider and ‘clues’ to follow. There are some requirements for a good
paragraph.

The first is unity. A well-written paragraph should contain only one single clear
focus. This focus is called the topic of the paragraph. It means that a good paragraph
have only ONE topic. A unity can be achieved when all sentences in that paragraph
support that single topic. Those sentences should be RELEVANT to the topic.
IRRELEVANT sentences are big NOs because they will ruin the paragraph’s unity.

When the topic of the paragraph is stated in a sentence, that sentence is called a topic
sentence. Because there should be only one topic in a paragraph, there also should be
only ONE topic sentence in one paragraph. Not all topics should be stated in a
sentence. It means that not all paragraphs should have a topic sentence. It is possible
that the topic is set implicitly in the paragraph. Should a paragraph have a topic? YES.
Should a paragraph always have a topic sentence? NO. However, a topic sentence will
really help the writer to develop his paragraph and help the reader to grab the content
of the paragraph easily. Why? Because in a topic sentence you can find the topic and
the controlling idea. The topic is the subject matter of the paragraph. The controlling
idea informs you the limitation… to control means more or less to give the limit,
right? It is what about the topic that will be discussed.

Examples:

Topic sentence 1

To be an effective CEO requires certain characteristics.

Topic: to be an effective CEO
Controlling idea: certain characteristics

Topic sentence 2
Dogs make wonderful pets because they help you to live longer.

Topic: Dogs make wonderful pets

Controlling idea: they help you to live longer

All other sentences in that paragraph are called the supporting sentences. They
function to develop the topic. They explain or elaborate the topic sentence. There is
no rule saying how many sentences should a paragraph have. You should make as
many as needed. The consideration used is whether the topic or the topic sentence is
already fully developed with the supporting sentences you provide.

Well/fully developed paragraph is the second characteristic of a good paragraph. A

paragraph is fully developed when there is no question left about the topic or the topic
sentence. If the topic sentence says: There are several characteristics of a good
paragraph., then there should be more than one aspect mentioned in that paragraph.

The third element of a good paragraph is ‘coherence’. Coherence is a state when all
sentences in a paragraph have a clear relationship. The relationship can be marked
using transitional words and connecting words. Below are those words and the
relation denotes.

Words or phrases that ………

qualify/limit: but, however, although, yet, except for

emphasize: surely, certainly, indeed, above all, most importantly, definitely,

extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally,
surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically,
unquestionably, without a doubt, undeniably, without reservation

illustrate: for example, next, for instance, thus, such, such as, in this case, in another
case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate,
as an illustration

contrast: unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead, but, yet, on the
contrary, up against, conversely, nevertheless, meanwhile, although, although this
maybe true

concede: although, yet, nevertheless, of course, after all

conclude: finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, to sum up, in brief, on the whole,
summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence,
therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently
add: in addition, also, moreover, (and) then, first (second, etc), and, again, and then,
besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, equally important, too,
what’s more, next, too, lastly

compare: similarly, like, in the same way, both, equally important, by comparison,
compared to, after all, on balance

explain: now, in addition, furthermore, in fact, in this case, at this point

state a consequence: therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, otherwise

prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore,
moreover, indeed, in fact, in any case, that is, besides, in addition

show exception: yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once
in a while, sometimes

show time relation: immediately, thereafter, soon, after…., finally, then, later,
previously, formerly, next, and then, first (second, etc).

repeat: as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted, in brief

NOTE: Pay attention that one phrase or word might be used in more than one
function. There are maybe other transitional words or phrases that have not
been in the list, be ready to identify them in any writing.

When you find the words listed above in a paragraph, then you can say that the
paragraph has coherence because coherence also means the paragraph flow. Those
words help you to flow your paragraph smoothly.

Now compare the two paragraphs below:

Paragraph 1

Drawing is all about taking the time to master each step. Mastering the art of drawing
doesn’t happen in a day. It’s a skill that takes daily practice. You need dedication to
hone your craft. It’s important not to burn yourself out. You need to stick with it.

Paragraph 2

Drawing is all about taking the time to master each step. In other words, mastering
the art of drawing doesn’t happen in a day. Furthermore, it is a skill that takes daily
practice as well as dedication to hone your craft. It’s important not to burn yourself
out, but you need to stick with it.

Unlike the first paragraph, the second uses some transitional words and phrases (the
bolded ones). What do you think about them? Which one is better? Why?
The other things that also show coherence among sentences in a paragraph is the
existence referents and the repetition of the key words or key phrases. A referent is
the person, thing, or idea that a word, phrase, or object refers to. Let’s take Paragraph
2 above as the example.

Drawing is all about taking the time to master each step. In other words, mastering
the art of drawing doesn’t happen in a day. Furthermore, it is a skill that takes daily
practice as well as dedication to hone your craft. It’s important not to burn yourself
out, but you need to stick with it.

In this paragraph, there is a referent. The pronoun ‘it’ in sentence 3 refers to the afore-
mentioned noun ‘Drawing’. Another referent is when the word ‘your’ in sentence 3,
‘yourself’ and ‘you’ in sentence 4 refer to the reader of the paragraph. Meanwhile,
repetition in the paragraph is shown by the repetition of the key word ‘drawing’ in
sentence 1 that is repeated by the phrase ‘the art of drawing’ in sentence 2.

Well Teman-Teman, after you learn about a good paragraph, now it is time to discuss
about type of paragraph based on the position of the topic sentence.

As mentioned earlier, a topic sentence helps to provide a ‘general summary’ for the
paragraph.

Please observe two paragraph below and find the topic sentence in each!

Paragraph A

A common noun is a name which is common to all things or persons of the same kind
or class. For example, the name ‘student’ or ‘friend’ does not tell us which student or
friend. It is a name that belongs to or is shared by all students or friends. It does not
give the own name of the person we are talking about. The word ‘student’ and ‘friend’
are therefore called common nouns. Other examples of common nouns are ‘boy,
town, village, school, girl, and river’.

Paragraph B

The nouns ‘student’ and ‘friend’ do not inform which specific student or friend. They
are nouns that name all students and all friends. Unlike John or Rita, they do not give
the own name of the person we are talking about. The words of this type are grouped
into a noun class called the common noun. Other examples of common nouns are
‘boy, town, village, school, girl, and river’. A common noun is a name which is
common to all things or persons of the same kind or class.

Have you found the topic sentence of paragraph A and B?

Paragraph A is called a deductive paragraph. It is started with a topic sentence and

then continued with other supporting sentences that develop, explain or elaborate the
topic sentence.
Paragraph B is the opposite of paragraph A. It is called an inductive paragraph. So….
What is an inductive paragraph?