اطروحة شبر جواد كاظم العبيدي

Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University of Technology
Department of Building and Construction Engineering
Fresh and Some Hardened Properties of Lightweight

Self Consolidating Concrete Containing Attapulgite
A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Building and

Construction Engineering of The University of Technology in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For The Degree of Master
of Science in Building Materials Engineering
Submitted by
Shubbar Jawad Kadhum Al-Obaidey
(B.Sc & Higher Diploma in Building and Construction Engineering)
Supervised by
Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Abbas Asst. Prof. Dr. Qais J. Frayyeh
September 2015
‫بسم ا﵀ الرحمن الرحيم‬
‫﴿‪﴾١‬‬ ‫أقرأ بأسمﹺربﳴك الذيﹾ خلقﹶ‬
‫خلقﹶاالنسانﹶمن علقﹴ﴿‪ ﴾٢‬أقرأ‬
‫بك االكرمﹸ﴿‪﴾۳‬الذيﹾ عﱠلمﹶ‬
‫ور ﱡ‬
‫﴿‪﴾٥‬‬ ‫علمﹶاالنسان مالمﹾيعلم‬
‫بالق لم﴿‪ ﴾٤‬ﱠ‬
‫صدقﹶا﵀ﹸالعليﹸالعظيمﹸ‬
‫سورةﹸالعلقﹺ‬
Dedication
To my great home Iraq
To who inspire me, My parents
To my way comrade
My darling wife
To my brothers and sisters
and everybody helped me to carry out this
work.
Great thanks to all of you.
Shubbar
Supervisor Certificate
We certify that the preparation of this titled “Fresh and Hardened Properties
of Self Consolidating Concrete Containing Attapulgite” is prepared under our
supervision at the Building and Construction Engineering Department of the
University of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree
of master of science in Building Materials Engineering by “Shubbar Jawad
Kadhum Al-Obaidey”
Signature:
Name: Asst .Prof. Dr. Waleed A.Razaq
Date: 1-12-2015
(Supervisor)
Signature:
Name: Asst .Prof. Dr. Qais J. Frayyeh.
Date: 1-12-2015
(Supervisor)
In view of the available recommendation, I forward this thesis for debate by the
Examining committee
Signature:
Name: Asst .Prof. Dr. Waleed A.Abbas
Chairman of Building Materials Engineering Branch
Date: 1-12-2015
Linguistic Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled ” Fresh and Some
Hardened Properties of Lightweight Self Consolidating Concrete
Containing Attapulgite” which was submitted by M.Sc. in Building
Materials Engineering student “Shubbar Jawad KadhumAl-Obaidey “
has been prepared under my linguistic supervision, its language has been
read, revised and corrected to meet the English style.
Signature:
Title & name:- Assist Lecturer Yaghdan R. Mahdi
Work place:- English Language Centre , University of Technology
Date:- / /
Examining Committee Certification
We certify that we have read the thesis entitled “Fresh and Hardened
Properties of Self Consolidating Concrete Containing Attapulgite” We, as an
Examining Committee, examined the student “Shubbar Jawad Kadhum Al-
Obaidey ” in its content and in our opinion it meets the standard of a thesis for
the degree of Master of Science in “Building Materials Engineering”.
Signature: Signature:
Name: Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Razaq Name: Asst. Prof. Dr. Qais J.Frayyeh
Supervisor Supervisor
Date: / / 2016 Date: / / 2016
Signature: Signature:
Name: Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Mansoor Name: Lec. Dr. Shatha S.Hassan
Member Member
Date: / / 2016 Date: / / 2016
Signature:
Name: Asst. Prof. Dr. Maan S. Hassan
Chairman
Date: / / 2016
University of Technology Approval

Approved by the Head of Building and Construction Engineering Department
Signature:
Name: Prof. Dr. Riyad Hassan Al-Anbari
Head of Building and Construction
Engineering Department
Date: / / 2016
Acknowledgment
First, thanks to Allah the greatest for enabling me to complete

this work. Cordial thanks and deepest gratitude go to my supervisor Asst.
Prof. Dr. Qais J. Frieh, and Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed A. Abbass .
My sincere gratitude and respect goes to the staff of Building and

Construction Engineering Department, the staff of the Concrete
Laboratories at the University of Technology especially to engineer
Sameera Jasim.
My heartfelt appreciation goes to my family for their care, patience

and encouragement throughout the research period.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to engineer Mahdi

jasim for his effort to help me.
Finally, to all others who helped in any way, I would like to extend
my warmest sense of gratitude.
Shubbar (2015)
Abstract
Lightweight self-consolidating concrete (LWSCC) is a kind of concrete
improved by collecting the desirable properties of self-consolidating concrete
(SCC) and structural lightweight concrete (SLWC). The main objectives of this
study were investigating the possibility of producing lightweight self -
consolidation concrete (LWSCC) by using artificial coarse lightweight
aggregate manufactured by burning locally available Attapulgite clay,
estimating the optimum dosage of high reactivity Attapulgite (HRA) and
studying its effects on fresh and hardened properties of LWSCC when using it
as a partial replacement by weight of cement, in addition to comparing the
effect of Fly ash (FA) and high reactivity Metakaolin (HRM) with (HRA) effect
on fresh and hardened properties of LWSCC, when the same percentages of
them were used. The used percentages were 5%, 10 and 15% as a partial
replacement by weight of cement for each one of them.
The experimental work was divided into two parts; in the first part, the self-
compactability tests including; slump flow, T500mm, V-funnel time, T5min. V-
funnel, J ring and L-box were carried out on twelve concrete mixes. While in
the second part, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, oven dry
density, 90 days air dry density, static modulus of elasticity, and absorption tests
were executed on hardened LWSCC.
Tests results showed that the possiblility of producing LWSCC within the
acceptance criteria of EFNARC 2002 for SCC workability and within the
requirements of ASTM C 330-04 for structural LWAC by using artificial
coarse lightweight aggregate manufactured by burning Attapulgite clay.
The optimum content was 10 % for (HRA) which was investigated in this
study, the percentages of increment in compressive strength and splitting tensile
strength by using 10% (HRA) relative to reference mix were (10.0%, 12.1%,
11.1% and 12.4%) and ( 12.0%, 18.2%, 16.6% and 16.2%) for 7, 28, 56 and 90
days respectively, while the percentages of increment in static modulus of
elasticity were (9.5% and 8.8%) at 28 and 90 days respectively.
When (FA) was used, the results showed a reduction in early age strength,
but an increment in strength was noticed at late ages (beyond 28 days). The
percentages of increment in compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and
static modulus of elasticity at 90 days relative to reference mix were (1.5%,
3.8% and 5.9%), (2.7%, 5.4% and 10.8%) and (2.6%, 4.1% and 5.7%) for 5%,
10% and 15% of (FA) content respectively.
LWSCC mix contained 10% (HRM) showed a better hardened properties

than both (HRA) and (FA) mixes, and the percentages of increment when 10 %
(HRM) was used relative to reference mix were (15.0%, 17.6%, 13.9% and
15.7%) and (16.0%, 24.2%, 22.2% and 21.6%) at 7, 28, 56, and 90 days for
compressive strength and splitting tensile strength respectively, while the
percentages of increment in static modulus of elasticity were (12.3% and
10.9%) at 28 and 90 days respectively.
The values of the calculated equilibrium density ranged between (1788 and
1829) kg/m3, (1828 and 1833) kg/m3 and (1830 and 1833) kg/m3, while the
values of the equilibrium (air dry) density ranged between (1868 and 1888)
kg/m3, (1873 and 1880) kg/m3 and (1883 and 1889) kg/m3 for mixes contained
(HRA), (FA) and (HRM) respectively.
List of Contents
Title Page No.
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of Contents I
List of Abbreviations ΙV
List of Tables V
List of Figures X
Chapter One (Introduction)

1-1 INTRODUCTION 1
1-2 Objective of the Research 3
1-3 Research layout 4
Chapter Two (Review of Literature)

2-1 General 5
2-2 Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete 5
2-2-1 Previous studies related to (SLWA) 7
2-3 Self – Consolidating (Compacting) Concrete (SCC) 9
2-3-1 Introduction 9
2-3-2 Development of Self Consolidating Concrete (SCC) 10
2-3-3 The advantages and disadvantages of SCC 12
2-3-4 Differences between SCC and vibrated concrete 13
2-3-5 Mechanism for obtaining Self Compactability 13
2-3-6 Materials in Self Consolidating Concrete 15
2-3-6-1 Aggregates 15
2-3-6-2 Cements 16
2-3-6-3 Mineral Admixtures 16
2-3-6-3-1 High Reactivity Attapulgite (HRA) 17
2-3-6-3-2 High Reactivity Metakaolin (HRM) 18
2-3-6-3-3 Fly Ash (FA) 18
2-3-6-4 Superplasticizer (SP) 21
I
Title Page No.
2-3-7 Testing of Self Consolidating Concrete Workability 21
2-3-8 Mix Design of SCC 22
2-3-9 Previous Studies Related to SCC 23
2-4 Lightweight Self Consolidating Concrete (LWSCC) 26
2-4-1 Achievement of LWSCC 27
2-4-2 Effect of SLWA on SCC Fresh Properties 28
2-4- Previous Studies Related to LWSCC 28
2-5 Concluding Remarks 32
Chapter Three (Experimental Work)
3-1 General 33
3-2 Materials 33
3-2-1 Cement 33
3-2-2 Sand 33
3-2-3 Coarse Aggregate 37
3-2-3-1 Production Method 37
3-2-4 Water 38
3-2-5 Chemical Admixture 40
3-2-6 Mineral Admixtures 41
3-2-6-1 High Reactivity Attapulgite (HRA) 41
3-2-6-2 High Reactivity Metakaolin (HRM) 41
3-2-6-3 Fly Ash (FA) 44
3-3 Strength Activity Index (S.A.I) 45
3-4 Design of Concrete Mixes 46
3-5 Mixing of Concrete 49
3-6 Casting and Curing of Test Specimens 49
3-7 Testing of Fresh Concrete 50
3-7-1 Fresh Density of LWSCC 50
3-7-2 Testing of Self Consolidating Concrete Workability 50
3-7-2-1 Slump Flow Test and T500 mm Test 51
II
Title Page No.
3-7-2-2 J-Ring Test 52
3-7-2-3 L-box Test 54
3-7-2-4 V Funnel Test and V Funnel Test at T 5minutes 55
3-8 Testing of Hardened Concrete 56
3-8-1 Compressive Strength 56
3-8-2 Splitting Tensile Strength 57
3-8-3 Water Absorption 58

3-8-4 Unit Weight 58
3-8-4-1 Measurement of Oven-Dry Density 58
3-8-4-2 Calculated (Approximated) Equilibrium Density 59
3-8-4-3 Equilibrium (Air Drying) Density at 90 Days 59
3-8-5 Static Modulus of Elasticity 60
Chapter Four(Results and Discussion)

4-1 General 61
4-2 Fresh properties of LWSCC 61
4-2-1 Slump flow 61
4-2-2 T500 mm 64
4-2-3 V Funnel 65
4-2-4 T 5min V Funnel 66
4-2-5 J Ring 68
4-2-6 L Box 69
4-2-7 Fresh Density 70
4-3 Hardened Properties of LWSCC 71
4-3-1 Equivalent Compressive Strength of Cylinder 71
4-3-2 Compressive Strength 73
4-3-3 Splitting Tensile Strength 79
4-3-4 Unit Weight 85
4-3-5 Water Absorption 89
4-3-6 Static Modulus of Elasticity 91
4-3-7 Relationship between Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile 93
Strength
4-3-8 Relationship between Compressive Strength and Air Dry Density at 9094
Days
III
Title Page No.
Chapter Five( Conclusions and Recommendations)
5-1 Conclusions 95
5-2 Recommendations for Future Work 97
References 98
‫الخالصة باللغة العربية‬
IV
List of Abbreviations
ACI American Concrete Institute

ASTM American Society for Testing and Material
BS British Standards
CH Calcium Hydroxide
CKD Cement Kiln Dust
CSH Calcium Silicate Hydrate
E Static- Elastic Modulus
Ed Dynamic Elastic Modulus
FA Fly Ash
Fct Splitting Tensile Strength
Fcu Compressive Strength
G51 Glinume 51
GGBFS Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
HRA High Reactivity Attapulgite
HRM High Reactivity Metakaoline
HRWRA High Range Water Reducing Admixture
IQS Iraqi Specification
ITZ Interfacial Transition Zone
LWA Lightweight Aggregate
LWAA lightweight Attapulgite aggregate
LWC Lightweight Concrete
LWSCC Lightweight self-consolidating concrete
MK Metakaolin
MPa Mega pascal
MSFC Melamine sulfonate formaldehyde condensate
NSFC Naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate
OD Oven Dry
OPC Ordinary Portland Cement
PA Passing ability
Ref.mix Reference Mix
S.A.I Strength Activity Index
SCC Self-Consolidating Concrete
SC-HPSLWC Self-compacting High Performance Structural Lightweight
Concrete
V
SCM Self Compactability of Mortars
SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
SF Silica Fume
SLWAC Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
SLWC Structural Lightweight Concrete
SP Superplasticizer
SSD Saturated Surface Dry
UPV Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
VC Vibrated Concrete
VMA Viscosity Modifying Admixture
w/c Water Cement Ratio
w/cm Water to Cementitous Material Ratio
W/P Water Powder Ratio
VI
List of Tables
Table Title Page
No.
2-1 (SLWC) requirement ASTM C 330-04 6
2-2 Test methods for workability and acceptance criteria of SCC 22

(EFNARC 2002)
2-3 Typical range by weight and by volume of SCC ingredients 23

(EFNARC 2005)
3-1 Chemical Composition and Main Compounds of Cement 35
3-2 Physical Properties of Cement 35
3-3 Table (3-3) Sieve Analysis of Sand 36
3-4 Chemical and Physical Properties of Sand 37
3-5 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Lightweight Aggregate 39
3-6 Some Properties of Attapulgite Aggregate 40
3-7 Typical Properties of Glinume 51 40
3-8 Chemical and Physical Analysis of (HRA) after Burning 42
3-9 Chemical Requirements of (HRA) According to ASTM C618-05 42
3-10 Chemical and physical analysis of( HRM) 43
3-11 Chemical requirements of (HRM) according to ASTM C618-05 43
3-12 Chemical and physical analysis of (FA) 44
3-13 Chemical requirements of (FA) according to ASTM C618-05 45
3-14 Strength Activity Index for Tested Mortars 46
3-15 The details of Mixes by Volume(litre/m3) 47
3-16 The details of Mixes by Weight(kg/m3) 48
4-1 Results of fresh LWSCC 62
4-2 LWSCC Compressive Strength Results for Cubic Specimens 72
VII
4-3 LWSCC Compressive Strength Results for Equivalent Cylinder 73
Specimens
4-4 Splitting Tensile Strength Results of LWSCC 80
4-5 Oven Dry Density and Equilibrium (Air Dry) Density of LWSCC 86
4-6 Water Absorption of LWSCC at 28 and 90 days 89
4-7 Modulus of Elasticity of LWSCC at 28 and 90 days 91
VIII
List of Figures
Figure Title Page
No.
2-1 Natural and artificial lightweight aggregate 6
2-2 Necessity for Self-Compacting Concrete 11
2-3 Comparison of mix-proportioning 13
2-4 The methods of achieving self-compactability 14
2-5 Excess paste layers around aggregates 15
2-6 Scanning electron microscope micrograph of metakaolin 19

particles at 2000X
2-7 Scanning electron microscope micrograph of fly ash particles at 20
2000X
2-8 Method of deflocculating and water liberation with use of 21
Superplasticizer
3-1 Schematic representation of research program 34
3-2 Grading curve for natural sand 36
3-3 Sieve analysis of coarse lightweight aggregate 39
3-4 Draining excess water form presoaked coarse aggregates 50
3-5 Slump test apparatus with upright cone 51
3-6 slump flow test 52
3-7 J-ring test apparatus 53
3-8 J-ring test 53
3- 9 L-box test apparatus 54
3-10 L-box test 55
3-11 V funnel test apparatus 56
3-12 V funnel test 56
IX
Figure Title Page
No.
4-1 Superplastisizer dosage used for all LWSCC mix 63
4-2 Slump flow results for all LWSCC mix 64
4-3 Scanning electron microscope micrograph of (HRA) particles at 64

2000X
4-4 T500 mm results for all LWSCC mix. 66
4-5 V Funnel results for all LWSCC mix 67
4-6 T5 min. V Funnel results for all LWSCC mix. 67
4-7 Increase in T5 min. V Funnel results for all LWSCC mix. 68
4-8 J Ring results for all LWSCC mix. 69
4-9 9 L Box H2/H1 results for all LWSCC mix. 70
4-10 Fresh density results for all LWSCC mix 71
4-11 Compressive strength results for LWSCC mixes with (HRA) 74
4-12 Compressive strength results for LWSCC mixes with (FA) 75
4-13 Compressive strength results for LWSCC mixes with (HRM) 76
4-14 Compressive strength results for LWSCC mixes with 5% 78

mineral admixtures

mineral admixtures

mineral admixtures
4-17 Splitting tensile strength results for LWSCC mixes with (HRA) 81
4-18 Splitting tensile strength results for LWSCC mixes with (FA) 84
4-19 Splitting tensile strength results for LWSCC mixes with (HRM) 85
4-20 Splitting tensile strength results for LWSCC mixes with 5% 86

mineral admixtures.
mineral admixtures.
X
mineral admixtures
4-23 Oven dry density results for LWSCC mixes 87
4-24 Calculated equilibrium density results for LWSCC mixes 88
4-25 Equilibrium (air dry) density results for LWSCC mixes 88
4-26 Water absorption for LWSCC mixes at 28 and 90 days 90
4-27 Modulus of elasticity for all LWSCC mixes at 28 and 90 days 92
4-28 Relationship between compressive strength and splitting tensile 93

strength of LWSCC mixes.
4-29 Relationship between compressive strength and air dry density 94

of LWSCC mixes at 90 days
XI
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Chapter One Introduction
Chapter One
1-1General
In modern construction the use of lightweight concrete (LWC) as a
construction material has become progressively important ,because of its
unique characteristic such as, higher strength/weight ratio resulting from low
density of (LWC), reduction of dead load, faster construction rates , lower
maintenance, casting and transportation costs, better strain capacity, lower
coefficient of thermal expansion, and excellent insulation of heat and sound due
to the air voids presence in lightweight aggregate (ACI 211.2-98). ACI 213R-
03 categorizes the aggregate according to its using in concrete application into
three types:
1- Non-structural aggregate that is used to produce thermal insulating concrete

because of its low density meeting the requirements of ASTM C 332 with a
bulk density between (88 and 192 kg/m3) like Perlite and Vermiculite
2- Masonry-lightweight aggregate that meets the requirements of ASTM C 331

with bulk density less (880 kg/m3) for coarse aggregate and less than (1120
kg/m3) for fine aggregate. This includes by product aggregates such as blast-
furnace slag, clay, fly ash, shale, or slate prepared by expanding products and
natural aggregates such as pumice, scoria prepared by processing natural
materials
3- Structural lightweight aggregate that is used in structural lightweight

aggregate concrete production ,meeting the requirements of ASTM C 330-04
with bulk density less than (880 kg/m3) for coarse aggregate and less than(1120
kg/m3) for fine aggregate. Like masonry-lightweight aggregate it includes by
product and natural aggregates.
In spite of all the mentioned benefit of using (LWC), there are still many
challenges related to the segregation of coarse aggregate because lightweight
1
aggregates have lower densities than the mortar matrix in concrete and lower
compressive strength of LWC compared to ordinary concrete (Chia and Zhang
2004). Production of Lightweight concrete (LWC) is either by using natural
lightweight aggregates such as pumice, scoria, volcanic cinders and diatomite,
or by using artificial lightweight aggregates, which can be produced by firing
clay, shale, slate, diatomaceous shale, perlite, and vermiculite.
In recent years, the need to develop concrete performance in strength,

durability and flowability with low cost of casting and maintenance leads to
innovate a revolutionary type of concrete called Self-Consolidating Concrete
(SCC). (SCC) differs with conventional concrete in that it compacts under its
self-weight without any internal or external compaction, so it can spread and fill
every corner of the formwork, even with using very congested reinforcement in
concrete members and flows without segregation (Okamura 2003). Other
advantages of SCC are in production of concrete with improved homogeneity
and excellent surface quality witout defects .The innovation of SCC also leads
to reduce noise pollution during casting, better working conditions and the
ability to expand the placing times in urban areas.
To ensure successful SCC production it must has a good balance between
stability and deformability, so it is very important to use superplasticizers to get
high fluidity, and adding a large volume of powder material or viscosity
modifying admixture (VMA) to increase segregation resistance (Lotfy 2012).
Although the mentioned advantages, use of SCC is in sometimes limited

because it has high self-weight in comparison with other construction materials.
Accordingly, combined of SCC with lightweight aggregate to produce LWSCC
can seriously increase the applications and advantages of SCC (Kim et al.
2010). Lightweight self-Consolidating concrete (LWSCC) is one of the latest
building material which combines the advantages of lightweight concrete
(LWC) and self-consolidating concrete (SCC) together. Using of lightweight
2
aggregate in self-consolidating concrete reduces the density of concrete and

providing self-consolidating properties (Khayat and Schutter 2014). LWSCC
provides a high quality structural members with reduced labor. In addition,
LWSCC can also impact the construction cost by reducing the total dead load of
the structural members up to 25%, and needing less safekeeping than a similar
steel structure (Bardhan-Roy 1993). LWSCC can fulfill better strength and
durability with excellent workability (Hwang and Hung 2005), and its
mechanical properties are in general either emulative or better than those in
conventional lightweight concrete LWC and SCC (Karahan et al. 2012).
1-2 Objective of the Research

The main objectives of this study are:
1-Investigating the possibility of producing lightweight self-consolidation

concrete (LWSCC) by using artificial coarse lightweight aggregate
manufactured by burning locally available Attapulgite clay.
2- Estimating the optimum dosage of high reactivity Attapulgite (HRA) and

Studying its effects on fresh and hardened properties of LWSCC when using it
as a partial replacement by weight of cement
3- Comparing the effect of Fly ash (FA) and high reactivity Metakaolin (HRM)
with (HRA) effect on fresh and hardened properties of LWSCC, when the same
percentages of them were used. The used percentages were 5%, 10 and 15% as
a partial replacement by weight of cement for each one of them.
The research includes the method of producing coarse lightweight Attapulgite

aggregate, high reactivity Attapulgite (HRA) and high reactivity Metakaolin
(HRM). The tests of self-compactability (Slump flow, T500 mm slump flow, V-
funnel, V-funnel at T5 min, J ring and L-box) were performed on the fresh LW
SCC for each mix. Oven dry density, calculated equilibrium density and
equilibrium (air dry) density at 90 days according to ASTM C 567-05,
3
absorption at 28 and 90 days ,compressive strength and splitting tensile strength

at 7,28,56,90 days tests were conducted, in addition to static modulus of
elasticity test at 28 and 90 days. All these tests were performed on the hardened
concrete for each mix of LWSCC. Twelve concrete mixes were investigated in
fresh and hardened state. A total of 144 concrete cubes of 100 mm for
compressive strength test, 360 concrete cylinders of 100×200 mm for splitting
tensile strength, densities, absorption and modulus of elasticity, were cast, cured
and tested for this study
1-3 Research layout

The work in this thesis is given in five chapters as follows:
Chapter one: provides a general introduction for the study.

Chapter two: includes the historical background of self-Consolidating concrete
(SCC), basic principles of SCC, review of relevant literature about the
mechanical properties of structural lightweight aggregate concrete (SLWAC),
self-consolidation concrete (SCC) and self- consolidation lightweight aggregate
concrete.
Chapter three: includes the chemical analysis and physical properties of

materials considered throughout the investigation, production methods of
Attapulgite coarse aggregate, (HRA) and (HRM) mineral admixture, mix
proportioning, method of testing ,casting and curing ,in addition to other
experimental details.
Chapter four: demonstrates and discusses the results of the experimental tests.
Chapter five: represents the conclusions and recommendation or suggestions
for futuristic research work
4
CHPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chapter Tow Review of Literature
Chapter Two
Review of Literature
2-1 General
To study the researches carried out on self-compacting lightweight

concrete, the following topics should be reviewed:
1- Structural Lightweight Concrete (SLWC)
2- Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC)
3- Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete (LWSCC)
In addition to previous research studies related to LWSCC.
2-2 Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

Structural lightweight concrete (SLWC) is a multipurpose and important
material in modern construction. It has been used in many applications such as
multi-story building frames and floors, bridges, offshore oil platforms, and pre
stressed or precast structural elements of all types. Lightweight aggregates are
used to produce lightweight concrete when the weight of aggregates, lower than
1120 kg/m3 (Mehta and Monteiro 2006). Lightweight aggregates have many
sources: natural materials such as shales, clays, pumice, diatomite, volcanic
cinders, and slates or artificial materials (by products) such as iron blast furnace
slag, clay and sintered fly ash (Neville 2000; ACI 213R-87; Miled et al., 2004).
Figure (2-1) shows the sorts of the lightweight aggregate (Shetty 2006).
ASTM C 330-04, Guide for Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

(SLWAC) specifies SLWAC as those having a 28-day compressive strength and
splitting tensile strength in excess of 17 MPa and 2.1 MPa respectively and
calculated equilibrium density not exceeding 1840 kg/m³. Table (2-1) shows
ASTM C 330-04 requirements for structural lightweight aggregate concrete.
5
Figure (2-1) Natural and artificial lightweight aggregate (Shetty 2006)
The concrete may consist entirely of lightweight aggregates or, a combination

of lightweight and normal-weight aggregates (ACI 213R-03).
Lightweight aggregates can be combined in one of these three configurations:
1- Lightweight coarse and lightweight fine aggregate
2-Normal weight coarse and lightweight fine aggregate
3- Lightweight coarse and normal weight fine aggregate
Table (2-1) (SLWAC) requirement ASTM C 330-04
6
Structural lightweight concrete gives design flexibility and cost savings by

providing: less dead load, improved seismic structural response, longer spans,
better fire resistance, thinner sections, smaller size structural members, less
reinforcement steel, and lower costs of foundation (Hossain 2003). Moreover,
precast elements of lightweight concrete reduced placement and transportation
costs
2-2-1 Previous studies related to Structural Lightweight Concrete
Mohsen (1996) investigated the possibility of using crushed thermostone
aggregate as partial and complete replacement for conventional coarse aggregate
to produce lightweight concrete.
The researcher studied the effect of cement content, coarse aggregate to

total aggregate ratio, maximum size of coarse lightweight aggregate and
replacement of lightweight aggregate by crushed gravel on the properties of
thermostone lightweight concrete. Test results showe that, with coarse LWA
(coarse lightweight aggregate to coarse aggregate ratio is 100% by volume)
lightweight concrete of 28 days cylinder compressive strength is up to 11.44
MPa with 28 days air dry density of 1520 kg/m3.
Al-duaij(1999) studied the lightweight concrete in coastal areas by using

different unit weight aggregates, including lightweight crushed bricks,
lightweight expanded clay and normal weight gravel, by the exclusion of natural
fine aggregate (no-fines concrete).The researcher obtained a lightweight
concrete with 22 MPa cylinder compressive strength and 1520 kg/m3 dry unit
weight at 28 days.
Al-Dhaher (2001) used porcelinite as LWA and produced concrete with density
ranging between 1400 and 1960 kg/m3 and the 28 day compressive strength
ranging between 13.0 and 22.4 MPa. The results also indicated that the use of
7
natural sand as a partial replacement of fine porcelinite aggregate has improved

the mechanical properties of porcelinite aggregate concrete.
Ibraheem (2005) investigated the mechanical properties of high performance

LWA by using porcelinite aggregate with cement content of 550 kg/m3 and 8%
of high reactive metakaolin (HRM) by weight of cement as a partial
replacement. Results indicated that the HRM and HRWRA-HRM content show
higher compressive strength than the reference and HRWRA concretes
respectively. Results also showed that the 28 days compressive strength were
26.1 and 40.51 MPa for all LWA and sand-LWA concrete respectively, with an
air-dry density between 1521-1896 kg/m3 and the splitting tensile strength was
ranged between 1.9 and 2.6 MPa.
Malek and Jafary (2010) used pumice as coarse aggregate in concrete and
produced concrete with density about 2070 Kg/m3 and the 28 day compressive
strength ranging between 27 and 30 MPa. The results also indicated that the use
of mineral aggregate as fine aggregate has improved the mechanical properties
of pumice aggregate concrete.
Al-Bayati (2012) pointed out that the results of testing 30 specimens (15
cylinders and 15 cubes) according to ASTM C 330-03 for determining the
mechanical properties of sand lightweight aggregate concrete made from
Porcelanite (as a natural local material). The paper further presents new
empirical predicted formulas for cylinder compressive strength, cube
compressive strength and relationship between them . Concrete mixes
containing porcelanite aggregate as lightweight aggregate should have an
oven - dry density less than 2000 kg/m3 , and 28-day cylinder compressive
strength over than 17.0 MPa. These mixes were designed in accordance with
ACI Committee 211-2-98. They fall in class І of the RILEM classification,
which is adopted by CEB/FIP Manual of Concrete Design and Technology.
8
To produce Sand-Lightweight Aggregate Concrete, the mixing proportion

[cement: sand: aggregate] was 1:1.12:0.84 by weight (or 1:1.36:1.42 by
volume) and the water–cement ratio was 0.4. It was found that the used
mixture produces good workability, uniform mixing of concrete without
segregation and conforms to density and compressive strength requirements
of ACI 213-03. The concrete dry density was 1841 kg/m3 and compressive
strength 17.5 MPa.
Al-Aridhee (2014) studied, the influence of coarse lightweight Attapulgite

aggregate (LWAA) on some mechanical properties of concrete are tested at
curing age 7, 28 and 56 days. The results compared with the properties of
Porcelanite aggregates concrete with same mixing proportions as a reference
mixture. The test results for compressive strength were 27.7 MPa and oven dry
density 1824 kg/m3.The results were within the requirements of ACI 213R-03
The results indicated that LWAA as a coarse with natural sand and cement
content was 540 kg/m3 led to a considerable increase in compressive strength ,
splitting tensile strength , flexural strength and static modulus of elasticity the
percentage of increase in the age of 28 days was (58.85% , 41% , 283% and
81% ) respectively relative to the corresponding Porcelanite aggregates concrete
with same mix proportions. The percentage of reduction in oven dry density and
absorption was 0.88% and 18% relative to Porcelanite aggregates concrete
respectively.
2-3 Self – Consolidating (Compacting) Concrete (SCC)
Placement of normal concrete generally requires consolidation by

vibration in the forms. Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has been defined as a
highly flow able, yet stable concrete that can pervade easily into place and fill up
the formwork without any incorporation (Khayat et al. 2000). In general, SCC
is made with same concrete materials and in sometimes with a viscosity-
9
modifying admixture (VMA). SCC has also been qualified as self-compacting

concrete, self-leveling concrete, and, self-placing concrete (ACI 237R-07). The
British Standard (BS EN 206-9, 2010) defines “SCC is the concrete that is
capable to flow and compact under its own weight, fill the formwork with its
reinforcement, ducts, box outs etc., whilst remaining homogenous”. Other
researchers (Ozawa et al., 1989; Khayat 1999) have defined SCC as a highly
flow-able concrete that should meet the following demands:
1- Flow-ability: SCC should flow under its own weight and fill all parts of
formwork without any external vibration.
2- Passing ability: SCC should pass through congested reinforcing steel bars.
3- Segregation resistance: SCC should remain homogenous without any

segregation or separation of its large ingredients (aggregates or/and fibers).
2-3-2 Development of Self Consolidating Concrete (SCC)
In the mid-1980s, researches were carried out into underwater placement

technology within the United Kingdom, Japan and North America conduces to
the evolution of concrete mixes with a high resistance to washout. However, the
innovation of durable structures from such mixes required proper compaction by
skilled workers. While, in Japan a gradual reduction in the number of skilled
workers in the construction industry was leading to reduce the quality of
construction work, and effects on concrete durability (Okamura et al., 1998).
Using of self-compacting concrete is best solution to overcome the durability

problems in concrete structures autonomously of the quality of construction
work. Figure (2-2) shows necessity for Self-Compacting Concrete (Okamura
and Ouchi 2003).
10
Figure (2-2) Necessity for Self-Compacting Concrete (Okamura and Ouchi 2003)
Its use was first suggested by (Okamura 1986) who also adopted a
foundational study on the workability of SCC. The first prototype SCC was
finished in 1988 at Tokyo University; using same materials which used in
conventional vibrated concrete (Ozawa et al. 1989) see Figure (2-3).
The main causes for the assignment of SCC were to reduce the construction
period, to evade vibrating the confined zones which are rather difficult to reach
and to avoid vibration which is caused noise (Okamura and Ouchi 2003).
Although Japan was the main user in the first years of development, the
technology expand then to Europe starting from Sweden to other Scandinavian
states at the end of the 1990s (Billberg 1999). In Denmark, SCC has been
implemented in both pre-cast and ready-mix industry with a yearly production
reaching approximately 20% and 30%, respectively of the total concrete
production (Thrane et al., 2004). Other countries, such as Netherlands, United
Kingdom, Germany, France and the USA have also been using the material with
a temporary recession (Ouchi et al., 2003). The main reason for this recession
appears to be the lower segregation resistance of SCC compared with vibrated
concrete (Thrane et al., 2004).
11
2-3-3 The advantages and disadvantages of SCC
The advantages and disadvantages of SCC must be estimated for each

application and production. In general, the advantages of SCC may include
(Koehler and Fowler 2007):
• Enhanced ability of concrete to flow into sophisticated zones and between

congested reinforcement.
• Enhanced finished form surface and reduced repairing of defects such as

honeycombing and bug holes.
• Reduced construction costs due to reduced costs of labor and reduced

equipment maintenance and buying costs.
• Increased speed of construction because of fewer tasks of construction.
• Faster trucks evacuation of ready mixed concrete.
• Improved conditions of working with fewer accidents resulted from

elimination of vibrators.
• In some cases improved strength and durability of the hardened concrete.
• Reduced noise pollution due to elimination of vibrators.
The disadvantages of SCC may include:
• Increased costs of materials, such as cementations materials and admixtures.
• Higher formwork pressures increased formwork costs.
• Required higher quality control.
• Increased variability in workability.
• High paste volumes or low coarse aggregate contents reduced hardened
12
properties such as modulus of elasticity and dimensional stability.
• In some cases the use of admixtures delayed setting time.
2-3-4 Differences between SCC and vibrated concrete
SCC consists of water, aggregates, cement and admixtures which are similar
to the ingredients of normal vibrated concrete, however, self-compactability can
produce by using large amount of fines, reduction of coarse aggregates, the using
of super-plasticizer and the low water to cement ratio. Figure (2-3) shows a
general comparison between mix proportions of vibrated concrete (VC) and self-
compacting concrete (SCC).
Figure (2-3) Comparison of mix-proportioning (Ozawa et al. 1989)
2-3-5 Mechanism for Obtaining Self Compactability
The method for achieving self-compactability includes high resistance to

segregation between coarse aggregate and mortar when the concrete flows
through the congested reinforcement bars and high deformability of paste or
mortar. (Okamura and Ozawa 1995) have employed the following steps to
obtain self-compactability:
1- Low aggregate content
13
2- Low water-powder ratio
3- Use of superplasticizer
Figure (2-4) below summarized these steps (Deeb 2013)
Figure (2-4) The methods of achieving self-compactability increases decreases (Deeb2013)
The repeating of impact and contact between aggregate particles can increase
when the relative distance between the particles decreases and then internal
stress can increase when concrete is deformed, especially near obstacles. So the
energy required for flowing is consumed by the increased internal stress,
resulting in obstruction of aggregate particles. Limiting the content of coarse
aggregate to a level lower than normal proportions, whose high energy
consumption is very necessary to prevent blockage (ouchi 2003). Paste volume
increased due to limiting the coarse aggregate content, so SCC contains a high
volume of paste, and this led to separate of aggregate.
Figure (2-5) exhibits the cement paste layers formation around aggregates.
The diameter of the aggregates specifies the thickness of the paste layer around
it (Oh et al. 1997). A highly flow able mix can be achieved by high amount of
superplasticizer. Superplasticizer has dispersion effects on flocculated cement
particles .The mechanism of achieving this is by reducing the attractive forces
among them. High amount of superplasticizer would result in segregation and a
low amount would reduce the fluidity, so specify optimum dosage is very
14
necessary. Obtaining a good degree of cohesiveness can ensure a plausible

improvement in the entire performance (Kwan and Ng 2010)
Figure (2-5) Excess paste layers around aggregates (Oh et al., 1997)
2-3-6 Materials in Self Consolidating Concrete
SCC can be made from same materials that are normally used for normal
vibrated concrete. Generally, materials that identify with the specifications and
standards for use in concrete are adequate for production of SCC.
2-3-6-1 Aggregates
SCC mixtures generally have combination of:
1- Lower total aggregate content.
2- Lower amount of coarse aggregate relative to fine aggregate.
3- Smaller maximum aggregate size.
A wide range of aggregate sources can be used to produce SCC, the

optimization of aggregate characteristics is very important to improve flow
properties and to reduce demand for water, cementations materials and chemical
admixtures. Selecting of aggregate properties for SCC production include but are
not limited to, angularity, grading (including maximum aggregate size), shape,
texture and characteristics of micro fines (Koehler and Fowler 2007).
15
2-3-6-2 Cements
The content of cementations materials for SCC often is higher than normal
vibrated concrete in so as to achieve adequate flow ability, but the negative
effects of high cementations materials content include higher cost, higher
hydration heat, and increased concrete ability to shrinkage. Generally all
standard types of Portland cements are allowable to produce SCC (EFNARC
2002). Admixture execution can be strongly dependent on cement type (Koehler
and Fowler 2007).
2-3-6-3 Mineral Admixtures
One or more additions can be used in combination with Portland cements. The
analysis of previous studies found that around 5% a quaternary blend and in over
25% of cases a ternary blend of Portland cement with two additions was used
and blends (Domone 2006). All common types of additions have been used:
pozzolanic, such as silica fume, fly ash, and metakaolin, inert, such as limestone
or glass powder, and hydraulic, such as ground granulated blast furnace slag. In
general the advantages can include (De Schutter et al. 2008):
•Control of the strength, specially where the required high strength by using of
Portland cement alone is not occurred.
• Reduced risk of cracking from thermal stresses due to reduce heat of

hydration.
• Reduced risk of damage from the alkali–silica reaction associated with the
Alkali content of the cement.
• Enhanced rheological behavior and stability of SCC.

• Extended retention of consistency.
16
When mineral admixtures reacts with calcium hydroxide (CH), which is

resulting from a cement hydration process and which is represented 20-30% of
the resulting paste mass, a pozzolanic reaction takes place and a new
cementitious compounds, C2ASH8 and CSH, are formed. By the formation of
these new compounds strength and durability properties of the system will
improve instead of the weak and soluble calcium hydroxide (Advanced Cement
Technology 2002)
Cement Hydration Process

OPC + H2O ------------ CSH + CH…. (2-1)
Pozzolanic Reaction Process
mineral admixtures + CH + H2O C2ASH8 + CSH…(2-2)
2-3-6-3-1 High Reactivity Attapulgite (HRA)
(Al Amide 2012) investigated about new type of Iraqi Attapulgite clays as a
high reactivity pozzolan. Tests were carried out to determine the most suitable
calcination temperature and time to produce the high reactivity Attapulgite. The
results showed that the optimum calcinated temperature to convert the
Attapulgite clay into high reactivity Attapulgite is 750˚C, the optimum
calcination time is 1/2 hour. Then the researcher investigated about the
optimum replacement percentage of Attapulgite by weight of cement. The
results indicated that the optimum replacement percentage of Attapulgite by
weight of cement is 6%, and the incorporation of 6% HRA as a partial
replacement by weight of cement with high-range water-reducing admixtures
(HRWRA) led to a significant increase in compressive strength, and the
percentages of increment were (27.3%, 22.4%, 26.1% and 28.5% ) respectively
relative to the reference HRWRA concretes at 7, 28, 60, 90 days respectively.
While, the percentages of increment in density, splitting tensile strength and
flexural strength at age of 60 days were (2.46%, 20.65% and 9.58%) relative to
the corresponding reference HRWRA concrete respectively. The percentage of
17
reduction in absorption was 30.5 % at age 60 days relative to the reference

HRWRA concrete.
2-3-6-3-2 High Reactivity Metakaolin (HRM)
Kaolin is a fine, white clay material. That has been traditionally used in the
manufacture of porcelain (Chiad 2009). Kaolin is primarily the mineral
Kaolinite, a hydrous aluminum silicate having the chemical formula
(Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O). Under normal environmental condition, kaolin is quite
stable, when Kaolin heated in the range of 650 to 850 oC, it is converted to
metakaolin (Al2O3.2SiO2), and it losses 14% of its mass, because this heat
treatment or calcinations destroys the structure of kaolin so that the alumina and
silica layers lose their long-range order and water is driven off, and metakaolin
exhibits pozzolanic properties (Al-Soadi 2002).
Heating
AL2O3.2SiO2.2H2O AL2O3.2SiO2+ 2H2O ……. (2-3)
According to ACI 232.1R-00, the amount of kaolinite included in the original

clay material specifies the reactivity of metakaolin.
Using of (HRM) which it has plate-like particles increases the inter-particles

friction, thereby decreasing the slump flow (Justice 2005). Figure (2-6)
illustrates electron microscope micrograph of (HRM) particles at 2000X.
(Hooton et al. 1997) used (HRM) with replacement percentages of 8 to 12%

by weigth of cement at 0.4 to 0.3 water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm),the
researcher⁯s noticed that greatly improved the compressive strength at all ages.
2-3-6-3-3 Fly Ash (FA)
Fly ash is a byproduct of the burning of crushed coal in the plants of electric
power generation. It is considered as one of the most widely used supplementary
18
cementitious material in concrete. When crushed coal burns in the furnace, most
of the volatile substance and carbon in the coal are burned off.
Figure (2-6) Scanning electron microscope micrograph of metakaolin

particles at 2000X (Kosmatka et, al.2003)
The impurities of coal’s mineral such as quartz, clay, shale, and feldspar fuses
in suspension at the time of combustion, and are carried away from the chamber
of combustion by the exhaust gases. Then, fused material cools and hardens into
spherical glassy particles named fly ash. Then, fly ash collects from the exhaust
gases by bag filters and finely divided to powder resembling ordinary cement
(Mehta and Monteiro 2006). Fly ash major contents are silica, iron, alumina,
and calcium. Minor constituents are magnesium, sodium, sulfur, carbon, and
potassium. Figure (2-7) illustrates scanning electron microscope (SEM), and it
shows that most of the particles in (FA) have a spherical shape.
ASTM C 618-05 classified fly ashes into two classes depending on calcium
content, low calcium content (Class F) which is containing less than 10 %
analytical CaO with less than 5% carbon contents and high calcium content
19
(Class C) which is containing (10% to 30% CaO) with carbon contents less than
2%.While, (Class F) has a pozzolanic properties, (Class C) has pozzolanic and
some cementitious properties. In general the high-calcium fly ash is more
reactive because most of the calcium which it contains in the form of reactive
crystalline compounds (Mehta and Monteiro 2006). Adding of (FA) to SCC
mixes leads to improve its workability with reducing water demand due to small
spherical shape of (FA) (Koehler and Fowler 2007) and (Brown 1980). (FA)
can disperse agglomeration of cement particles because of its spherical shape
(Nehdi et al., 2004). According to (Lane and Best 1982), the pozzolanic
reaction of (FA) can take one year to increase compressive strength 50% with
compared to 30% for concrete without (FA). (Bouzoubaa and Lachemi 2001)
reported that using of (FA) generally improves workability and delays strength
development in SCC and reduces (SP) amount to obtain slump flow, when it
compared with concrete made with plain cement only.
Figure (2-7) Scanning electron microscope micrograph of fly ash particles at

2000X (Federal Highway Administration 2006).
20
2-3-6-4 Superplasticizer (SP)

Superplasticizer or high-range water-reducing admixtures (HRWRAs)
participate to the execution of lower porosity and denser packing in concrete by
increasing the flow ability and enhancing cement hydration by cement particles
greater dispersion, and this leads to produce SCCs with high strength and good
durability. HRWRAs dispersing action have been improved the flow-ability of
concrete with low water to binder ratio by deflocculating particles of the cement
and releasing the trapped water as illustrated in Figure (2-8). However,
segregation and bleeding could occur with high amount. SCC is most commonly
produced with polycarboxylate-based HRWRAs but it can be made with another
types like melamine sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (MSFC), naphthalene
sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (NSFC), and lignosulfonate based HRWRAs
(Assaad et al., 2003). Polycarboxylate based HRWRAs represent an
improvement over the other older sulfonate-based HRWRAs due to their
different mode of action and structure.
Figure. (2-8) Method of deflocculating and water liberation with use of Superplasticizer
2-3-7 Testing of Self Consolidating Concrete Workability
There is no single method has been found to characterize all the suitable
workability aspects of SCC, so many different test methods have been developed
to characterize its properties. Similarly for the different workability parameters
each mix design should be tested by more than one test method Table (2-2)
21
shows the test methods for workability and Acceptance criteria for SCC
(EFNARC 2002).
Table (2-2) Test methods for workability and acceptance criteria of SCC
(EFNARC 2002)
Range of Acceptance
Method Property Criteria
Slump flow Filling ability 650-750( mm)
T50 cm slump flow Filling ability 2-5 second
V-funnel Filling ability 6-12 second
V-funnel at T5 min Segregation resistance + 3 second, max
L-box (H2/H1) Passing ability 0.8-1.0
J-ring Passing ability 0-10(mm)
2-3-8 Mix Design of SCC
There is no standard method for SCC mix design and the designers can
develope their own mix proportioning methods. Mix designs often use volume
instead of weight as a key parameter because the need to fill the voids between
the aggregate particles completely is important. Some methods try to fit
available constituents to an optimized grading envelope. Another method
depends on assessment and optimization the flow and stability of paste and then
the mortar fractions before adding the coarse aggregate and the whole SCC mix
tested. For the initial mix design of SCC all three workability parameters (filling
ability, passing ability and segregation resistance) need to be assessed to ensure
that all aspects are carried out. A full-scale test is necessary to execute it to
ensure that the chosen design for a particular application verify the required
characteristics of SCC (EFNARC 2005). Table (2-3) gives an indication of the
typical range of SCC ingredients by volume and by weight. These proportions
22
are not restrictive and many SCC mixes can fall outside this range for one or
more ingredients (EFNARC 2005).
Table (2-3) Typical range by weight and by volume of SCC ingredients

(EFNARC 2005)
Constituent Typical range by mass Typical range by volume

3 3
(kg/m ) (litres/m )
Powder 380 – 600 ------------
Paste ---------- 300 - 380
Water 150 – 210 150 - 210
Coarse aggregate 750 – 1000 270 - 360
Fine aggregate (sand) Content balances the volume of the other constituents,
typically 48 – 55% of total aggregate weight.
Water/Powder ratio by ---------- 0.85 – 1.10
Volume
Air content ---------- 2% (mostly)
2-3-9 Previous Studies Related to SCC
Al-Jubory (2008) used three mixtures to determine the effect of w/cm and
superplasticizer dosages on fresh and hardened properties of SCC with different
combinations of super plasticizer dosage and water/cement ratio. Slump flow
test is carried out to measure bleeding, segregation and stability. The results
show that the flow ability of SCC increased by 8.0% and 8.6% when w/cm
increased from 0.32 to 0.36, for super plasticizer dosages 1.8% and 2.2%
respectively, and the flow ability of SCC increased to 4.5% and 5.3% when
w/cm increased from 0.36 to 0.4, for the same of super plasticizer dosages.
Liu (2009) investigated the effect of ground glass and fly ash on the SCC. For
constant filling ability of the SCC the results show that, replacement of cement
with fly ash or ground glass requires a reduction in super plasticizer dosage and
an increase in water/powder ratio. Both additions reduced the consistence
retention, passing ability and hardened properties. The fly ash and glass lead to
23
reductions in the compressive strength, splitting strength, dynamic elastic

modulus (Ed) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). At higher replacement level,
the higher reduction was happened. The reduction is higher at early stages, but
reduces with increasing age.
Khaleel et al. (2011) investigated the effect of texture, maximum size and type
of coarse aggregate and addition of 10% high reactive metakaolin (HRM) as a
partial replacement by weight of cement on achieving SCC. The author studied
the influence of uncrushed gravel, crush gravel and crush limestone on the
workability. It was found that flow ability passing ability and strengths increased
by reducing the maximum size of coarse aggregate; In addition it was observed
that when uncrushed gravel was used in the concrete mixture, flow ability,
passing ability and segregation resistance increased as compared to concrete
with crushed gravel but strengths decreased. Moreover, the inclusion of (HRM)
leads to reduce flow ability and increase viscosity. It was noticed that concrete
mixes prepared with crushed limestone showed higher flexural strengths,
compressive and modulus of elasticity concrete mixes prepared with crushed and
uncrushed gravel.
Mohamed (2011) investigated the effect of using fly ash (FA) and silica fume
(SF) with various percentages and combination of FA and SF together on SCC
compressive strength. The results show that SCC with 15% of SF gives higher
values of compressive strength than those with 30% of FA by about 12% for 550
kg/m3 `cement content and 10% when cement content was 450 kg/. Also the
results showed that the highest values of compressive strength were obtained,
when SCC consisted of combination of FA and SF (10% FA and 10% SF).
Skazlic and Vujica (2012) studied the effect of using (FA) and (HRM) as a
partially replacement by weight of cement on fresh and hardened properties of
SCC .The percentages of replacement for (FA) and (HRM) were (44.4% and
24
10%) by weight of cement respectively. The results showed that mix contained
(FA) increased slump flow, Lbox (H2/H1) and V funnel time relative to reference
mix and mix contained (HRM). The results also showed that using of (FA)
reduced compressive strength at 28 days and the percentage of reduction was
(12.32%) relative to reference mix, but some increment was noticet at 90 days
and the percentage of increment was (2.96%) relative to reference mix, while
(HRM) increased both of 28 and 90 days compressive strength and the
percentage of increment were (29.28% and 23.14%) relative to reference mix
respectively
Ulagadde and Kumbhar (2013) used Nan Su method of mix design to develop
SCC of 60 MPa grade by using combination of mineral admixtures in the form
of quaternary blends of fly ash (FA),silica fume(SF) and ground granulated blast
furnace slag (GGBFS) at different replacement levels of FA and GGBFS at 15%,
20% and 25% and SF at 5%, 10% and 15% (by weight of cement) .workability
and 28 days compressive strength properties were studied .The results showed
that for both fresh and hardened properties 45% of total replacement (i.e.
FA15%+ SF15% + GGBFS15%) enhanced workability and 28 days compressive
strength.
Khaleel and Abdul Razaq (2014) used (HRM) at replacement levels of 5%,
10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of cement in self compactability of mortars
(SCM) to estimate the optimum (HRM) replacement level ,then using optimum
replacement which is obtained from (SCM) test to produce SCC. The researcher
concluded that with increasing of replacement level of (HRM) the optimum
dosage of superplasticizer also increases to get a slump flow spread in the range
of 260–280 mm. The authors also concluded that mixtures with (HRM) at
replacement level of 5%, 10% and 15% showed increment in compressive
strength at all ages with compared to the control mixture, and the optimum
replacement level of (HRM) by weight of cement was 10%, the percentages of
25
increment in compressive strength were (48%, 31.4%, 19.5% and 15.5%) at 7,

28, 56, and 90 days respectively.
Mehetr et al. (2014) studied the behavior of SCC when Metakaolin (MK) and
Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) were used as a mineral admixtures, with replacement
levels of 10%, 20%, 30 % of cement by (MK) and (CKD) and the effect of these
mineral admixtures on fresh and hardened properties of SCC. At 10%
replacement of cement by MK & CKD a significant improvement in self-
compact ability like passing ability, segregation resistance, filling ability and
flowing ability of SCC was observed. The compressive strength, flexural
strength and split tensile strength of SCC increased, when (MK) and (CKD)
were used for 7 days to 28 days of curing, but maximum increasing happened at
10% replacement as compared to 20% and 30 %.
Lal and Kumar (2015) investigated the effects of replacement of cement by fly
ash in varying percentages (i.e. 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) as partial replacement
of cement weight on flow-ability and strength characteristics at moist curing
ages of 7 and 28 days of self-consolidating concrete. The researcher concluded
that the compressive strength decreased with increase in percentages of
replacement of cement by fly ash, and the percentages of reduction were (2.93%,
4.32% and 8.77%) relative to 0% fly ash for (10%, 20% and 30%) respectively.
The researcher attributed the reduction in compressive strength of SCC with fly
ash to the reduction in quantity of cement by replacement with fly ash, results in
weakening the adhesion to the aggregate particles and the cement paste
cohesion.
2-4 Lightweight Self Consolidating Concrete (LWSCC)
Lightweight self-consolidating concrete (LWSCC) is a new kind of concrete

improved by collecting the desirable properties of self-consolidating concrete
(SCC) and structural lightweight concrete (SLWC). (LWSCC) needs no external
26
vibration, and can spread into place, fill the formwork with sophisticated
geometry and surrounding reinforcement without any segregation or
bleeding.(LWSCC) efficiently reduces the dead loads of the structure and the in
situ noise level and can be used for maintenance and repairs of damaged
concrete structure (Wu et al. 2009).
Practical applications of structural LWSCC are in increase. The first usage of

LWSCC was in 1992 when a cable stayed bridge main girder in Japan was
constructed (Okamura 2003).
2-4-1 Achievement of Lightweight Self Consolidating Concrete
The mechanism of achieving LWSCC is similar to that for normal self-

consolidating concrete and most mixes can be “converted” into lightweight
mixes by ( Lotfy 2012):
1- Replacing some or all of the normal weight aggregate with lightweight

aggregate.
2- Often the coarse fraction is replaced with lightweight aggregate and the fines
are normal weight sand.
3- In some cases, some or all the fine aggregate may be lightweight.
2-4-Effect of SLWA on SCC Fresh Properties
Workability is an important factor that affects the application and rheological

properties of LWSCC. Evaluation of the fresh properties for LWSCC is
essentially carried out in the same way as for SCC like L-box, V-funnel, J-rings,
and the slump flow tests in conjunction with the sieve segregation resistance
(SSR). Due to low density resulting from high porosity for LWA in comparison
with mortar (cement paste and sand) that make it more susceptible to segregate.
While, normal aggregate tends to settle (sink) when it segregates, LWA tends to
27
float. Segregation (floatation) can be overcome by enhancing the viscosity of

concrete mix , this is usually supplied by using a high volume fraction of paste,
by limiting the maximum size and the content of coarse aggregate or by using
viscosity modifying admixtures (VMA) (Khayat 1999).
LWA absorbs moisture at a greater rate than other aggregates so, pre-
wetting is required. As lightweight aggregates have a cellular structure and are
therefore, more porous than ordinary aggregates, they take longer time to reach
saturated surface dry (SSD) condition. Therefore pre-soaked aggregates are
recommended for trial or production batches. As such, lightweight aggregates
absorb and hold more moisture than ordinary stone. Because of its greater
porosity, extra care is required when designing the LWSCC mix and when
dosing the mix water.
2-4-3 Previous Studies Related to LWSCC
Hadhrati (2006) investigated the possibility of producing self-compacting high

performance structural lightweight concrete (SC-HPSLWC) using locally
available Porcelinite stone and HRM. Results indicate that the 28 days air dry
density of all types of LWA concretes ranged between 1613 – 1876 kg/m3, with
28 days compressive strength falling between 43.06 – 34.80 MPa for sand
SCLWC and 50% sand SCLWC respectively, and the 28 days splitting tensile
strength lies between 2.85 – 2.52 MPa for sand SCLWC and 50% sand
SCLWC respectively. Also the results indicate that the inclusion of 8% HRM as
a partial replacement by weight of cement to produce SC-HPLWC shows
significant improvement in its properties of over their reference concretes.
Al-Shammary(2006) examined the possibility of using Porcelinite rocks with

viscosity modifying agent (VMA) for the production of two types of
Porcelinite LWASCC; all-LWASCC and sand-LWASCC. The requirements
of self-compact ability for SCC which include filling ability, passing ability
28
and segregation resistance were executed when using VMA at 3 % by weight

of cement for both all-LWAC and sand-LWAC. At 28 day, the air dry
density and cube compressive strength were 1623 kg/m³ and 26.10 MPa for
all-LWASCC and 1847 kg/m³ and 38.75 MPa for sand-LWASCC respectively.
The corresponding values in splitting tensile strength, static modulus of
elasticity and absorption are 1.49 MPa, 10.22 GPa and 17.87 % for all-
LWASCC and 2.51MPa, 15.67GPa and 11.09% for sand-LWASCC
respectively.
Hubertova and Hela (2007) used expanded clay aggregates to develop LWSCC
with studying the effects of adding metakaolin and silica fume on the properties
of LWSCC. At first, it was concluded that the workability, workability retention
and compressive strengths was improved with using of pre-wetted lightweight
aggregates compared to mixtures containing dry aggregates. The addition of
silica fume or metakaolin (10% by cement weight) was found to improve the 28-
day compressive strength
Wu et al. (2009) used expanded shale aggregates to investigat workability and

mix proportion design of LWSCC. The researcher designed two mix proportions
for LWSCC according to the water absorption of structural lightweight
aggregate (SLWA). By using the volumetric method both mixes had fixed fine
and coarse aggregate contents. To evaluate the concrete workability in its fresh
condition Slump flow test, L box, V-funnel, U-box, wet sieve segregation tests
were applied. Experimental results showed that both types of fresh LWSCCs had
adequate fluidity, deformability, filling ability, uniform aggregate distribution
and minimum resistance to segregation. This study proved that to design mix
proportions for LWSCC mixture water absorption of the LWA can be used
effectively along with constant aggregate contents in volumetric method. The
results showed that the shear flow velocity will increase by increasing the paste
content of the mix but it will reduce resistance to segregation.
29
Topcu and Uygunoglu (2010) used three coarse structural lightweight

aggregate (SLWA) types, pumice, volcanic tuff and diatomite, and normal
limestone aggregate. The effects of aggregate type on the properties of hardened
self-consolidating concrete produced with lightweight aggregate (LWSCC) were
studied. For the LWSCC mixtures different combinations of water to binder ratio
and superplasticizer dosage levels were examined. Constant content of the total
powder (cement and mineral additives) was used. In hardened condition
properties such as thermal conductivity, dry unit weight, porosity and capillarity,
compressive and splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and abrasion
resistance were determined. The researcher compared LWSCC and SCC
properties and concluded that with using LWA in SCC production lower unit
weight has lower mechanical and physical properties except for thermal
properties.
Kim et al. (2010) studied the effect of lightweight coarse aggregate density on
hardened and fresh properties of (LWSCC) .For this purpose two types of
lightweight coarse aggregates with different densities were used. The empirical
results indicated that with decreasing the lightweight coarse aggregate density
segregation resistance and 28-day compressive strength of LWSCC was
decreased, but the flow ability was improved. The results also indicated that the
difference in aggregate density did not affect the filling ability of LWSCC
mixture.
Jar-Allah (2011) produced two types of LWSCC by using two types of locally
available lightweight aggregate in Iraq, such types were Porcelinite and
Thermostone aggregate. Two types of highly active pozzolanic materials were
used silica fume (SF) and high reactivity metakaolin (HRM). A partial
replacement of pozzolanic materials was 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of
cement for all types of SCLWC. Two different ratios of w/cm ratio (0.32 and
0.35) are used for each mix of SCLWC and reference concrete. The results
30
showed that the air dry density , compressive and splitting tensile strength at age
of 28 days of Porcelinite aggregate were higher than those for Thermostone
aggregate. The results show that the HRM performance which is locally
available is better than SF in production of SCLWC, the mixes of SCLWC
which containing HRM show improvements in all properties if compared with
the mixes of SCLWC which containing SF. The increasing values for the mixes
of SCLWC of Porcelinite aggregate which containing HRM: for compressive
strength are 5.02% - 11.05%, for splitting tensile strength they are 9.15% -
13.89% and for air dry density 0.42% - 0.72% if compared with the mixes of
SCLWC of Thermostone aggregate which containing SF at age of 28 days for
w/c ratio (0.32). The corresponding values for the mixes of SCLWC of
Thermostone aggregate: for compressive strength are 7.88% - 13.34%, for
splitting tensile strength they are 5.02% - 9.02% and for air dry density 1.51% -
2.58%.
AL-Ridha(2014) carried out An experimental work to produce Self Compact

Concrete with weight ratio [fine/coarse] aggregate approximately⁯ 1.0, with and
without steel fiber and studying the effect of using lightweight aggregate in
concrete as an alternative to normal weight aggregate, depends on the basis of
volumetric fractions (Porcelinite coarse aggregate replacing the natural river
gravel ) and (Porcelinite fine aggregate replacing the sand) on the mechanical
properties (Compressive Strength, Splitting Tensile Strength and Unit
weight(density)). In addition to study the effect of these replacements on
mechanical properties of concrete with steel fiber-volume fraction (Vf)= 0.8%
.the researcher found that replacement normal weight aggregate with lightweight
aggregate lead to a decrease in compression, tensile strength and Unit weight
(density) in comparison to reference Mix ( normal weight aggregate), and the
percentage of decreasing was higher when Porcelinite coarse aggregate was
replaced with natural river gravel than when Porcelinite fine aggregate was
31
replaced with the sand and found that the tensile strength was increased
significantly with adding steel fiber while the unit weight (density) and
compressive strength was lightly increased.
2-5 Concluding Remarks
The following conclusions are educed from the aforesaid study:

1-Possibility of using LWA in SCC to produce LWASCC with 28-day
compressive strength in excess of 17 MPa and a 28-day, air-dried unit weight
not exceeding 1840 kg/m³.
2- Although partial or full replacement of normal-weight sand by lightweight

sand in LWSCC mixtures that lead to lowering densities but mechanical
properties will significantly be affected.
3-Production of SCC by using of lightweight aggregates increases the

workability, filling ability, flow ability and passing ability of the mixture, but it
leads to increase the risk of instability and segregation of the mixture.
4-Using of mineral admixtures (additions) as partial replacement from cement

weight improved stability, rheological behavior, strength and durability of
LWSCC and extended consistence retention.
5- LWA presoaking before using it in SCC production is very necessary to

avoid segregation (floatation) and to enhance workability, workability retention
and compressive strengths of LWSCC.
6- Using of Attapulgite as a coarse artificial lightweight aggregate with high

reactivity Attapulgite (HRA) in production of LWSCC was not observed in
previous studies, so they are used in this study to provide some experimental
information, when they used together in producing of LWSCC.
32
CHAPTER THREE
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Chapter Three Experimental Work
Chapter Three
Experimental Work
3-1 General
The targets of this work is to produce self-consolidating lightweight
concrete(LWSCC) by using Attapulgite as a coarse aggregate, specify the
optimum dosage of high reactive attapulguite (HRA) when it used as mineral
admixtures and compare the effect of (HRA) with other two mineral admixtures
( high reactive metakaoline (HRM) and fly ash (FA))on fresh and hardened
properties of SCC. High performance concrete superplastizer Glinume 51(G51)
was used as chemical admixture. This chapter handles with the materials used
and their characteristics, mix proportion, mix procedure, casting and curing
of test specimens in addition to the testing procedure. Figure (3-1) indicates the
schematic representation of the research program.
3-2 Materials
3-2-1 Cement
Al-Mass Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) manufactured in Iraq was used in
this research. Tables (3-1) and (3-2) show the results of the chemical analysis and
physical properties of the cement used respectively. Results demonstrated that
the used cement is identified with the Iraqi Specification No.5/1984.
3-2-2 Fine Aggregate (Sand)
Ekhaider sand as fine aggregate with maximum size 4.75 mm was used in
all concrete mixes. Table (3-3) and Figure (3-2) show the sieve analysis and the
grading curve for the sand used. The grading curve indicates that the sand
falls within zone two according to the requirement of the Iraqi
Specification No. 45/1984. The chemical and physical properties of natural sand
are shown in table (3-4).0
33
33
Table (3-1) Chemical Composition and Main Compounds of Cement *
Oxide composition % by weight Limits of Iraqi

specification No.5 / 1984
SiO2 19.6 Not available

Fe2O3 3.52 Not available
Al2O3 4.65 Not available
CaO 61.56 Not available
MgO 2.77 5.0(max)
SO3 2.71 2.8(max)
Loss on ignition 1.65 4.0(max)
Insoluble residue 0.8 1.5(max)
Lime saturation factor 0.95 0.66-1.02
Main compounds ( Bogue’s equation )% by weight of cement
C3S 57.65 Not available
C2S 12.7 Not available
C3A 6.37 Not available
C4AF 10.71 Not available
*Chemical tests were performed by the State Company of Geological Survey and Mining
Table (3-2) Physical Properties of Cement
Limits of Iraqi
Physical properties Test result
Specification No.5/1984
Specific surface area
240 230 (min)
(Blaine method), m²/kg
Setting time (Vicate’s
method)
Initial setting, hrs:min 1:45 00:45 (min)
Final setting, hrs:min 5:30 10:00 (max)
Compressive strength, MPa
3 days 19.6 15.00 (min)
7 days 28.6 23.00 (min)
Soundness using Autoclave
0.4 0.8 (max)
expansion, %
33
Table (3-3) Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate
Sieve size Cumulative Cumulative passing %

(mm) passing% Limits of Iraqi specification
No. 45/1984, zone (2)
10.0 100 100
4.75 99.8 90-100
2.36 84.4 75-100

1.18 65.6 55-90
0.60 41.8 35-59
0.30 11 8-30
0.15 2.2 0-10
120
100
Cummulative passing %
80
lower limits of (IQ.S)

60
upper limits of (IQ.S)
40 used sand
20
0
0 0.15 0.3 0.6 1.18 2.36 4.75
Sieve size (mm)
Figure (3-2) Grading curve for Fine Aggregate
33
Table (3-4) Chemical and Physical Properties of Fine Aggregate *
Limit of Iraqi
Property Test result
Specification No .45/1984
Specific gravity. 2.6 Not available
Absorption, % 2.97 Not available
Dry loose unit weight, kg/m³ 1587 Not available
Sulphate content as SO3,% 0.07 0.5(max)

Material finer than 75µm, % 2.6 5.0(max)
Fineness modulus 2.95 Not available
*chemical and Physical properties were performed by the State Company of Geological Survey and Mining.
3-2-3 Coarse Aggregate
Attapulgite clays from Tar AL-Najaf (Injana) region in AL- Najaf

governorate were the raw material for the production of artificial lightweight
Attapulgite aggregate. Large surface area and acidic properties of Attapulgite
with high silica content about 50% as a fibrous silicate make this type of clay
most useful as an adsorbent and catalyst (Haibo 2012).
3-2-3-1 Production Method
Expansion and agglomeration are the production techniques for Attapulgite,

When some of the materials melt at temperatures at 1100°C agglomeration takes
place and the fusion makes the finished aggregate particles bonded together.
The procedure of Production process was developed by (Al-Aridhee 2014)

and can brief it as below:
1- Attapulgite rocks were received from quarry as a large stacks, so it needs to
33
crush manually into smaller sizes by means of a hammer to give a maximum

aggregate size of about 12.5mm.
2-Then, the crushed aggregate was sieved on a standard sieve series compatible
with ASTM C330-04 as shown in Table (3-5). The series was made up from, 19,
12.5, 9.5, 4.75 and 2.36 mm sieves. Figure (3-3) shows the Attapulgite selected
grading sample used for mixing.
3-The crushed rocks burn by using oven with burning temperature at 1100ºC, the
rate of temperature increasing is 5˚C/min. Zager cone uses to control the
temperature of firing because, it is more accurate indicator of completion than
with the electric pyrometer.
4- to ensure obtaining all the required transformation and when the temperature
reaches to the required degree(1100ºC), the sample stills for 1/2hour as soaking
time in this temperature.
5- The cooling phase of the sample starts gradually by opening the oven door
very slightly to allow heat exchange with the ambient temperature to the next day.
The apparent specific gravity of the heating material is much lower than the
same material before heating because of expansion of the material resulting from
gases generation which become entrapped in a viscous pyroplastic mass and
making porous structure which is retained even on cooling. Table (3-6) shows
some properties of Attapugite coarse (LWA).
3-2-4 Water
For all concrete mixes tap water is used for mixing and curing of samples.
33
Table (3-5) Sieve Analysis of Attapulgite Coarse (LWA)
Cumulative
Sieve size Cumulative Cumulative
passing %
(mm) passing% %Retained
ASTMC330-04
19 100 100 0
12.5 90-100 95 5
9.5 40-80 55 40
4.75 0-20 10 45
2.36 0-10 0 10
120
100
Cumulative passing %
80
lower limits of ASTM C 330

60
upper limits of ASTM C 330
LWA used
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20
sieve size (mm)
Figure (3-3) Sieve analysis of coarse lightweight aggregate.
33
Table (3-6) Some Properties of Attapugite Coarse (LWA)
Properties Specifications Results Allowable

limits
Absorption, % ASTM C127-04 27.9 5-30
Bulk Density(dry loose), kg/m³ ASTM C330-04 810 880(max)
Specific gravity(SSD) ASTM C127-04 1.92 --------

Specific gravity(OD) ASTM C127-04 1.46 2.6(max)
3-2-5 Chemical Admixture

A high performance concrete superplasticizer based on modified polycarboxylic
ether Glinume 51 (G51) is used in this research as chemical admixture .G51 is
free from chlorides and complies with ASTM C494-05 Types A and F. The
typical properties of Glinume 51 are shown in Table (3-7), which is issued by the
producer
Table (3-7) Typical Properties of Glinume 51
Form Viscous liquid
Color Dark brown

Relative density 1.07 at 20◦C
pH 6.6
Viscosity 128+/- 30 cps at 20◦C
Transport Not classified as dangerous
Alkali content as (Na2O) equivalent 0.26%
Normal dosage 0.5-1.6 litres/100kg of cement
34
3-2-6 Mineral Admixtures

3-2-6-1 High Reactivity Attapulgite (HRA)
Attapulgite clays from Tar AL-Najaf (Injana) region in AL- Najaf governorate
was used to produce high reactivity Attapulgite. The raw material of Attapulgite
contains rocks so it needs to grind by storming to convert it to high fineness
powder, the purpose of this process is to increase of their effectiveness. Grinding
process was done in the Building Research Center/Ministry of Science and
Technology (in AL- Jadiriyah - Baghdad). The Attapulgite turns to activate
pozzolanic material when it burns to the certain degree of temperature. The
suitable calcinations temperature were investigated by (Al Amide 2012) and they
concluded that the optimum firing temperature was 750 ˚C and the rate of
temperature rising was (4˚C/ min), and the sample stills for 1/2 hour as a soaking
time when the oven temperature reaches to the required degree .Then, the cooling
phase of the model starts gradually by opening the oven door very slightly to
allow heat exchange with the ambient temperature to the next day. Table (3-8)
shows chemical analysis of (HRA). Table (3-9) indicated that (HRA) comprises
of 80.5 percent of (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3) so, it conformed to the chemical
requirements of the ASTM C618–05 Class N pozzolana.
3-2-6-2 High Reactivity Metakaolin (HRM)

Locally available kaolin is the raw material of (HRM). (HRM) was produced
when kaolin was ground by storming to convert it to fine grain size, then it is
burned at 700 C◦ for one hour as a soaking time, next left to cool down
(Hadhrati 2006). The chemical analysis of (HRM) is shown in Table (3-10).
Table (3-11) shows that (HRM) used in this study conforms to the chemical
requirements of ASTM C618 - 05 Class N pozzolana.
34
Table (3-8) Chemical and Physical Analysis of (HRA) after Burning *
Oxide composition Oxide content %

SiO2 60.48
Al2O3 13. 95
Fe2O3 6.07
CaO 8.46
MgO 5.92
Na2O 1.2
SO3 0.45
K2O 2.47
L.O.I 0.1
Physical properties
Specific Surface Area m²/kg 2010
Spesific Gravity 2.2
Density kg/m³ 2193
*Chemical and physical tests were performed by the State Company of Geological Survey and Mining.
Table (3-9) Chemical Requirements of (HRA) According to ASTM C618-05
Oxide Composition HRA % Pozzolan Class N
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 80.5 70% Min.
SO3 0.45 4 % Max.
Loss on Ignition 0.1 10% Max.
34
Table (3-10) Chemical and Physical Analysis of (HRM)*
Oxide composition `Oxide content %

SiO2 54.88
Al2O3 36.29
Fe2O3 1.4
MgO 0.21
CaO 0.38
SO3 0.21
Na2O 0.66
L.O.I 2.47
Physical properties
Density kg/m³ 2493
Table (3-11) Chemical Requirements of (HRM) According to ASTM C618-05
Oxide composition HRM% Pozzolan class N
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 92.57 70 % min.
SO3 0.21 4% max.
Loss on ignition 2.47 10% max.
33
3-2-6-3 Fly Ash (FA)

Hard coal (FA) from power station of Iskenderun in Turkey was used in this
study.
The chemical analysis of fly ash are shown in table (3-12). The result shows
that the (FA) used in this study was (Class F) because the the summation of
(SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3) is to be greater than 70%, and it identified with to the
chemical requirements of ASTM C618-05 as shown in Table (3-13)
Table (3-12) Chemical and Physical Analysis of (FA)*
Oxide composition Oxide content %

SiO2 65.65
Al2O3 17.69
Fe2O3 5.98
MgO 0.72
CaO 0.98
SO3 0.19
K2O 2.99
Na2O 1.35
L.O.I 3.1
Physical properties

Density kg/m³ 2343
33
Table (3-13) Chemical Requirements of (FA) According to ASTM C618-05
Oxide composition FA% Pozzolan class F
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 89.32 70% min.
SO3 0.19 5% max.
Loss on ignition 3.1 6% max.
3-3 Strength Activity Index (S.A.I)

The strength activity index of minral admixtures is performed according to
ASTM C311-05. For control mixture 500 g of portland cement, 1375 g of graded
standard sand and water equals to 242 cm3 were used. For test mix 20% of
portland cement was replaced with test sample and water required for flow ± 5 of
control mixture was used. Mixing of mortars was carried out by hand. Flow table
was used to measure flow of mortar when it is drops 25 times.
For each type of mortar, six 50 mm cube specimens were molded three for
7 days age and three for 28 days age. After molding, the specimens were placed
immediately in moist cabinet maintained at a temperature of 23± 2 oC and relative
humidity of more than 90 percent for 24 hours. Then the the cubes were removed
from mold and Place and store in saturated lime water until it reaches to specified
age. The strength activity index (S.A.I) with Portland cement is determined as
follows:
Strength activity index with Portland cement S.A.I = (A / B) x 100 ………. (3-1)
Where:
A: test mix cubes average compressive strength.
B: control mix cubes average compressive strength.
ASTM C618-05 specified S.A.I for both 7 and 28 days to be not less than
75%. Results of S.A.I for HRA, HRM and FA are shown in table (3-14) and it
33
shows clearly that all of these types conformed to requirements of ASTM C 618-
05.
Table (3-14) Strength Activity Index for Tested Mortars
Index S.A.I at 7days (%) S.A.I at 28 days (%)
HRA mix. 101.4 108.8
HRM mix. 108.0 120.5
FA mix. 78 89
3-4 Design of Concrete Mixes

The design of self-consolidating lightweight concrete mixes is processed to
produce structural lightweight concrete identifies with the requirements of
structural LWC, according to ASTM C 330-04 which is specified structural
LWAC as those having a 28-day compressive strength and splitting tensile
strength in excess of 17 MPa and 2.1 MPa respectively and calculated
equilibrium density not exceeding 1840 kg/m3. At the same time, the mix deign
of LWSCC must satisfy the criteria of filling ability, passing ability and
segregation resistance. The mix design method of SCC used in this research is
according to (EFNARC 2005) to obtain target slump flow of 730 ± 20 mm, then
the proportions of materials are modified to satisfy both self-compactability and
requirements of structural LWC, so multi trail mixes were carried out for this
purpose. Twelve mixes are used throughout this research. For all mixes, powder
content, fine aggregate content, coarse aggregate content and W/p ratio were 550
kg/m3, 624 kg/m3, 655 kg/m3, and 0.4 respectively. The air volume assumed to be
2% from total mix volume. The details of mixes used throughout this research are
shown in Table (3-15) and (3-16).
33
33
33
3-5 Mixing of Concrete

A pan mixer of about (0.1m3) capacity was used to mix the ingredients of
concrete. The aggregates had to be soaked for about 48 hours and then dried to
SSD conditions as shown in Figure (3-4). In this study the method of (Doukakis
2013) was used in the mixing of self-consolidating lightweight concrete. This
method includes the following steps:
1- To ensure full dissolution, all superplasticizer was added to the water pail and
mixed.
2- Cement and mineral admixtures must to be mixed well to guarantee high
homogeneity before adding them to the mixer
3-Next the coarse aggregate with 2/3 of the mixing water were added to the mixer
and mixed for a few revolutions.
4-The mixer was then stopped to add sand, cement and mineral admixtures
mixture, and the remaining water with superplasticizer were added respectively.
5-The mixer was rotated for 3 minutes, rested covered for 3 minutes, and then
spun covered for 2 more minutes.
3-6 Casting and Curing of Test Specimens

For casting all the concrete specimens, two steel moulds types are used:
●Cubes moulds of (100×100×100) mm for compressive strength test.
●Cylindrical moulds of (100×200) mm for splitting tensile strength, oven dry

density, air dry density, static modulus of elasticity and absorption tests.
To prevent adhesion with concrete after hardening, these mentioned

moulds have been cleaned and their internal surfaces oiled. For Self-
Consolidating Concrete the moulds must fill with concrete in one layer without
any compaction or vibration. Then the concrete surfaces are leveled and
smoothed by means of trowel, and the specimens are covered with sheets of
nylon immediately after finishing to prevent evaporation of water from
33
unhardened concrete for about 24 hours. After that, the specimens are demolded
and completely immersed in tap water until the time of testing.
Figure (3-4) Draining excess water form pre-soaked coarse aggregates
3-7 Testing of Fresh Concrete

3-7-1 Fresh Density of LWSCC
This test was conducted according to ASTM C138-04 .A container of 0.003
m3 capacities was used for sampling the fresh concrete which is filled without any
compaction. Fresh concrete calculated by dividing the weight of fresh concrete
which is filled container on its volume.
3-7-2 Testing of Self Consolidating Concrete Workability
Test methods for workability of SCC were carried out according to (EFNARC
2002)
34
3-7-2-1 Slump Flow Test and T500 mm Test
The slump test is used to assess the deformability of SCC in the absence of
obstacles. This test is useful to estimate the filling ability by measuring the
diameter of horizontal flow SF and the mix viscosity by measuring the time
needed for SCC to reach 500 mm flow. Because of the simplicity of this test, the
segregation resistance can be detected visually. The slump test can be done with
inverted or upright Abram’s cone either in situ or in the laboratory. The cone is
put on flat steel has a leveled and non-absorbing surface with at least 900 mm x
900 mm plane area, filled with SCC, and lifted to a height of 15 to 30 mm in 2 to
4 sec; under the influence of gravity SCC flows out. At the same time, the
stopwatch is started to record the time taken up for the concrete to arrive the
500mm spread circle.
Two perpendicular and horizontal diameters d1 and d2 as illustrated in

Figure (3-5) are recorded and the average flow spread diameter SF is calculated
by using Equation below:
SF = (d1+d2)/2
Figure (3-5) Slump test apparatus with upright cone
34
Figure (3-6) slump flow test

3-7-2-2 J-Ring Test
J-ring is a test used in associated with a slump test to evaluate SCC passing
ability with or without fibers through gaps in the obstacles, e.g. reinforcement.
For this test, the slump test apparatus is used with an open steel rectangular
section ring with 16 steel rods (ϕ10 mm) and 100 mm height, as shown in the
Figure (3-7). The cone is filled with concrete without using any consolidating or
vibration, after that the cone is lifted perpendicular to the steel plate allowing the
concrete to flow freely through gaps. Then the final diameter of the concrete is
measured in two perpendicular directions. The average of the two measured
diameters.in (mm) is calculated. Then the difference in height between the
concrete just inside and outside the bars is measured. At four locations the
average of difference in height (in mm) is calculated. Blocking step PJ is
calculated using Equation:
.......................... (3-2)
34
Figure (3-7) J-ring test apparatus
Figure (3-8) J-ring test
33
3-7-2-3 L-box Test

This test is used to assess SCC filling and passing ability, which they represent
the ability of concrete to pass through obstacles (reinforced bars) without
segregation or blocking. After filling the vertical column of the L-box, the gate is
lifted to allow SCC to flow into the horizontal part after passing through the rebar
obstructions. Two measurements are taken H1 height of concrete at the beginning
and H2 concrete height at the end of the horizontal section. H2/H1 ratio
represents the filling ability, and this value should be ranged from 0.8 to 1. The
passing ability can be estimated visually by observation the area around the rebar.
In L-box, 12 mm diameter with 2 or 3 smooth steel bars can be used to represent
light or dense reinforcement. The ratio of passing ability PL should be calculated
as:
PL = H2/ H1
H1 is the mean depth of concrete in the vertical section of the box ; H2 is the
mean depth of concrete at the end of the horizontal section of the box. Figure (3-
9) shows L-box test apparatus.
Figure (3-9) L-box test apparatus
33
Figure (3-10) L-box test
3-7-2-4 V Funnel Test and V Funnel Test at T5 minutes

The V-funnel test is used to determine the filling ability and measure the ease
of flow of the SCC with a maximum aggregate size not more than 20 mm. The
test was developed and used in Japan by (Ozawa et al 1995). The funnel is filled
with about 12 liter of concrete and the time of flow through the apparatus is
measured. To measure time of flow After 5 minutes (T5min.) the funnel can be
refilled with concrete and left 5 minutes then trapdoor is opened. The concrete
shows segregation when the flow time increases significantly. Longer flow times
indicate lower flow ability vice versa. Figure (3-11) below shows V-funnel test
apparatus. Figure (3-11) shows V funnel test apparatus.
33
Figure (3-11) V funnel test apparatus
Figure (3-12) V funnel test
33
3-8 Testing of Hardened Concrete

3-8-1 Compressive Strength
The compressive strength test is carried out on 100 mm cubes using
electrical testing machine with capacity of 3000 KN (ELE testing machine).This
test was performed according to BS1881:part 116 (1989)
The specimens are tested at ages of 7, 28,56 and 90 days and at each age
the average of three specimens are adopted. The cubes were got out from
curing tank and visible water was removed with towel then putted in testing
machine on one of the side perpendicular to the direction of casting, and the load
is applied on the center of the cube with loading rate of 15 MPa per minute, and
failure loading was recorded. The compressive strength is calculated by dividing
the load over area of the face that exposed to the load.
3-8-2 Splitting Tensile Strength
The splitting tensile strength test is performed according to ASTM C496-04
cylinder of (100×200) mm concrete specimens were used.
The specimens are tested at age of 7,28,56 and 90 days and in each age
the average of three specimens has been adopted. In this test, a concrete
cylinder is placed with its axis horizontal between platens of a testing machine.
The test specimen required narrow strips of plywood for supporting, these strips
interposed between the cylinder and the platens .These strips are usually 3mm
thick and 25mm width according to ASTM C496-04.The following equation was
applied to determine the splitting tensile strength:
Fct= 2P/π DL ……………………….. (3-3)
Where:
Fct = splitting tensile strength (MPa);
P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine
L = length of the specimens (200mm);
D = diameter of the specimens (100mm).
33
3-8-3 Water Absorption

The absorption test was performed according to ASTM C642-97. This test
was carried out on 100×200 mm cylindrical concrete specimens at 28 and 90
days. The specimens were weighted and dried in an oven at temperature of (100-
110)oC for 24 hours. After removing each specimen from the oven, it was
allowed to cool in dry air to temperature of 20-25oC and weighted. The specimen
were returned to the oven for additional 20 hours drying period, and the
procedure was repeated until the difference between any respectively two
successive weights is less than 0.5%, then the last weight was considered to be
the oven dry weight. After this, the specimen was immersed in water at
approximately 21oC for not less than 48 hours and until two successive weights of
the surface dried sample at intervals of 24 hours showed an increase in weight of
less than 0.5% of the heavier weight. The specimen was surface dried by
removing surface moisture with a towel, and weigh. The heavier weight is
considered saturated surface dry weight.
The average of three specimens was adopted at each test. Absorption was
calculated using formula (3-3):
A = [(Ws- Wd) / Wd] x 100 ……… (3-4)
Where:
A = Absorption value (%).
Ws = Saturated- surface- dry weight of specimens in air, (kg).
Wd = Oven- dry weight of specimen in air, (kg).
3-8-4 Unit weight

3-8-4 -1 Measurement of Oven-Dry Density
This test was conducted according to ASTM C567-05 on 100x200
cylinders. After 24 hour but not to exceed 32 hour, the cylinders were removed
from the mould. The apparent mass of the cylinders were measured while
suspended and completely submerged in water and record as (A).Then the
33
cylinders were moved away from the water to drain for 1 min . The visible water
was removed with a damp cloth .The mass of the saturated surface-dry cylinders
were determined and recorded as (B) after that the cylinders were placed in the
drying oven at 110 oC for 72 hours ,then the cylinders were gone out from drying
oven to be cooled to room temperature and determine the mass. This procedure
was repeated every 24 hours until the change in mass is not more than
0.5 %.Then the mass of the oven-dried cylinders was recorded as (C). The oven-
dry density was calculated by using formula (3-3):
Oven-dry density (kg/m3) = (C ×997)/(B - A)-----------(3-5 )
Where:
C = mass of oven-dry cylinder, kg,
B = mass of saturated surface-dry cylinder, kg, and
A = apparent mass of suspended-immersed cylinder, kg
3-8-4-2 Calculated (Approximated) Equilibrium Density

This test was carried out according to ASTM C567-05 to calculate the
approximate equilibrium density by using the oven-dry density determined in
accordance with 3-8-4-1 and using formula (3-3) below:
Calculated equilibrium density (kg/m3) = Oven dry density + 50 kg/m3 ------ (3-6)
3-8-4-3 Equilibrium (Air Drying) Density at 90 Days
This test was conducted according to ASTM C567-05. Cylindrical

specimens of (100x200) mm were used in this test. The specimens were left for
one day in the molds inside the moisture cabinet, and then stripped from the
molds and left for 6 days in an air-tight polyethylene. After that, they were
removed and immersed in water for one day. On the second day the saturated
surface dry (B) and suspended-immersed weights (A) were taken. According to
ACI 213-03 and ASTM C 567– 05 equilibrium density for most structural
33
members and ambient conditions can be supposed to be achieved at about 90 days

air drying, so the specimens were left inside the laboratory for 90 days, and then
the 90 days air dry weights were taken (C). The average of three cylinders was
adopted at each mix.
Equilibrium (Air Drying) Density (kg/m3) = (C ×997) / (B - A) ---- (3-7)
Where:
C = mass of air drying cylinder, kg,
B = mass of saturated surface-dry cylinder, kg, and
A = apparent mass of suspended-immersed cylinder, kg
3-8-5 Static Modulus of Elasticity
The static- elastic modulus was obtained from compression tests and was
carried out according to the ASTM C469-03. Cylinders of 100x200 mm were
used. The elastic modulus tests were taken at ages 28 and 90 days. The elastic
modulus was calculated from equation (3-3)
E= (S1- S2) / (е2- 0.00005) ……………… (3-8)
Where:
E= the static- elastic modulus, MPa
S1= stress corresponding to 40% of the ultimate load, MPa
S2 = stress corresponding to longitudinal strain of (0.00005), MPa
е2= longitudinal strain produced by stress S2.
34
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter Four Results and Discussion
Chapter Four
Results and Discussion
4-1 General
It is the first time in which Attapulgite lightweight aggregate is used to
produce SCC ,so in this chapter, the results obtained from the experimental
work are analyzed and studied to provide information when it used to produce
SCC incorporation with multi types of mineral admixture and to estimate the
optimum replacement percentage of (HRA) by weight of cement and compare
its effects with (HRM) and (FA) effects on hardened and fresh properties when
they use at the same replacement percentages by weight of cement.
4-2 Fresh properties of LWSCC
4-2-1 Slump flow
The slump flow of mixes in this study is the function of superplastisizer

(SP) dosage because concrete paste is made with different mineral admixtures
for each one of them different morphology and rheological behavior, so using of
constant dosage of (SP) is not easy. A constant dosage of SP making one
mixture not spread while leading to segregate another mixture. Instead of that,
LWSCC mixes were designed to get constant slump flow as a target value
which it was 730±20 mm. EFNARC 2005 allows ±80mm as a deviation value
from target slump flow value. The SP dosages and result of slump flow test for
all mixes are included in Table (4-1) and plotted as a histogram in Figure (4-1)
and (4-2).
For LWSCC mixes with (HRA) mix2 to mix6, the dosage of (SP)
increased directly with increasing replacement percentage of (HRA) by weight
of cement .The reason of that is the (HRA) has a plate- like particle with high
surface area, so it slides over each other very difficultly because of high inter-
61
particles friction, while high surface area increases water requirement because
of high water absorption, so it needs more SP dosage to get same slump flow of
Ref. mix (by using cement only). Figure (4-3) shows morphology of (HRA)
particles.
Table (4-1) Results of fresh LWSCC
Time
Sp Slump V T5 min. Fresh
Mix T 500 J Ring L Box Increase
designation dosage flow funnel V funnel density
(sec) (mm) H2/H1 V funnel
L/100Kg (mm) (sec) (sec) (kg/m³)
(sec)
powder
Ref.mix 0.9 745 3 8.7 0.9 6.0 9 3 2095
Mix2 1 740 3.5 9.2 0.85 7.0 8.5 1.5 2071
Mix3 1.1 735 4 9.5 0.85 7.0 8.5 1.5 2066
Mix4 1.3 735 4 9.7 0.84 7.5 8.5 1 2047
Mix5 1.4 740 4.5 9.8 0.82 9 9.5 0.5 2042
Mix6 1.5 725 5 10 0.8 11 11.5 0.5 2024
Mix7 0.8 740 3.5 8.4 0.92 6.5 8.5 2 2071
Mix8 0.7 740 3.5 8.1 0.94 7 8.5 1.5 2065
Mix9 0.6 740 4 7.6 0.95 7.5 8.5 1 2061
Mix10 0.9 740 3.5 8.9 0.92 7 9 2 2078
Mix11 1 745 4.5 9.3 0. 91 8 9.5 1.5 2071
Mix12 1.1 740 4.5 9.5 0.88 9 10 1 2068
Figure (4-1) shows also that the dosage of (SP) reduces with increasing the
replacement percentage of (FA) by weight of cement. For 5% replacement
percentage, the dosage of (SP) was 0.8 litre/m3 to obtain slump flow of 740 mm
but this dosage was reduced to 0.6 litre/m3 to obtain same slump flow with 15%
replacement percentage. The reason attributes to spherical particle shape of
(FA) particles with lower surface area and water absorption which it needs
lower effort to slide over each other , so it needs lower (SP) dosage than (Ref.
mix) to get same slump flow target values. Figure (2-7) shows the morphology
of (FA) particles. Same conclusion was reached by (Liu 2009), (Koehler and
Fowler 2007), (Nehdi et al.2004) and (Bouzoubaa and Lachemi 2001). As
62
mixes containing (HRA), the dosage of (SP) increases with the increasing in
replacement percentage by weight of cement for LWSCC mixes containing
(HRM) when was compared with (Ref mix), because it has a plate-like particle
with high surface area, figure (2-6) shows the morphology of (HRM) particles,
but the rate of increasing is lower. For example the dosage of (SP) used
when15% of cement replaced with (HRM) was 1.1litre to get a slump flow of
740, while it was 1.5 litre to get slump flow of 725mm when cement replaced
with (HRA) for same replacement percentage, the reasons attribute to higher
specific surface area and lower density of (HRA), when it is compared with
(HRM), which it increases water requirement to get same slump flow due to
increment in paste volume. The results show that using of (HRM) reduces
workability (slump flow) of LWSCC by making (SP) dosage higher than Ref
mix .The same conclusion was reached by (Valipour et al. 2013), (Behfarnia
and Farshadfar 2013), (Khaleel and Abdul Razaq 2014), (Khaleel et al.
2011) and (Dinkar 2013), all those researchers concluded that the use of
(HRM) reduces slump of concrete with increasing replacement percentage of
(HRM) by weight of cement
1.6
1.4
SP dosage L/ 100Kg powder
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Ref.1 Mix2 Mix3 Mix4 Mix5 Mix6 Mix7 Mix8 Mix9 Mix10 Mix11 Mix12
Mix designation
Figure (4-1) Superplastisizer dosage used for all LWSCC mix.
63
750
Slump flow (mm) 745
740
735
730
725
720
715
Mix designation
Figure (4-2) Slump flow results for all LWSCC mix.
Figure(4-3)Scanning electron microscope micrograph of (HRA) particles at 2000X

captured in Nano Technology Centre in University of Technology,Baghdad
4-2-2 T500 mm
This test gives an indication about flowability and viscosity of SCC. High
viscosity of SCC reduces segregation and bleeding and makes SCC more stable,
64
while low viscosity leads to segregate its ingredients. Table (4-1) contains the
results of T500 mm and shows clearly that all results are within the acceptance
criteria of EFNARC 2002. Generally high T500 mm means high viscous SCC
vice versa. Figure (4-4) shows that LWSCC mixes containing mineral
admixtures had higher T500 value than (Ref.mix) because all these mineral
admixtures have lower density than cement, so adding them to concrete as
partially replacement percentage by weight of cement led to increase paste
volume, accordingly cohesiveness and viscosity of paste will increase (ACI
232.1 -96). The highest value is noticed when 15% of (HRA) was used (5sec)
,while for (FA) and (HRM) were 4 and 4.5 sec for the same replacement
percentage by weight of cement respectively ,because highly increase in paste
volume of LWSCC when it contains (HRA) ,because of its low density when
was compared with (FA ) and (HRM).The morphology of mineral admixture
also effects on T500 mm results, so (FA) with its spherical particle shape
consequently lower inter-particles friction makes this result low ,because it
helps SCC to move easily ,while (HRA) and (HRM) which it have plate -like
particles are not.
4-2-3 V Funnel
This test used to give an indication about viscosity and flowability of SCC.
Table (4-1) shows that all results of V Funnel time are within the acceptance
criteria of EFNARC 2002. Figure (4-5) shows that using mineral admixtures
increased V Funnel time, because LWSCC containing mineral admixtures had
higher viscosity than (Ref. mix) for the same reason mentioned in previous
section. The highest V funnel time was noticed when 15% of (HRA) was used
as replacement percentage by weight of cement (11sec), while for (FA) and
(HRM), they were 7.5 and 9 sec for same replacement percentage by weight of
cement respectively. Generally V Funnel time increases with increasing of
65
replacement percentage of mineral admixtures by weight of cement, same

conclusion was reached by (Mohamed 2011) and (Skazlic and Vujica 2012).
5
T500 mm (sec)
0
Ref. Mix2 Mix3 Mix4 Mix5 Mix6 Mix7 Mix8 Mix9 Mix10 Mix11 Mix12
Mix designation
Figure (4-4) T500 mm results for all LWSCC mix.
4-2-4 T 5min V Funnel
This test is used to estimate segregation resistance of SCC by measuring

time increasing in V funnel time after 5 min. Generally higher increasing means
lower segregation resistance (EFNARC 2002). The results of this test are
included in table (4-1) and it shows that all results are within the acceptance
criteria of EFNARC 2002. Figure (4-7) shows that, the highest increasing in T5
min. was recorded with (Ref. mix) because it has lower viscosity, so it is more
susceptible to segregate. Mixes containing (HRA) (mix2 to mix6) showed lower
increasing in T5 min as compared with (FA) and (HRM) mixes, and the
increasing in T5 min was reduced with increasing replacement percentage by
weight of cement, because using (HRA) increases LWSCC cohesiveness and
viscosity.
66
12
10
V Funnel (sec)
0
Mix designation
Figure (4-5) V Funnel results for all LWSCC mix.
14
12
T5 min V Funnel (sec)
10
0
Ref.mix Mix2 Mix3 Mix4 Mix5 Mix6 Mix7 Mix8 Mix9 Mix10 Mix11 Mix12
Figure (4-6) T5 min. V Funnel results for all LWSCC mix.
67
3.5
3
Increase in T 5 min (sec)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
Mix designation
Figure (4-7) Increase in T5 min. V Funnel results for all LWSCC mix.
4-2-5 J Ring
This test used to assess passing ability of SCC. Table (4-1) shows that all
results are within the acceptance criteria of EFNARC 2002, so they have good
passing ability.
J Ring with high value means lower passing ability and vice versa, and it
depends on viscosity and flowability of SCC. Figure (4-8) shows that using of
(HRA) increased J Ring values, and the highest value of J Ring was 10 mm
recorded with mix 6 (15%HRA) replacement percentage by weight of cement,
because it had the highest viscosity and lowest flowability. For mixes
containing (FA) the results ranged between 8.4 to 7.6 for 5% to 15%
replacement percentage by weight of cement respectively, while for mixes
containing (HRM) the results ranged between 8.9 to 9.5 for 5% to 15%
replacement percentage by weight of cement respectively, so mixes containing
(FA) have the highest passing ability because they have the highest flowability.
68
11
10
8
J Ring (mm)
2
Mix designation
Figure (4-8) J Ring results for all LWSCC mix.
4-2-6 L Box
This test is used to assess passing ability and segregation which it can be
estimated visually. Results of L Box which is included in table (4-1) shows that
all results are within the acceptance criteria of EFNARC 2002. High H2/H1
depends on viscosity and flowability of LWSCC, so lower H2/H1 value means
lower passing ability. With approaching this value from 1, higher passing ability
can be obtained. Figure (4-9) shows that using of (HRA) reduced H2/H1 values,
the lowest H2/H1 was 0.8 noticed with using 15% of (HRA) replacement
percentage by weight of cement, because it had the lowest flowability and the
highest viscosity. The values of H2/H1 for mixes containing (FA) recorded the
highest value when they were compared with mixes containing (HRM) and
(HRA), because they had the highest flowability due to the spherical shape of
(FA) particles.
69
0.95
L Box H2/H1
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
Mix designation
Figure (4-9) L Box H2/H1 results for all LWSCC mix.
4-2-7 Fresh Density
It is a function of LWSCC ingredient weight, air content, specific density

and moisture content in lightweight aggregate voids.
Table (4-1) and figure (4-10) show fresh density results for all LWSCC
mixes. The results show that fresh density reduced when mineral admixtures are
used, and reduction value depends on type, density (specific gravity) and
replacement percentage by cement weight for mineral admixtures. Lower fresh
density value was noticed with mixes content (HRA), because (HRA) has lower
density, so when was replaced with cement by the same weight that led to
increase mixes volume, while its weight remained constant. Lower fresh density
is noticed with (mix 6) which it contained 15% (HRA) because of the highest
increment in paste volume.
70
2120
Fresh Density (Kg/m³)
2100
2080
2060
2040
2020
2000
1980
Mix designation
Figure (4-10) Fresh density results for all LWSCC mix.
4-3 Hardened Properties of LWSCC
4-3-1 Equivalent Compressive Strength of Cylinder
Compressive strength of LWSCC in this study depended on BS1881:part

116 (1989) which is stipulated using of cubic specimen, while the acceptance
limits of SLWC in ASTM C330-04 stipulated using of cylinder (150*300 ) mm
according to ASTM C 39 to measure compressive strength , so it is very
important to convert strength of cube to equivalent strength of cylinder.
(Khayat and Schutter 2014) suggested by depending on studying the

results of many researches about SCC that conversion factor of cubic specimen
compressive strength to equivalent compressive strength of cylinder to be 0.9
with standard deviation of 0.07. This factor is higher than that of normal
vibrated concrete. Khayat and Schutter attributed that to denser microstructure
of SCC, improved aggregate bonding which it leads to distribute stress
uniformly during compression and lower aggregate content in SCC with
compared to normal concrete leads to make wall effect less significant in SCC.
71
Depending on that the conversion factor for multi shapes and sizes specimen
will be (AL Khayat and Schutter 2014):
Where: fccyl,eq and fccub are strength of equivalent cylinder and strength of cube
respectively.
Tables (4-2) and (4-3) show the compressive strength results for cubic and
equivalent cylinder specimen respectively.
Tables (4-2) LWSCC Compressive Strength Results for Cubic Specimens
Compressive strength (MPa)

Mix
designation 7 days 28 days 56 days 90 days
Ref.mix 37.8 45.9 51.1 52.8
Mix2 39.1 46.7 52.9 53.8
Mix3 40.8 48.7 54.5 55.2
Mix4 41.6 51.5 56.8 59.3
Mix5 40.9 51.1 55.2 57.8
Mix6 36.6 45.2 50.1 52.4
Mix7 37.1 46.2 51.8 53.6
Mix8 36.9 44.8 53.9 54.8
Mix9 35.4 43.1 52.6 55.9
Mix10 41.8 51.3 55.1 58.7
Mix11 43.5 54.0 58.2 61.2
Mix12 39.1 46.9 52.4 56.8
72
Tables (4-3) LWSCC Compressive Strength Results for Equivalent

Cylinder Specimens

Mix
Ref. mix 34.0 41.3 46.0 47.5
Mix2 35.2 42.0 47.6 48.4
Mix3 36.7 43.8 49.0 49.7
Mix4 37.4 46.3 51.1 53.4
Mix5 36.8 46.0 49.7 52.0
Mix6 32.9 40.7 45.1 47.2
Mix7 33.4 41.6 46.6 48.2
Mix8 33.2 40.3 48.5 49.3
Mix9 31.8 38.8 47.3 50.3
Mix10 37.6 46.2 49.6 52.8
Mix11 39.1 48.6 52.4 55.0
Mix12 35.2 42.2 47.2 51.1
4-3-2 Compressive Strength
Compressive strength of LWC is important to forecast the specified

properties of concrete mixes. The compressive strength results for all mixes are
included in Table (4-3) which it showed clearly that the results of all mixes at
28 days are within acceptance limits of ASTM C330-04, which is specified the
minimum compressive strength for sand/lightweight aggregate with calculated
equilibrium density of 1840 kg/m³ to be not less than 28 MPa at 28 days.
The effect of mineral admixtures on concrete strength depends on the

properties of mineral admixtures and concrete characteristics. Mineral
admixtures have two effects on concrete strength, the first is chemical
(pozzolanic), when they interact with Ca(OH)2 which it resulting from cement
73
hydration process and convert it to CSH ,this pozzolanic reaction leads to

reduction capillary voids in cement matrix and micro-cracks in ITZ. The second
effect is physical in term of packing of cement particles.
Figure (4-11) shows the compressive strength results of LWSCC

containing (HRA) mix2 to mix6. It is clearly to conclude that the compressive
strength increases with using (HRA) as a partial replacement percentage by
weight of cement for all mixes relative to Ref mix except mix 6 which it
contains 15% (HRA), whereas the compressive strength becomes lower than
Ref. mix, the reason beyond that is a clinker dilution effect, which is resulting
from replacement a part of cement by the comparable quantity of mineral
admixture. Dilution effect reacts contrary with physical and chemical effects of
mineral admixtures (Parande et al. 2008), (Ding et al. 1999). The results show
that (HRA) improved strength at all ages due to its high pozzolanic reactivity,
and this agrees with (Caldarone, et al. 1994) who reported that using of high
chemical activity calcined pozzolana can increase early age strengths, even
when used as a replacement for cement, either by an equal volume or by mass.
55 Ref.mix
52.5 5%(HRA)
50 7.5%(HRA)
47.5 10%(HRA)
45 12.5%(HRA)
15%(HRA)
42.5
40
37.5
35
32.5
30
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
Age (days)
Figure (4-11) Compressive strength results for LWSCC mixes with (HRA)
74
Figure (4-11) shows also that the highest increment in compressive

strength is obtained when the replacement percentage of (HRA) was 10% by
weight of cement. The percentages of increment were (10.0%, 12.1%, 11.1%
and 12.4%) for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days respectively.
Figure (4-12) illustrate the results of LWSCC containing (FA), and it

shows that the early strength for mix7 to mix9 which are contained 5%, 10%
and 15% of (FA) as a partial replacement by cement is reduced relative to
Ref.mix, and the rate of reduction increases with (FA) content increasing, and
the age by which the strength of these mixes neutralizes the strength of Ref.mix
(cement only) is higher at higher (FA) content. (Caldarone 2009) attributed the
reduction in compressive strength at early age to lower CaO content for class F
(FA),which it was 0.98% for (FA) used in this study.
5%(FA)
52.5
10%(FA)
50
47.5 15%(FA)
45 Ref.mix
42.5
40
37.5
35
32.5
30
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
Age (days)
Figure (4-12) Compressive strength results for LWSCC mixes with (FA)
75
Figure (4-12) shows that at late ages (beyond 28 days) the compressive
strength increases when (FA) content increases, and with highest (FA) content
the highest long term strength can be obtained due to slow pozzolanic reactivity
which it begins after cement hydration. According to (Lane and Best 1982) the
pozzolanic reaction of (FA) can take one year to increase compressive strength
50% with compared to 30% for concrete without (FA).Same conclusions were
reached by (Fathi 2013), (Liu 2009), (Lal and Kumar 2015), (Thomas 2007)
and (Skazlic and Vujica 2012).
Figure (4-13) shows the results of LWSCC containing (HRM) .The results
show that using of (HRM) as partial replacement by weight of cement leads to
increase compressive strength at all ages due to good particle packing of cement
and the pozzolanic reaction with Ca(OH)2 which it assists to refine the capillary
porosity of binder and reduces microcracks in ITZ causing mechanical
properties improvement especially at early age ( Jin and Li 2003).
5%(HRM)
57.5
55 10%(HRM)
Compressive Strength (MPa)
52.5
15%(HRM)
50
47.5 Ref.mix
45
42.5
40
37.5
35
32.5
30
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
Age (days)
Figure (4-13) Compressive strength results for LWSCC mixes with (HRM)
76
Figure (4-13) shows also that the highest compressive strength values were
obtained with 10% of (HRM) (mix11). The percentages of increment relative to
Ref.mix were (15.0%, 17.6%, 13.9% and 15.7%) for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days
respectively. This results agree with the conclusions reached by (Dinkar et al.
2013), (Azhar and Al Quraishi 2013),(Khaleel and Abdul Razaq 2014) and
(Mehetr et al. 2014).
Figures (4-14) to (4-16) show the compressive strength results of LWSCC

mixes with different replacement percentages of (HRA), (FA) and (HRM). The
figures show that mixes containing (HRA) have higher early and late
compressive strength than mixes containing (FA) due to higher pozzolanic
reactivity of (HRA) which it depends on the summation of SiO2, Al2O3 and
Fe2O3 and the amount of amorphous materials. Amorphous materials react with
Ca(OH)2 more rapidly than crystalline materials (ACI 232.1R-00). (FA)
pozzolanic reactivity does not depend on the summation of SiO2, Al2O3 and
Fe2O3 and when they calculate according to ASTM C 618-05, the purpose is to
ensure quality only, because the sources of SiO2, Al2O3 are Quartiz and Mullite
respectively, while for Fe2O3 is Ferrite and Himatite. All these components are
crystalline with low chemical reactivity, so (FA) pozzolanic reactivity depends
on high calcium and alkalis content (ACI 232.2R- 96). Low CaO content
(0.96%) and alkalis content expressed as Na2O equivalent (%Na2O+ o.658%
K2O) (3.317%) for (FA class F) used in this study leads to reduce compressive
strength relative to (HRA) especially at early age.
When LWSCC mixes with (HRA) compared with those contain (HRM),
it is clearly to say that mixes with (HRM) have higher compressive strength
than those with (HRA), because the summation of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 for
(HRM) is 92.57 % while it was 80.5% for (HRA).
77
55 5% (HRA)
52.5
5%(FA)
50
47.5 5%(HRM)
45 Ref.mix
42.5
40
37.5
35
32.5
30
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
Age (days)
Figure (4-14) Compressive strength results for LWSCC mixes with 5%

mineral admixtures
57.5 10%(HRA)
55
10%(FA)
52.5
10%(HRM)
50
47.5 Ref.mix
45
42.5
40
37.5
35
32.5
30
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
mineral admixtures
78
52.5 Ref.mix
Compressive strength (MPa) 50
15%(HRA)
47.5
15%(FA)
45
15%(HRM)
42.5
40
37.5
35
32.5
30
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
Age (days)
mineral admixtures
4-3-3 Splitting Tensile Strength
This test is carried out to estimate tensile strength of concrete because

direct tensile strength is not ease to carry out. Generally, tensile strength is
effected by same factors which it effects on compressive strength, but tensile
strength of concrete is much lower than compressive strength, because
microcracks which they already exist in ITZ need much lower energy to be
continuous and rapidly propagate and join with cement matrix voids. The reason
of ITZ weakness is the presence of Ca(OH)2 which it has oriented structure with
lower surface area (Mehta and Montero 2006).
Table (4-4) shows the results of splitting tensile strength for all LWSCC
mixes, and it shows that all results are within the acceptance limits of ASTM
C330-04, which it stipulated for LWC with calculated equilibrium density of
1840 kg/m³ the splitting tensile strength to be not less than 2.3 MPa at 28 days.
79
Table (4-4) shows also that the using of mineral admixtures in LWSCC has a
significant effect on splitting tensile strength because of the high tendency of
mineral admixtures to consume high Ca(OH)2 from ITZ and convert it to CSH ,
in addition to physical effects of them in term of packing of particles. Due to
their lower density relative to Portland cement, mineral admixtures can increase
paste volume when they are partially replaced by cement weight, consequently
the viscosity of paste will increase. This increment in paste viscosity causes
reduction in ITZ porosity due to the reduction in bleeding water entrapped
beneath coarse aggregate.
Table (4-4) shows also that the effects of mineral admixtures on splitting
tensile strength depends on their type, replacement percentage of them by
cement weight and the age by which LWSCC was tested.
Tables (4-4) Splitting Tensile Strength Results of LWSCC
Splitting Tensile strength (MPa)

Mix
Ref.mix 2.5 3.3 3.6 3.7
Mix2 2.5 3.5 3.7 3.8
Mix3 2.6 3.6 3.8 3.9
Mix4 2.8 3.9 4.2 4.3
Mix5 2.6 3.6 3.9 4
Mix6 2.1 3.15 3.3 3.5
Mix7 2.5 3.3 3.6 3.8
Mix8 2.4 3.2 3.7 3.9
Mix9 2.3 3.2 3.6 4.1
Mix10 2.8 3.8 4.1 4.2
Mix11 2.9 4.1 4.4 4.5
Mix12 2.65 3.6 3.9 4.2
80
Figure (4-17) shows the results of LWSCC mixes containing (HRA) as a

partially replacement by cement weight, and it shows that the (mix2) to (mix5)
which they contained 5% to 12.5% (HRA) had higher early and late age
splitting tensile strength relative to (Ref.mix) because of its high pozzolanic
reactivity and good particles packing
Ref.mix
4.3
4.1 5%(HRA)
Splitting tensile strength (MPa)
3.9
3.7 7.5%(HRA)
3.5
10%(HRA)
3.3
3.1 12.5%(HRA)
2.9
2.7 15%(HRA)
2.5
2.3
2.1
1.9
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
Age (days)
Figure(4-17) Splitting tensile strength results for LWSCC mixes with (HRA)
Figure (4-17) shows also that (mix 4) which it contained 10% (HRA) had
the highest increment in splitting tensile strength relative to (Ref.mix) and the
percentages of increment were (12.0%, 18.2%, 16.6% and 16.2%) at 7, 28, 56
and 90 days relative to (Ref.mix) respectively, while (mix 6) shows lower
splitting tensile strength than (Ref.mix) due to a clinker dilution effect.
Figure (4-18) includes the results of LWSCC mixes containing (FA) as a

partially replacement by cement weight, as in compressive strength using of
(FA) leads to reduce early age splitting tensile strength, and the percentage of
reduction is proportioned directly with (FA) content .At later age the splitting
tensile strength is increased by using (FA) due to slow pozzolanic reactivity
which it improves the splitting tensile strength at later age, and the highest (FA)
81
content leads to obtain the highest splitting tensile strength for the same reasons
mentioned in section 4-3-2
5%(FA)
4.1 10%(FA)
3.9
15%(FA)
3.7
Ref.mix
3.5
3.3
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.5
2.3
2.1
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
Figure (4-18) Splitting tensile strength results for LWSCC mixes with (FA)
Figure (4-19) includes the results of LWSCC mixes containing (HRM) as a

partially replacement by cement weight, and it shows that using of (HRM) as a
partially replacement by cement weight leads to increase both early and late
splitting tensile strength due to its high pozzolanic reactivity, and ultimate
increment is noticed with 10% replacement by weight of cement, the increments
were (16.0%, 24.2%, 22.2% and 21.6%) for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days respectively.
Figure (4-20) to (4-22) illustrate comparison of splitting tensile strength

when LWSCC contains (HRA), (FA) and (HRM) at same replacement
percentage, and they show that (HRA) and (HRM) were improved early and late
splitting tensile strength due to high pozzolanic reactivity of them, and ultimate
increment was noticed at 10% replacement percentage for both of them, but the
rate of increment for (HRM) is higher than that for (HRA) due to its higher
pozzolanic reactivity for the reasons mentioned in section 4-3-2.
82
4.6 Ref.mix
4.4
4.2 5%(HRM)
4
3.8 10%(HRM)
3.6
3.4 15%(HRM)
3.2
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
Figure (4-19) Splitting tensile strength results for LWSCC mixes with (HRM)
At 15% replacement, (HRA) showed a reduction in splitting strength
relative to Ref mix because of clinker dilution effect, at same replacement
percentage (HRM) showed a reduction in splitting strength but relative to 10%
replacement ,while it still higher than (Ref mix). LWSCC mixes which they
contained (FA) as a partially replacement by cement weight show low early age
splitting strength but they show some increment at late age relative to Ref mix,
and higher increment was noticed at 15% replacement by weight of cement, but
anyway this increment is lower than the increment when (HRA) and (HRM) are
used, because (FA) has the lowest pozzolanic reactivity except mixes containing
15% (HRA) which it showed significant reduction in splitting tensile strength.
83
4.4 Ref.mix
4.2
Splitting tensile strength (MPa) 5%(HRA)
4
3.8 5%(FA)
3.6
5%(HRM)
3.4
3.2
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
Figure (4-20) Splitting tensile strength results for LWSCC mixes with 5%
mineral admixtures
4.6
Ref.mix
4.4
4.2
10%(HRA)
4
3.8 10%(FA)
3.6
3.4 10%(HRM)
3.2
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
mineral admixtures
84
4.4 Ref.mix
Splitting tensil strength (MPa) 4.2
4 15%(HRA)
3.8
15%(FA)
3.6
3.4
15%(HRM)
3.2
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98
mineral admixtures
4-3-4 Unit Weight
Equilibrium density sometimes referred to as air dry density is used to

specify and design of structural LWC. According to ASTM C 567-05
equilibrium density is defined as LWC density after it exposure to relative
humidity of 50 ± 5 % at temperature of 23 ± 2 oC for sufficient time to obtain
lower weight loss, because of long time to measure it, ASTM C 567 -05
suggested a method to calculate approximate equilibrium density by using oven
dry density. ACI 213R-03 limits equilibrium density between 1680 to 1920
kg/m3 for most lightweight concrete. LWC density decreases when it dries until
it reach to equilibrium with its ambient, and can be approached it at about 90
days air drying for most members and ambient condition, but it takes about 180
days for high strength LWC (ASTM C 567-05). In situ condition, the reduction
in density depends on aggregate content of moisture, environment condition and
the ratio of surface area to the volume of member.
85
Table (4-5) includes the results of LWSCC mixes densities, and it shows
that all results are within the requirement of ASTM C 330-04 and ACI 213-03.
Table (4-5) Oven Dry, Calculated and (Air Dry) Equilibrium Densities
Results of LWSCC
Oven Calculated Equilibrium

Mix Dry Density Equilibrium (Air Dry) Density
designation at 24 hour Density at 90 days
(kg/m³) (kg/m³) (kg/m³)
Ref.mix 1785 1835 1870

Mix2 1779 1829 1874
Mix3 1773 1823 1879
Mix4 1769 1819 1888
Mix5 1754 1804 1885
Mix6 1738 1788 1868
Mix7 1783 1833 1873
Mix8 1780 1830 1876
Mix9 1778 1828 1880
Mix10 1783 1833 1886
Mix11 1782 1832 1889
Mix12 1780 1830 1883
Figure (4-23) shows for oven dry density that the density reduces with
using mineral admixtures and this reduction was proportioned directly with their
content, because the test carried out at 24 hours (directly after demolded)
according to ASTM C 567 -05, and at this time no significant cement
hydration is occurred, so the oven dry density of LWSCC depended on the
density of its ingredients, when all mineral admixtures used in this research
have a lower density than cement ,so the reduction increases with increasing of
replacement percentage of mineral admixtures by weight of cement. Mixes
containing (HRA) showed the lowest oven dry density because (HRA) has a
86
lower density (specific gravity) than both (FA) and (HRM). The lowest oven
dry density was noticed when cement was replaced with 15% (HRA) (mix 6).
1790
1780
Oven Dry Density (kg/m³)
1770
1760
1750
1740
1730
1720
1710
Mix designation
Figure (4-23) Oven dry density results for LWSCC mixes
On the contrary, Figure (4-25) showed an increment in the equilibrium (air

dry) density when mineral admixtures were used and the increment depended
on the replacement percentage which it gave the best pozzolanic reactivity with
Ca(OH)2 resulting from cement hydration, because the pozzolanic reaction leads
to an increase in cement gel (the cementation compounds), it also leads to
condensation of transition zone and the concrete matrix through the processes of
pore-size and grain-size refinement (Mehta and Montero 2006). The highest
increment in equilibrium (air dry) density is noticed when cement was replaced
by (HRM) because of the highest pozzolanic activity of (HRM) when is
compared with (FA) and (HRA), so it consumed more Ca(OH)2 to produce more
cement gel ,thereby the voids between discrete cement and ITZ microcracks
were reduced and this reflected positively on density.
87
1840
Calculated equilibrium density (kg/m³)
1830
1820
1810
1800
1790
1780
1770
1760
Mix designation
Figure (4-24) Calculated equilibrium density results for LWSCC mixes

Equilibrium (air dry) density (kg/m³)
1890
1885
1880
1875
1870
1865
1860
1855
1850
1845
1840
Mix designation
Figure (4-25) Equilibrium (air dry) density results for LWSCC mixes
88
4-3-5 Water Absorption
Table (4-6) included the results of water absorption for all LWSCC
mixes. Figure (4-26) shows clearly that mixes with using mineral admixtures
have lower absorption than Ref. mix and the absorption reduces with increasing
curing time. The reduction in water absorption when using mineral admixtures
can be attributed to filler effect by refine the pore structure of concrete and
pozzolanic effect when they react with Ca(OH)2 to produce additional cement
gel which it can fill the space between discrete cement particls and reduces ITZ
porosity by reducing microcracks.
Table (4-6) Water Absorption of LWSCC at 28 and 90 days
Absorption (%) Absorption (%)

Mix designation at 28 days at 90 days
Ref.mix 17.4 15.7
Mix2 16.1 14.6
Mix3 15.2 13.9
Mix4 13.7 11.9
Mix5 14.25 12.75
Mix6 15.5 13.8
Mix7 15.7 14.2
Mix8 16.8 13.1
Mix9 17.1 12.25
Mix10 14.4 12.8
Mix11 13.3 11.1
Mix12 13.9 12.2
Figure (4-26) shows also that mixes containing (HRA) and (HRM) have a
lower absorption at 28 days than (FA) and Ref. mix due to combination both
filler effect and pozzolanic effect, while (FA) needs longer time to consume
Ca(OH)2 because of its slower pozzolanic activity and the reduction in
89
absorption relative to Ref. mix can be attributed to filler effect. Mixes

containing (HRM) show the lowest absorption due to its highest pozzolanic
activity. Although mix 6 which it contained 15% (HRA) as a partially
replacement by cement weight has lower activity to react with Ca(OH)2 because
of clinker dilution effect but it also showed a lower absorption relative to Ref.
mix due to its filler effect. At 90 days absorption, results showed that no
significant reduction in absorption relative to absorption at 28 days for mixes
containing (HRA) and (HRM) because pozzolanic reaction consumed most of
Ca(OH)2 content at earlier age, but mixes containing (FA) showed higher
reduction in absorption at 90 days relative to 28 days absorption, because of
slow pozzolanic reactivity of (FA), which it is more active at later ages.
18
Absorption(%) 28 days
17
Absorption(%)90 days
16
15
Absorption (%)
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
Mix designation
Figure (4-26) Water absorption for LWSCC mixes at 28 and 90 days
90
4-3-6 Static Modulus of Elasticity
Table (4-7) includes the results of modulus of elasticity for all LWSCC.
Figure (4-27) shows that using mineral admixtures have a significant effect on
modulus of elasticity because of their tendency to enhance elastic modulus of
the cement paste matrix by reducing its porosity and reducing capillary voids,
microcracks, and oriented calcium hydroxide crystals in ITZ (Mehta and
Montero 2006).
Table (4-7) Modulus of Elasticity of LWSCC at 28 and 90 days
Mix Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Elasticity

designation at 28 days (GPa) at 90 days (GPa)
Ref.mix 17.8 19.2
Mix2 18.4 19.7
Mix3 18.8 20.0
Mix4 19.5 20.9
Mix5 19.3 20.5
Mix6 17.7 18.9
Mix7 18.3 19.7
Mix8 17.7 20.0
Mix9 17.4 20.3
Mix10 19.5 20.8
Mix11 20.0 21.3
Mix12 18.3 19.5
For mixes containing (HRA) the result shows increasing in elastic

modulus relative to Ref.mix for replacement percentages of (5%, 7.5%, 10%
and 12.5%) at 28 and 90 days, while mix 6 which it contained 15% (HRA)
shows a reduction in elastic modulus due to clinker dilution effect. The
percentages of increment were (3.3%, 5.6%, 9.5% and 8.4%) at 28 days and
(2.6%, 4.1%, 8.8% and 6.7%) at 90 days relative to Ref. mix for (5%, 7.5%,
10% and 12.5%) replacement percentages of (HRA) by weight of cement
respectively.
91
The results also show that using of (FA) as a partially replacement from
cement weight leads to some reduction in elastic modulus for (10% and15%)
replacement percentages at 28 days, while some increasing is noticed for 5%
relative to Ref. mix. more significant increasing in elastic modulus is showed at
90 days because of the slow nature for (FA) pozzolanic activity, which it gives
more activity at later ages. The percentages of increment were (2.6%, 4.1% and
5.7%) relative to Ref. mix for 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively.
28 days
22
90 days
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)
20
18
16
14
12
Mix designation
Figure (4-27) Modulus of elasticity for all LWSCC mixes at 28 and 90 days
On contrary to (FA), mixes containing (HRM) showed increment in elastic

modulus relative to Ref. mix at both 28 and 90 days and the percentges of this
increment at 28 days were (9.5%, 12.3% and 2.8%), but they were (8.3%,
10.9% and 1.5%) at 90 days for 5%, 10% and 15% replacement percentage
respectively. The increment in elastic modulus for mixes containing (HRM)
seems to be the highest when is compared with both (FA) and (HRA) due to the
highest pozzolanic reactivity of it. Generally, the rate of increment in elastic
modulus when mineral admixtures were used is lower than that for compressive
92
strength and splitting tensile strength because content and elastic modulus of
aggregate are more effective factors on elastic modulus than both cement paste
matrix and ITZ strength.
4-3-7 Relationship between Compressive Strength and Splitting

Tensile Strength
Figure (4-28) demonstrates the splitting tensile-compressive strength for
all LWSCC. Microsoft Excel has been used to estimate the relationship between
the compressive and splitting tensile strengths. The value of coefficient of
regression (R2) for figure (4-28) is (0.952) and this indicates that the relation
between the compressive and splitting tensile strengths is positive. When the
splitting tensile strengths increases the compressive strength also increases
because the relationship between compressive strength and tensile strength is
influenced with same factors which they influence the properties of both the
cement matrix and the ITZ in concrete. Using of mineral admixtures is more
effective in increasing the splitting tensile strength of concrete than compressive
strength because it more related to reduce porosity and microcracks of ITZ than
compressive strength (Mehta and Montero 2006).
5
Splitting Tensile Strength (MPa)
4.5
R² = 0.952
4
3.5
2.5
1.5
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Figure (4-28) Relationship between compressive strength and splitting
tensile strength of LWSCC mixes.
93
4-3-8 Relationship between Compressive Strength and Air Dry

Density at 90 Days
Figure (4-29) shows the air dry density -compressive strength at 90 days
for all LWSCC. By using Microsoft Excel, the relationship between the
compressive and air dry density at 90 days has been estimated. The value of
coefficient of regression (R2) for figure (4-29) is (0.962) and this indicates that
the relation between the density and the compressive strength is positive, and
there is strong correlation between them because the factors which they have
effect on strength are the same those factors controlling the density of the
cement paste matrix and ITZ, such as water-cement ratio, air content, mineral
admixtures (pozzolanic reactivity), and cement hydration degree.
1895
R² = 0.9621
Equilibrium (air dry) density (kg/m³)
1890
1885
1880
1875
1870
1865
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Compressive srength (MPa)
Figure (4-29) Relationship between compressive strength and air dry

density of LWSCC mixes at 90 days
94
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Chapter Five Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter Five
Conclusions and Recommendations
5-1 Conclusions
Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1- It is possible to produce lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) by
using locally available Attapulgite as artificial coarse lightweight aggregate and
mineral admixtures (HRA, HRM, and FA) within the acceptance criteria of
EFNARC 2002 for SCC workability and within the requirements of ASTM C
330-04 for structural LWAC.
2- Using of (HRA) and (HRM) in LWSCC production increased the (SP)

dosage relative to (Ref. mix) to get a same slump flow target value, and the (SP)
dosage was increased directly with the increment of replacement percentage by
weight of cement due to lower density and plate- like particles of them, but the
rate of increments for mixes containing (HRA) was higher due to its lower
density with compared to (HRM), while (FA) with spherical particles reduced
the (SP) dosage relative to (Ref. mix) directly with replacement percentage
increment due to reduce inter-particles friction.
3-Using of mineral admixtures increased T500, J ring, V funnel time and

segregation resistance, but reduced H2/H1 ratio of L box.
4- Fresh density reduced when mineral admixtures were used, and reduction
value depends on type, density (specific gravity) and replacement percentage by
cement weight for mineral admixtures. The percentages of reduction were
(1.1%, 2.3% and 3.39%), (1.1%, 1.4% and 1.6%) and (0.81%, 1.14% and
1.28%) for mixes contained 5%, 10% and 15% of (HRA), (FA) and (HRM)
respectively.
5- Using of (HRA) as a replacement percentage by weight of cement of 5%,

7.5%, 10% and 12.5% increased compressive strength , splitting tensile strength
59
and static modulus of elasticity at all ages. The optimum content for (HRA)
used in this study was 10 %, the percentages of increment in compressive
strength and splitting tensile strength when cement was replaced with 10%
(HRA) relative to (Ref.mix) were (10.0%, 12.1%, 11.1% and 12.4%) and
( 12.0%, 18.2%, 16.6% and 16.2%) for 7, 28, 56 and 90 days respectively, while
the increments in static modulus of elasticity were (9.5% and 8.8%) at 28 and
90 days respectively.
6- Using of (FA) reduced early age strength, the percentages of reduction and
the time was taken to neutralize strength of Ref. mix proportioned directly with
(FA) content, but long term strength increased with (FA) content increasing, the
percentages of increment at 90 days were (1.5%, 3.8% and 5.9%), (2.7%, 5.4%
and 10.8%) and (2.6%, 4.1% and 5.7%)for compressive strength, splitting
tensile strength and static modulus of elasticity for 5%, 10% and 15% (FA)
content respectively.
7- LWSCC mix contained 10% (HRM) showed a better hardened properties

than both (HRA) and (FA) LWSCC mixes, and the percentages of increment
when cement was replaced with 10 % (HRM) relative to (Ref.mix) were
(15.0%, 17.6%, 13.9% and 15.7%) and (16.0%, 24.2%, 22.2% and 21.6%) at 7,
28, 56, and 90 days for compressive strength and splitting tensile strength
respectively, while the increments in static modulus of elasticity were (12.3%
and 10.9%) at 28 and 90 days relative to (Ref.mix) respectively.
8- The values of the calculated equilibrium density ranged between (1788 and
1829) kg/m3, (1828 and 1833) kg/m3 and (1830 and 1833) kg/m3 for mixes
contained (HRA), (FA) and (HRM) respectively.
9- The values of the equilibrium (air dry) density ranged between (1868 and
1888) kg/m3, (1873 and 1880) kg/m3 and (1883 and 1889) kg/m3 for mixes
contained (HRA), (FA) and (HRM) respectively.
59
10- Using mineral admixture reduced absorption of LWSCC relative to (Ref.

mix). The highest reduction in absorption relative to (Ref.mix) was noticed
when cement was replaced with 10% (HRM), and it was 4.1% at 28 days, while
it was 3.7% and 0.6% for the same replacement percentage of (HRA) and (FA)
respectively at 28 days relative to (Ref.mix) .
11- At 90 days absorption, the results showed that no significant reduction in

absorption relative to absorption at 28 days for mixes contained (HRA) and
(HRM). The reductions in absorption at 90 days relative to 28 days absorption
were (1.6%, 2.2% and 1.7%) and (1.5%, 1.8% and 1.7%) for (HRM) and (HRA)
with 5%, 10% and 15% replacement percentage respectively, but mixes
contained (FA) showed higher reduction in absorption at 90 days relative to 28
days absorption, and the reductions in absorption at 90 days absorption were
(1.5%, 3.7% and 4.85%) relative to 28 days absorption for 5%, 10% and 15%
of (FA) respectively
5-2 Recommendations for Future Work

The following points are suggested for futuristic study:
1- Using of other types of mineral admixtures in production of LWSCC such as
silica fume and rice husk ash.
2- Investigating the effect of using ternary system (cement with two different
types of mineral admixtures) or quaternary system (cement with three different
types of mineral admixtures) on fresh and hardened properties of LWSCC.
3- Using of lightweight Attapulgite sand and lightweight Attapulgite coarse
aggregate (all lightweight) to investigate the effects of replacing normal sand
with lightweight sand on fresh and hardened properties of LWSCC.
4- An investigation is required to study the durability of LWSCC such as
shrinkage, Fire resistance and the corrosion resisting of steel reinforcement.
5- Studying the effect of using fibers on fresh and hardened properties of LWSCC
59
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‫للتسيفففي‬ ‫ الجهفففةمالمر‬،" ‫ "السممم ال التالندي مممذ‬،4891 ‫ لسففف ل‬5 ‫المىاصفففال السية فففيل ال راميفففل مففف‬
.‫ بغداد‬، ‫والسيطرة ال ىعيل‬
"‫ "نكام ال صادن الطتيعية ال ستع ل في الخرسا ة والتااء‬،4891‫ لس ل‬15 ‫المىاصال السية يل ال راميل م‬
.‫ بغداد‬,‫للتسيي والسيطرة ال ىعيل‬ ‫الجهةم المر‬
106
‫انخالصح‬
‫انخشساَح خف‪ٛ‬فح انٕصٌ راذ‪ٛ‬ح انشص ْ‪َٕ ٙ‬ع يٍ انخشساَح طٕسخ تدًغ انخٕاص انًشغٕتح‬
‫نهخشساَح راذ‪ٛ‬ح انشص ٔانخشساَح خف‪ٛ‬فح انٕصٌ‪ .‬كاَد االْذاف انشئ‪ٛ‬س‪ٛ‬ح نٓزِ انذساسح ْ‪ ٙ‬انرحش٘ ػٍ‬
‫ايكاَ‪ٛ‬ح اَراج خشساَح خف‪ٛ‬فح انٕصٌ راذ‪ٛ‬ح انشص تاسرخذاو سكاو خشٍ صُاػ‪ ٙ‬خف‪ٛ‬ف انٕصٌ صُغ تٕاسطح‬
‫حشق أط‪ٛ‬اٌ االذاتهكا‪ٚ‬د انًرٕفشج يحه‪ٛ‬ا‪ ,‬ذمذ‪ٚ‬ش انًحرٕٖ االيثم نالذاتهكا‪ٚ‬د ػان‪ ٙ‬انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح ٔ دساسح ذاث‪ٛ‬شاذّ‬
‫ػهٗ انخٕاص انطش‪ٚ‬ح ٔانًرصهثح نهخشساَح خف‪ٛ‬فح انٕصٌ راذ‪ٛ‬ح انشص ػُذ اسرخذايّ كاسرثذال خضئ‪ ٙ‬يٍ‬
‫ٔصٌ انسًُد‪ ,‬تاالضافح انٗ يماسَح ذأث‪ٛ‬ش انشياد انًرطا‪ٚ‬ش ٔانً‪ٛ‬راكاؤن‪ ٍٛ‬ػان‪ ٙ‬انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح يغ ذأث‪ٛ‬ش االذاتهكا‪ٚ‬د‬
‫ػان‪ ٙ‬انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح ػهٗ انخٕاص انطش‪ٚ‬ح ٔانًرصهثح نهخشساَح خف‪ٛ‬فح انٕصٌ راذ‪ٛ‬ح انشص ػٍ اسرخذاو ‪,%5‬‬
‫‪ %15ٔ %10‬نكم يُٓى كُسة أسرثذال خضئ‪ ٙ‬يٍ ٔصٌ انسًُد‪.‬‬
‫لسى انؼًم انًخرثش٘ انٗ خضئ‪ ,ٍٛ‬أخش‪ٚ‬د ف‪ ٙ‬اندضء االٔل فحٕصاخ لاته‪ٛ‬ح انشص انزاذ‪ ٙ‬انًرضًُح‬
‫ْطٕل االَس‪ٛ‬اب‪ T500 ,‬يهى‪ ,‬صيٍ لًغ ‪ ,V‬صيٍ لًغ ‪ V‬تؼذ ‪ 5‬دلائك‪ ,‬طٕق ‪ٔ J‬صُذٔق ‪ L‬ػهٗ ‪12‬‬
‫خهطح خشساَ‪ٛ‬ح‪ .‬ت‪ًُٛ‬ا أخش‪ٚ‬د ف‪ ٙ‬اندضء انثاَ‪ ٙ‬فحٕصاخ يمأيح االَضغاط‪ ,‬يمأيح انشذ االَفالل‪,ٙ‬‬
‫انكثافح اندافح تانفشٌ‪ٔ ,‬انكثافح اندافح تانٕٓاء تؼذ ‪ٕٚ 90‬و‪ ,‬يؼايم انًشَٔح االسراذ‪ٛ‬ك‪ٔ ٙ‬االيرصاص ػهٗ‬
‫انخشساَح خف‪ٛ‬فح انٕصٌ راذ‪ٛ‬ح انشص انًرصهثح‪.‬‬
‫أظٓشخ انُرائح ايكاَ‪ٛ‬ح اَراج انخشساَح خف‪ٛ‬فح انٕصٌ راذ‪ٛ‬ح انشص ضًٍ يؼا‪ٛٚ‬ش لثٕل ‪EFNARC‬‬
‫‪ 2002‬نماته‪ٛ‬ح انرشغ‪ٛ‬م نهخشساَح راذ‪ٛ‬ح انشص ٔيرطهثاخ ‪ ASTM C 330-04‬نخشساَح انشكاو خف‪ٛ‬ف‬
‫انٕصٌ االَشائ‪ٛ‬ح‪.‬‬
‫كاٌ انًحرٕٖ االيثم نالذاتهكا‪ٚ‬د ػان‪ ٙ‬انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح انًرحشٖ ػُّ ف‪ْ ٙ‬زِ انذساسح ْٕ ‪ , %10‬كاَد َسة‬
‫انض‪ٚ‬ادج ف‪ ٙ‬يمأيح االَضغاط ٔيمأيح انشذ االَفالل‪ ٙ‬تأسرخذاو ‪ %10‬يٍ االذاتهكا‪ٚ‬د ػان‪ ٙ‬انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح َسثح‬
‫انٗ انخهطح انًشخؼ‪ٛ‬ح (‪ٔ %16.34 ,%17.46 ,%12.0 ( ٔ )%12.4 ٔ %11.1 ,%12.1 ,%10‬‬
‫‪ )%14.66‬تؼًش‪ٕٚ 90 ٔ 56 ,28,7‬و ػهٗ انرٕان‪ ,ٙ‬ت‪ًُٛ‬ا كاَد َسة انض‪ٚ‬ادج ف‪ ٙ‬يؼايم انًشَٔح‬
‫االسراذ‪ٛ‬ك‪ )%4.1 ٔ %9.66( ٙ‬تؼًش ‪ٕٚ 90 ٔ 28‬و ػهٗ انرٕان‪.ٙ‬‬
‫أظٓشخ انُرائح ػُذ اسرخذاو انشياد انًرطا‪ٚ‬ش َمصاٌ ف‪ ٙ‬انًمأيح انًثكشج‪ ,‬نكٍ نٕحع ص‪ٚ‬ادج ف‪ٙ‬‬
‫انًمأيح ف‪ ٙ‬االػًاس انًرأخشج ( تؼذ ‪ٕٚ 28‬و)‪ .‬كاَد َسة انض‪ٚ‬ادج ف‪ ٙ‬يمأيح االَظغاظ‪ ,‬يمأيح انشذ‬
‫االَفالل‪ٔ ٙ‬يؼايم انًشَٔح االسراذ‪ٛ‬ك‪ ٙ‬تؼًش ‪ٕٚ 90‬و َسثح انٗ انخهطح انًشخؼ‪ٛ‬ح (‪ٔ %3.8 ,%1.5‬‬
‫‪ )%5.7ٔ %4.1 ,%2.6( ٔ )%10.8 ٔ %5.4 ,%2.7( ,)%5.9‬نًحرٕٖ ‪ %15 ٔ %10 ,%5‬يٍ‬
‫انشياد انًرطا‪ٚ‬ش ػهٗ انرٕان‪.ٙ‬‬
‫اظٓشخ خهطح انخشساَح خف‪ٛ‬فح انٕصٌ راذ‪ٛ‬ح انشص انحأ‪ٚ‬ح ػهٗ ‪ %10‬يٍ انً‪ٛ‬راكاؤٔن‪ ٍٛ‬ػانٗ انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح‬
‫خٕاص يرصهثح افضم يٍ انخهطاخ انحأ‪ٚ‬ح ػهٗ كم يٍ االذاتهكا‪ٚ‬د ػان‪ ٙ‬انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح ٔانشياد انًرطا‪ٚ‬ش‪,‬‬
‫ٔكاَد َسة انض‪ٚ‬ادج ػُذ اسرخذاو ‪ %10‬يٍ انً‪ٛ‬راكاؤٔن‪ ٍٛ‬ػان‪ ٙ‬انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح َسثح انٗ انخهطح انًشخؼ‪ٛ‬ح‬
‫(‪ )%21.6 ٔ %22.2 ,%24.2 ,%16.0( ٔ )%15.7 ٔ %13.9 ,%17.6 ,%15.0‬ػُذ ‪56 ,28 ,7‬‬
‫ٔ‪ٕٚ 90‬و نًمأيح االَظغاظ ٔيمأيح انشذ االَشطاس٘ ػهٗ انرٕان‪ ,ٙ‬ت‪ًُٛ‬ا كاَد َسة انض‪ٚ‬ادج ف‪ ٙ‬يؼايم‬
‫انًشَٔح االسراذ‪ٛ‬ك‪ )%10.9ٔ %12.3( ٙ‬تؼًش ‪ٕٚ 90ٔ 28‬و ػهٗ انرٕان‪.ٙ‬‬
‫ذشأحد ل‪ٛ‬ى انكثافح انًرٕاصَح انًحسٕتح ت‪ )1829ٔ 1788( ٍٛ‬كغى‪/‬و‪ )1833 ٔ 1828 (, 3‬كغى‪/‬و‪ٔ 3‬‬
‫(‪ )1830 ٔ 1833‬كغى‪/‬و‪ , 3‬ت‪ًُٛ‬ا ذشأحد ل‪ٛ‬ى انكثافح ( اندافح تانٕٓاء) انًرٕاصَح ت‪)1888 ٔ 1868( ٍٛ‬‬
‫كغى‪/‬و‪ )1880 ٔ 1873( ,3‬كغى‪/‬و‪ )1889ٔ 1882( ٔ 3‬كغى‪/‬و‪ 3‬نهخهطاخ انحأ‪ٚ‬ح ػهٗ االذاتهكا‪ٚ‬د ػان‪ٙ‬‬
‫انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح‪ ,‬انشياد انًرطا‪ٚ‬ش ٔ انً‪ٛ‬راكاؤٔن‪ ٍٛ‬ػان‪ ٙ‬انفؼان‪ٛ‬ح ػهٗ انرٕان‪.ٙ‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫وزارة انخعهٍى انعانً وانبحث انعهًً‬
‫انجايعت انخكُونوجٍت‬
‫قطى هُذضت انبُاء واإلَشاءاث‬
‫انخواص انطرٌت وبعض انخواص انًخصهبت نهخرضاَت انخفٍفت انوزٌ‬

‫راحٍت انرص انحاوٌت عهى االحبهكاٌج‬
‫قطى هُذضت انبُاء واإلَشاءاث فً انجايعت انخكُونوجٍت‬

‫وهً جسء يٍ يخطهباث ٍَم درجت انًاجطخٍر فً‬
‫عهوو هُذضت يواد انبُاء‬
‫يٍ قبم‬
‫شبر جواد كاظى انعبٍذي‬
‫(بكانورٌوش و دبهوو عانً فً قطى هُذضت انبُاء واإلَشاءاث )‬
‫بإشراف‬
‫أ‪.‬و‪.‬د قٍص جواد فرٌح‬ ‫أ‪.‬و‪.‬د ونٍذ عبذ انرزاق عباش‬
‫اٌهول ‪5102‬‬

اطروحة شبر جواد كاظم العبيدي

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اطروحة شبر جواد كاظم العبيدي

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Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Fresh and Some Hardened Properties of Lightweight

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Building and

Name: Asst .Prof. Dr. Waleed A.Razaq

Name: Asst .Prof. Dr. Qais J. Frayyeh.

Name: Asst .Prof. Dr. Waleed A.Abbas

Chairman of Building Materials Engineering Branch

Title & name:- Assist Lecturer Yaghdan R. Mahdi

Work place:- English Language Centre , University of Technology

University of Technology Approval

First, thanks to Allah the greatest for enabling me to complete

My sincere gratitude and respect goes to the staff of Building and

My heartfelt appreciation goes to my family for their care, patience

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to engineer Mahdi

LWSCC mix contained 10% (HRM) showed a better hardened properties

Chapter One (Introduction)

Chapter Two (Review of Literature)

3-8-2 Splitting Tensile Strength 57

3-8-3 Water Absorption 58

Chapter Four(Results and Discussion)

‫الخالصة باللغة العربية‬

ACI American Concrete Institute

2-2 Test methods for workability and acceptance criteria of SCC 22

2-3 Typical range by weight and by volume of SCC ingredients 23

3-1 Chemical Composition and Main Compounds of Cement 35

3-2 Physical Properties of Cement 35

3-3 Table (3-3) Sieve Analysis of Sand 36

3-4 Chemical and Physical Properties of Sand 37

3-5 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Lightweight Aggregate 39

3-6 Some Properties of Attapulgite Aggregate 40

3-7 Typical Properties of Glinume 51 40

3-8 Chemical and Physical Analysis of (HRA) after Burning 42

3-9 Chemical Requirements of (HRA) According to ASTM C618-05 42

3-10 Chemical and physical analysis of( HRM) 43

3-11 Chemical requirements of (HRM) according to ASTM C618-05 43

3-12 Chemical and physical analysis of (FA) 44

3-13 Chemical requirements of (FA) according to ASTM C618-05 45

3-14 Strength Activity Index for Tested Mortars 46

3-15 The details of Mixes by Volume(litre/m3) 47

3-16 The details of Mixes by Weight(kg/m3) 48

4-1 Results of fresh LWSCC 62

4-2 LWSCC Compressive Strength Results for Cubic Specimens 72

4-6 Water Absorption of LWSCC at 28 and 90 days 89

4-7 Modulus of Elasticity of LWSCC at 28 and 90 days 91

2-2 Necessity for Self-Compacting Concrete 11

2-3 Comparison of mix-proportioning 13

2-4 The methods of achieving self-compactability 14

2-5 Excess paste layers around aggregates 15

2-6 Scanning electron microscope micrograph of metakaolin 19

3-2 Grading curve for natural sand 36

3-3 Sieve analysis of coarse lightweight aggregate 39

3-4 Draining excess water form presoaked coarse aggregates 50

3-5 Slump test apparatus with upright cone 51

3-6 slump flow test 52

3-7 J-ring test apparatus 53

3-8 J-ring test 53

3- 9 L-box test apparatus 54

3-10 L-box test 55

3-11 V funnel test apparatus 56

3-12 V funnel test 56

4-2 Slump flow results for all LWSCC mix 64

4-3 Scanning electron microscope micrograph of (HRA) particles at 64