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Anatomy and Physiology An Integrative Approach 2nd Edition Mckinley Solutions Manual
Anatomy and Physiology An Integrative Approach 2nd Edition Mckinley Solutions Manual
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McKinley/O’Loughlin/Bidle
Anatomy and Physiology: An Integrative Approach, 2/e
Instructor Answer Key to In-chapter and End-of-chapter Questions
Chapter 1
Answers to “What Did You Learn?”
1. Comparative anatomy.
2. Anatomy is the study of structure and form. Physiology is the study of how the structures function.
3. Cardiovascular.
4. Anatomists focus on the form and structure of the small intestine. They examine the cells and tissues that form
the small intestine, and describe the layers of the small intestinal wall. Physiologists focus on the function of the
small intestine. They examine how the muscle of the smooth intestine propels food through the digestive tract and
describe the process by which nutrients are broken down and absorbed. Both anatomists and physiologists know that
form and function of the small intestine are interrelated.
5. The ability of organisms to respond to stimuli such as changes in either their external or internal environment
provides them with a mechanism for maintaining a constant internal environment, even as the environment around
them changes.
6. A higher level of organization does contain all of the levels beneath it. Each level of organization is a function
of the arrangement of its subsequent subunits, which are in turn a function of the organization of their subunits.
Therefore, each level organization is dependent on the organization of all of the levels below.
7. The urinary system is responsible for filtering and removing waste products from the blood.
8. A transverse plane, also called a horizontal or cross-sectional plane, would divide the mouth into superior and
inferior sections.
9. Proximal.
10. The term antebrachial refers to the forearm, the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist.
11. The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity. The serous membranes surrounding them consist of the
parietal pleura lining the inside of the body wall and the visceral pleura lining the individual lungs.
12. Epigastric.
13. A homeostatic system consists of a receptor such as a sensory neuron in the skin or a stretch receptor within a
muscle that detects either an internal or external stimulus, a control system that integrates the input from the
receptor such as the brain or an endocrine gland, and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes
in response to the stimulus.
14. The body may respond to a drop in temperature by decreasing the diameter of blood vessels carrying blood
to the surface of the skin, thereby decreasing the amount of heat lost to external environment. Another response
involves stimulation of skeletal muscles, causing “shivering” and thereby generating heat internally.
15. Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the
environment near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses,
each increasing in intensity, until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis.
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16. Diabetes, an inability of the body to maintain blood sugar levels, may result in damage to anatomical structures
throughout the body due to high levels of glucose.
1. B
Feedback: Surface anatomy correlates superficial markings on the surface of the body and skin to deeper anatomical
features.
2. C
Feedback: Organs are often composed of several tissue types working in concert to perform a common function.
3. A
Feedback: An organism’s metabolism is the sum of all of its biochemical reactions.
4. C
Feedback: A midsagittal or median plane separates the body into equal right and left halves as compared to simply a
sagittal section, which separates the body into unequal right and left portions. There can be numerous sagittal planes
but only one possible midsagittal section along the midline of the body.
5. D
Feedback: The term proximal is used to describe the position of a structure on an appendage closest to the point
of attachment to the trunk. Although in standard anatomical position a structure that is proximal is often also
superior, proximal is the correct term for describing the position along an appendage. The term superior may be
used to describe positions along the axis of the body, closer to the head.
6. A
Feedback: The patellar region is the anterior portion of the knee. The popliteal region is the posterior portion of the
knee.
7. A
Feedback: The diaphragm comprises the barrier between the superior thoracic cavity and the inferior abdominal
cavity. The pelvic cavity is located inferior to the superior edges of the pelvic bones.
8. D
Feedback: The pleural cavity surrounding the lungs consists of the parietal pleura lining the internal walls of the
thoracic cavity and the visceral pleura lining the surface of the lungs.
9. B
Feedback: Homeostasis is an automated process for maintaining a constant internal environment.
10. D
Feedback: The effector increasing the stimulus is an example of positive feedback. In a negative feedback
system, the response moves the system in opposition to the stimulus, back toward the set point.
11. Anatomy is the study of structure and form, whereas physiology is the study of how the structures function.
It is important to understand the anatomy of a structure in order to understand how it performs its function.
Conversely, understanding the function of an anatomical feature helps to put into perspective the significance of
its arrangement.
12. The simplest level of organization within an organism is found at the chemical level and is composed of atoms
and molecules. At the cellular level of organization, molecules are organized into cells and subcellular components,
forming the basic units of life. Groupings of similar cells performing similar functions are referred to as tissues,
and groups of tissues may be found working in concert, forming organs at the organ level of organization. Related
groups of organs working together in order to coordinate activities within the organism are called organ systems.
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13. A hierarchical organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, and
reproduction are characteristics common to all living organisms. All living things are arranged in a hierarchical
manner with increasing levels of complexity from molecules to cells. They are capable of metabolism, growth and
development, and responsiveness to stimuli. They are also able to regulate their internal environment in order to
maintain homeostasis, ultimately surviving long enough to reproduce.
14. The human body consists of eleven organ systems. They are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems.
15. A body in anatomical position is standing upright with the feet flat on the floor. The upper limbs are at the
side of the body with palms facing anteriorly. The head is level and the eyes are looking forward. The anatomic
position is the point of common reference used by anatomists and physiologists for accuracy and clarity. It
provides an initial point of reference, from which all anatomic parts are described.
16. The forearm is the antebrachial region, the wrist is the carpal region, the chest is the thoracic region, the
armpit is the axillary region, the thigh is the femoral region, and the entire foot is the pes.
17. The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are located within the posterior aspect of the body. The cranial cavity
houses the brain and the vertebral canal contains the spinal cord.
18. The serous membranes are found lining the compartments of the ventral cavity of the body. They consist of a
parietal layer lining the inside of the body wall and a visceral layer covering internal organs. In between the two
membranes is a potential space, the serous cavity, which contains serous fluid.
19. A homeostatic system consists of a receptor that detects an internal or external stimulus, a control system that
integrates the input from the receptor, and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes in response
to the stimulus.
20. Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the
environment near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses,
each increasing in intensity until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis.
1. B
Feedback: The pain is coming from a region below the umbilicus, hence it is in the lower portion of the abdomen
and it is located on the right side. It is therefore in the right lower quadrant.
2. D
Feedback: The right iliac region is located just medial to the pelvic bones.
3. B
Feedback: X-rays are not absorbed by soft tissue such as the appendix. They are usually used to visualize dense
structures.
4. B
Feedback: Sweat glands release sweat at the surface of the skin.
5. B
Feedback: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter responsible for regulating both pathways associated with depression in
the brain and gastric motility in the stomach. Drugs such as SSRIs are used to treat depression in individuals with
low levels of serotonin in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake by neurons. Because the SSRI drugs cannot
specifically target the brain, they also have an effect within the digestive system, causing nausea and diarrhea.
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figures any evidence that capital has been attracted to Ohio by a
higher rate of interest, or repelled from our State by a lower one?
Assuredly not!
What in this direction is proposed to be done among ourselves is
shown in the section now presented for our consideration. By it the
legal rate in the absence of “special contracts” is to be raised to seven
per cent., such “contracts,” however ruinous in their character, and
whatsoever the nature of the security, are to be legalized; the only
exception to these sweeping changes being that national banks,
issuing circulating notes are to be limited to seven per cent. Shylock
asked only “the due and forfeit of his bond.” Let this section be
adopted, let him then present himself in any of our courts, can its
judge do other than decide that “the law allows it and the court
awards it,” monstrous as may have been the usury, and discreditable
as may have been the arts by means of which the unfortunate debtor
may have been entrapped? Assuredly not. Shylock, happily, was
outwitted, the bond having made no provision for taking even “one
jot of blood.” Here, the unfortunate debtor, forced by his flinty-
hearted creditor into a “special contract” utterly ruinous, may, in
view of the destruction of all hope for the future of his wife and
children, shed almost tears of blood, but they will be of no avail; yet
do we claim to live under a system whose foundation-stone exhibits
itself in the great precept from which we learn that duty requires of
us to do to others as we would that others should do unto ourselves.
By the English law the little landowner, the mechanic who owns
the house in which he lives, is protected against his wealthy
mortgagee. Here, on the contrary, the farmer, suffering under the
effects of blight or drought, and thus deprived of power to meet with
punctuality the demands of his mortgagee, is to have no protection
whatsoever. So, too, with the poor mechanic suffering temporarily by
reason of accidental incapacity for work, and, with the sheriff full in
view before him, compelled to enter into a “special contract”
doubling if not trebling, the previous rate of interest. Infamous as
may be its extortion the court may not deny the aid required for its
enforcement.
The amount now loaned on mortgage security in this State at six
per cent. is certainly not less than $400,000,000, and probably
extends to $500,000,000, a large portion of which is liable to be
called for at any moment. Let this section be adopted and we shall
almost at once witness a combined movement among mortgagees for
raising the rate of interest. Notices demanding payment will fly thick
as hail throughout the State, every holder of such security knowing
well that the greater the alarm that can be produced and the more
utter the impossibility of obtaining other moneys the larger may be
made the future rate of interest. The unfortunate mortgagor must
then accept the terms, hard as they may be, dictated to him, be they
8, 10, 12, or 20 per cent. Such, as I am assured has been the course of
things in Connecticut, where distress the most severe has been
produced by a recent abandonment by the State of the policy under
which it has in the past so greatly prospered. At this moment her
savings’ banks are engaged in compelling mortgagers to accept eight
per cent. as the present rate. How long it will be before they will carry
it up to ten or twelve, or what will be the effect, remains to be seen.
Already among ourselves the effects of the sad blunders of our great
financiers exhibit themselves in the very unpleasant fact that sheriffs’
sales are six times more numerous than they were in the period from
1861 to 1867, when the country was so severely suffering under the
waste of property, labor, and life, which had but then occurred. Let
this section be adopted, giving perfect freedom to the Shylocks of the
day, and the next half dozen years will witness the transfer, under the
sheriff’s hammer, of the larger portion of the real property of both
the city and the State. Of all the devices yet invented for the
subjugation of labor by capital, there is none that can claim to be
entitled to take precedence of that which has been now proposed for
our consideration.
Rightly styled the Keystone of the Union, one duty yet remains to
her to be performed, to wit: that of bringing about equality in the
distribution of power over that machinery for whose use men pay
interest, which is known as money. New England, being rich and
having her people concentrated within very narrow limits, has been
allowed to absorb a portion of that power fully equal to her needs,
while this State, richer still, has been so “cabined, cribbed, confined,”
that her mine and furnace operators find it difficult to obtain that
circulating medium by whose aid alone can they distribute among
their workmen their shares of the things produced.—New York,
already rich, has been allowed to absorb a fourth of the permitted
circulation, to the almost entire exclusion of the States south of
Pennsylvania and west of the Mississippi; and hence it is that her
people are enabled to levy upon those of all these latter such
enormous taxes. To the work of correcting this enormous evil
Pennsylvania should now address herself. Instead of following in the
wake of New Jersey and Connecticut, thereby giving to the monopoly
an increase of strength, let her place herself side by side with the
suffering States of the West, the South, and the Southwest,
demanding that what has been made free to New York and New
England shall be made equally free to her and them. Let her do this,
and the remedy will be secured, with such increase in the general
power for developing the wonderful resources of the Union as will
speedily make of it an iron and cloth exporting State, with such
power for retaining and controlling the precious metals as will place
it on a surer footing in that respect than any of the powers of the
Eastern world. The more rapid the societary circulation, and the
greater the facility of making exchanges from hand to hand, and
from place to place, the greater is the tendency toward reduction in
the rate of interest, toward equality in the condition of laborer and
employer, and toward growth and power to command the services of
all the metals, gold and silver included.
It will be said, however, that adoption of such measures as have
been indicated would tend to produce a general rise of prices; or, in
the words of our self-styled economists, would cause “inflation.” The
vulgar error here involved was examined some thirty years since by
an eminent British economist, and with a thoroughness never before
exhibited in reference to any other economic question whatsoever,
the result exhibiting itself in the following brief words of a highly
distinguished American one, published some twelve or fifteen years
since, to wit:
“Among the innumerable influences which go to determine the general rate of
prices, the quantity of money, or currency, is one of the least effective.”
Since then we have had a great war, in the course of which there
have been numerous and extensive changes in the price of
commodities, every one of which is clearly traceable to causes widely
different from those to which they so generally are attributed. Be
that, however, as it may, the question now before us is one of right
and justice, and not of mere expediency. North and east of
Pennsylvania eight millions of people have been allowed a greater
share of the most important of all powers, the money one, than has
been allotted to the thirty-two millions south and west of New York,
and have thus been granted a power of taxation that should be no
longer tolerated. The basis of our whole system is to be found in
equality before the law, each and every man, each and every State,
being entitled to exercise the same powers that are permitted to our
people, or other States. If the Union is to be maintained, it can be so
on no terms other than those of recognition of the existence of the
equality that has here been indicated. To the work of compelling that
recognition Pennsylvania should give herself, inscribing on her
shield the brief words fiat justitia, ruat cœlum—let justice be done
though the heavens fall!
Speech of Gen. Simon Cameron.
2×6
This “2 × 6” was to show the length and width of the grave they
would have. Not only that, but the negroes that they could impose
upon and get to vote the democratic ticket received, after they had
voted, a card of safety; and here is that card issued to the colored
people whom they had induced to vote the democratic ticket, so that
they might present it if any white-leaguers should undertake to
plunder or murder them:
New Orleans, Nov. 28, 1874.
WILLIAM ALEXANDER,
President 1st Ward Col’d Democratic Club.
Attest:
J. H. HARDY, Ass’t Sec. Parish Committee.