Line Integral

LINE INTEGRAL
Hoang Hai Ha
HoChiMinh City University of Technology
Faculty of Applied Science, Department of Applied Mathematics
Email: hoanghaiha@hcmut.edu.vn
HCMC — 2020.
Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 1 / 43

O UTLINE
1 F IRST KIND LINE INTEGRAL

2 PARAMETRIC EQUATION IN R2
3 C ALCULATE FIST KIND LINE INTEGRAL
4 PARAMETRIC EQUATION IN R3
5 S ECOND KIND L INE I NTEGRAL
6 P ROPERTIES OF 2nd KIND INTEGRAL
7 C ALCULATE SECOND KIND LINE INTEGRAL
8 G REEN ’ S THEOREM
9 I NDEPENDENT PATH
10 M AT L AB
First kind line integral
F IRST KIND LINE INTEGRAL
Let z = f (x, y) Ê 0 and C be the curve in the plane Ox y.

Find the area of one side of the "fence", whose base is C
and whose height above the point (x, y) is f (x, y)?


Area of one side of the "fence" is

n
X
S≈ f (x i , y i ).∆s i .
i =1
It is similar to a Riemann sum. Then we take the limit of

these sums as ∆s i → 0 we get line integral of f along C .

D EFINITION 1.1
If f is defined on a smooth curve C then the line integral
of f along C with respect to arc length (Say: First Kind) is
Z n
X
f (x, y)d s = lim f (x i , y i ).∆s i
λ→0 i =1
C
if this limit exists.

P ROPERTIES
Z Z
f (x, y)d s = f (x, y)d s
AB BA

P ROPERTIES
Z Z
Z AB BA
1d s = the length of curve AB.

AB

P ROPERTIES
Z Z
Z AB BA

Z AB Z
α. f (x, y)d s = α. f (x, y)d s.
AB AB

P ROPERTIES
Z Z
Z AB BA

Z AB Z
α. f (x, y)d s = α. f (x, y)d s.
Z AB AB Z Z
£ ¤
f (x, y) + g (x, y) d s = f (x, y)d s + g (x, y)d s.
AB AB AB

P ROPERTIES
Z Z
Z AB BA

Z AB Z
α. f (x, y)d s = α. f (x, y)d s.
Z AB AB Z Z
£ ¤
f (x, y) + g (x, y) d s = f (x, y)d s + g (x, y)d s.
AB AB AB
If C = C 1 +C 2 then
R R R
f (x, y)d s = f (x, y)d s + f (x, y)d s.
C C1 C2

Parametric equation in R2
On plane Oxy or in space Oxyz, writing

parametric equation of a smooth curve mean we write its
expression depending on one parameter as below:

 x = x(t )

y = y(t )

 a É t É b.

On plane Oxy or in space Oxyz, writing

parametric equation of a smooth curve mean we write its
expression depending on one parameter as below:

 x = x(t )

y = y(t )

 a É t É b.
or 

 x = x(t )

 y = y(t )

 z = z(t )

a É t É b.


L INE SEGMENT
Line segment in R2 between A(x 1 , y 1 ), B (x 2 , y 2 ) has
parametric equation:

 x = x 1 + (x 2 − x 1 )t

y = y 1 + (y 2 − y 1 )t

 0 É t É 1.
E XAMPLE 2.1
Write parametric equation for line segment between
A(1, 2) and B (3, 5).

C IRCLE (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = R 2


 x = a + R cos t

y = b + R sin t

 0 É t É 2π.

C IRCLE (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = R 2


 x = a + R cos t

y = b + R sin t

 0 É t É 2π.
x2 y 2
E LLIPSE + =1
a2 b2

 x = a cos t

y = b sin t

 0 É t É 2π.

Calculate FIST kind line integral
T HEOREM 3.1 (C ASE 1)

If f is continuous on the smooth curve C, which is
 x = x(t )

represented by parametric equation C : y = y(t ) then

 a ≤ t ≤ b.
Z Zb q
f (x, y)d s = f (x(t ), y(t )). (x 0 (t ))2 + (y 0 (t ))2 d t
C a

E XAMPLE 3.1
Z
Evaluate I = (2 + x 2 y)d s, where C is the upper half of
C
the unit circle: x 2 + y 2 = 1, y Ê 0.

E XAMPLE 3.1
Z
Evaluate I = (2 + x 2 y)d s, where C is the upper half of
C
the unit circle: x 2 + y 2 = 1, y Ê 0.


Smooth curve C is given by the equation
y = y(x), a É x É b., then
Z Zb q
f (x, y)d s = f (x, y(x)). 1 + (y 0 (x))2 d x
C a


Smooth curve C is given by the equation
y = y(x), a É x É b., then
Z Zb q
f (x, y)d s = f (x, y(x)). 1 + (y 0 (x))2 d x
C a
E XAMPLE 3.2
Evaluate integral I = xd s, where C is parabola y = x 2
R
C
from the origin to A(1, 1).

PARAMETRIC EQUATION IN R3
In R3 , a curve is given by intersection of two surfaces S 1

and S 2
Projecting the curve on suitable plane by eliminating
one variable, we get a equation depending on 2
variables.


and S 2
variables.
Write parametric equations for projection above.


and S 2
variables.
Write parametric equations for projection above.
Write parametric expression for the third variable.

E XAMPLE 4.1
Write parametric equation for the curve that is p
intersection of sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 and z = x 2 + y 2 .

E XAMPLE 4.1
Write parametric equation for the curve that is p
intersection of sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 and z = x 2 + y 2 .
E XAMPLE 4.2
Write parametric equation for the curve that is
intersection of cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 and plane z = 4.

L INE INTEGRALS IN SPACE R3
Suppose that C is a smooth space curve given by the

parametric equations

 x = x(t )

y = y(t ) (a É t É b)

 z = z(t )
If f (x, y, z) is a function that is continuous on some

region containing C then we define line integral along the
curve in space
Z Zb q
f (x, y, z)d s = f (x(t ), y(t ), z(t )) (x 0 (t ))2 + (y 0 (t ))2 + (z 0 (t ))2 d t .
C
a

E XAMPLE 4.3
Z
Evaluate I = xzd s, where C is the curve of intersection
C
of the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 and plane z = 1 in the part x ≥ 0.

P HYSICAL INTERPRETATION
Suppose that ρ(x, y) represents the linear density at a

point (x, y) of a thin wire shaped like a curve C . Then the
mass m of the wire is
Z
m= ρ(x, y)d s
C

E XAMPLE 4.4
x2 p
A wire takes the shape of the curve C : y = , 0 É x É 3.
2
Find wire mass if its density at point M (x, y) of the curve C
is ρ = 2y.
p

Second kind Line Integral
S ECOND KIND LINE INTEGRAL -W ORK DONE
An object moves along a straight line from P to Q as a

result of being acted on by a Force F with constant
magnitude F , then work done by the force on the object is
→
− −−→ → − −−→
W = F · PQ = | F ||PQ|cosα
→
−
What happens if F is not constant and object is moving
on a curve?

W ORK DONE
→
−
Find the work done by the force field F in moving a
particle M from A to B along the smooth curve C on the
x y−plane.

W ORK DONE
→
−
Find the work done by the force field F in moving a
particle M from A to B along the smooth curve C on the
x y−plane.
Dividing C into subarcs A i −1 A i , choose a point M i on the

i th subarc, find the word done by force acting on object
moving from A i −1 to A i .
−−−−→−−−−−→
Work done from A i −1 to A i is Wi = F (M i ) A i −1 A i

−−−−→−−−−−→
→
−
Suppose that vector force F = (P (x, y),Q(x, y)), then
−−−−→ −−−−−→
F (M i ) = (P (x i , y i ),Q(x i ), y i ), A i −1 A i = (∆x i , ∆y i ), then

−−−−→−−−−−→
→
−
−−−−→ −−−−−→
−−−−→ −−−−−→
F (M i ) · A i −1 A i = P (x i , y i )∆x i +Q(x i , y i )∆y i .

−−−−→−−−−−→
→
−
−−−−→ −−−−−→
−−−−→ −−−−−→
The work done on the curve C :
n
P
A ≈ P (x i , y i )∆x i +Q(x i , y i )∆y i ⇒ Rieman Sum, let
i =1
n→∞

−−−−→−−−−−→
→
−
−−−−→ −−−−−→
−−−−→ −−−−−→
The work done on the curve C :
n
P
A ≈ P (x i , y i )∆x i +Q(x i , y i )∆y i ⇒ Rieman Sum, let
i =1
n→∞
Work done on the smooth curve C :
Z
A = P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y
C

D EFINITION 5.1 (L INE INTEGRAL IN R2 )

Suppose that functions P (x, y) and Q(x, y) are continuous
on a smooth curve C in plane , then the second kind line
integral is defined by:
Z
P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y
C

D EFINITION 5.2 (L INE INTEGRAL IN R3 )

Suppose that functions P (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z) are
continuous on a smooth curve C in plane , then the second
kind line integral in space is defined by:
Z
P (x, y, z)d x +Q(x, y, z)d y + R(x, y, z)d z
C

Properties of 2nd kind integral
P ROPERTIES
RB RA
1 P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y = − P (x, y)d x +Q(x, yd y),
A B
where A, B : two ending points of curve C .

Properties of 2nd kind integral
P ROPERTIES
RB RA
1 P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y = − P (x, y)d x +Q(x, yd y),
A B
where A, B : two ending points of curve C .
R
2 P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y =
CR1 ∪C 2 R
P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y + P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y
C1 C2

Calculate second kind line integral
Suppose that the smooth curve C is given by the

½
x = x(t )
t : a(initial point) → b(terminal point)
y = y(t )


½
x = x(t )
y = y(t )
Z b
I= [P (x(t ), y(t ))x 0 (t ) +Q(x(t ), y(t ))y 0 (t )]d t .
a


½
x = x(t )
y = y(t )
Z b
I= [P (x(t ), y(t ))x 0 (t ) +Q(x(t ), y(t ))y 0 (t )]d t .
a
Or rewrite F (x, y) = (P (x, y),Q(x, y)), curve C is

represented by r (t ) = (x(t ), r (t )), 2nd kind line integral:
Z Z
→
− → →
−
F d r = F (r (t ))→
− −
r 0 (t )d t .
C C

Smooth curve C is given by the equation y = y(x),

x : a → b, then
Zb
P (x, y(x)) +Q(x, y(x))y 0 (x) d x
£ ¤
I=
a

Smooth curve C is given by the equation y = y(x),

x : a → b, then
Zb
P (x, y(x)) +Q(x, y(x))y 0 (x) d x
£ ¤
I=
a
Smooth curve C is given by the equation x = x(y),

y : a → b, then
Zb
P (x(y), y)x 0 (y) +Q(x(y), y) d y
£ ¤
I=
a

E XAMPLE 7.1
R
Calculate integral I = x yd x − yd y in the cases of C
C
below:
C is the line segment AB from A(0, 0) to B (1, 1).

E XAMPLE 7.1
R
C
below:
C is the parabola x = y 2 from A(4, 2) to B (0, 0).

E XAMPLE 7.1
R
C
below:
C is the parabola x = y 2 from A(4, 2) to B (0, 0).
C is the upper half of circle x 2 + y 2 = 2x, in counter
clockwise direction.

C ALCULATE 2nd KIND LINE INTEGRAL IN R3
A smooth curve C in R3 is given by r (t ) = (x(t ), y(t ), z(t ))

and vector function
F (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z)i +Q(x, y, z)j + R(x, y, z)k, then 2nd
line integral of F along C is
Zt2
−→−
Z
→
− → →
F d−
r = F r0dt
C t1
where t 1 : initial point, t 2 : terminal point.

E XAMPLE 7.2
Z
£ ¤
Evaluate (x + y)d x + 2zd y + x yd z , where C is the
C
curve defined by the parametric equations
x = t , y = t 2 , z = 3 − t , from A corresponding to t = 1 to B
corresponding to t = 2.

E XAMPLE 7.2
Z
£ ¤
Evaluate (x + y)d x + 2zd y + x yd z , where C is the
C
curve defined by the parametric equations
x = t , y = t 2 , z = 3 − t , from A corresponding to t = 1 to B
corresponding to t = 2.

Green’s theorem
G REEN ’ S THEOREM
T HEOREM 8.1
On the x y− plane, let D be the region bounded by the
closed curve C . If P (x, y),Q(x, y) have continuous partial
derivatives on an open region that contains D, then
∂Q ∂P
I Ï µ ¶
P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y = ± − d xd y
∂x ∂y
C D
"+" if C is a positively oriented curve (usually

counterclockwise) and "-" if C is a negatively(usually
clockwise) oriented curve.

Green’s theorem
E XAMPLE 8.1
Z
Evaluate I = x 2 yd x − x y 2 d y, where C is circle
C
x 2 + y 2 = 9 in clockwise direction.

Green’s theorem
E XAMPLE 8.1
Z
Evaluate I = x 2 yd x − x y 2 d y, where C is circle
C
x 2 + y 2 = 9 in clockwise direction.

Green’s theorem
E XAMPLE 8.2
R
Evaluate I = 2yd x + 5xd y where C is oriented positively
C
boundary of triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 0).

Independent Path
D EFINITION 9.1
R
The line integral P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y is independent
C
of path if
Z Z
P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y = P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y
C1 C2
for any 2 paths C 1 and C 2 in region D that have the same

initial and terminal points.

Independent Path
I NDEPENDENCE OF PATH I
Suppose that P (x, y),Q(x, y) have continuous partial

derivatives on an open region that contains D, and C is
the path in D. Then the following statements are
equivalent:
Z
1 I= P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y is independent of path
AB
in D
∂Q ∂P
2 =
∂x ∂y
I
3 I = P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y = 0, for every closed path
C
C in D.
Independent Path
4
There exist potential function u(x, y) such that
d u = P d x +Qd y. Then
Z Z ¯B
P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y = d u = u ¯ = u(B ) − u(A),
¯
C C A
where A is initial point, B is terminal point.

Independent Path
I NDEPENDENCE OF PATH

Independent Path
Z Z Z
I= P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y = + =
AB AC CB
Z xB Z yB
= P (x, y A )d x + Q(x B , y)d y,
xA yA

Independent Path
Z Z Z
I= P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y = + =
AB AC CB
Z xB Z yB
= P (x, y A )d x + Q(x B , y)d y,
xA yA
or Z Z Z
I= P (x, y)d x +Q(x, y)d y = + =
AB AD DB
Z yB Z xB
= Q(x A , y)d y + P (x, y B )d x.
yA xA

Independent Path
E XAMPLE 9.1
Z
Show that I = (3x 2 y + y)d x + (x 3 + x)d y, where
AB
A(1, −2) is the initial point, B (2, 3) is the terminal point, is
independent of path. Evaluate I . (by 2 methods)

Independent Path

Independent Path
E XAMPLE 9.2
Given integral
I = (a y 2 + 3y)d x + [(b − 2)x y + (a + b)x]d y, determine
R
C
a, b such that I is independent of path. With a, b found,
evaluate I for every curve from A(−1, 2) to B (2, 3)

MatLab Sketch the curve given by parametric equations on plane
PLOT ( X ( T ), Y ( T ))
E XAMPLE 10.1
Sketch the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1
t = linspace(0,2*pi,30); x = cos(t); y = sin(t); plot(x,y)

MatLab Sketch the curve given by parametric equations in space
PLOT 3( X ( T ), Y ( T ), Z ( T ))
E XAMPLE 10.2
Sketch the curve given by the parametric equations
C : x = cos t , y = sin t , z = t , 0 É t É 2π.
t = linspace(0,2*pi,30); x = cos(t); y = sin(t); z=t;

plot3(x,y,z)

MatLab Sketch the curve given by parametric equations in space
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

Line Integral

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Line Integral

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LINE INTEGRAL

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 1 / 43

1 F IRST KIND LINE INTEGRAL

F IRST KIND LINE INTEGRAL

Let z = f (x, y) Ê 0 and C be the curve in the plane Ox y.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 3 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 4 / 43

Area of one side of the "fence" is

It is similar to a Riemann sum. Then we take the limit of

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 4 / 43

if this limit exists.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 5 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 6 / 43

1d s = the length of curve AB.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 6 / 43

1d s = the length of curve AB.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 6 / 43

1d s = the length of curve AB.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 6 / 43

1d s = the length of curve AB.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 6 / 43

On plane Oxy or in space Oxyz, writing

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 7 / 43

On plane Oxy or in space Oxyz, writing

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 7 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 8 / 43

C IRCLE (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = R 2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 9 / 43

C IRCLE (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = R 2

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 9 / 43

T HEOREM 3.1 (C ASE 1)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 10 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 11 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 11 / 43

T HEOREM 3.2 (C ASE 2)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 12 / 43

T HEOREM 3.2 (C ASE 2)

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 12 / 43

In R3 , a curve is given by intersection of two surfaces S 1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 13 / 43

In R3 , a curve is given by intersection of two surfaces S 1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 13 / 43

In R3 , a curve is given by intersection of two surfaces S 1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 13 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 14 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 14 / 43

L INE INTEGRALS IN SPACE R3

Suppose that C is a smooth space curve given by the

If f (x, y, z) is a function that is continuous on some

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 15 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 16 / 43

Suppose that ρ(x, y) represents the linear density at a

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 17 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 18 / 43

S ECOND KIND LINE INTEGRAL -W ORK DONE

An object moves along a straight line from P to Q as a

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 19 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 20 / 43

Dividing C into subarcs A i −1 A i , choose a point M i on the

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 21 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 21 / 43

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT-OISP) LINE INTEGRAL HCMC — 2020. 21 / 43