Hitsory Chpater 9

Key question 9: How successful were attempts to find solutions to the
problems facing the subcontinent in the years 1940 to 1947?
THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION/THE LAHORE RESOLUTION 1940
WHAT WAS THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION?
⮚ Where: In the annual session of Muslim league conducted in Lahore.

⮚ When: March 23rd, 1940.
⮚ Jinnah was the chairman of this session.
⮚ In this session, the premier of Bengal, Fazal ul Haq, presented the idea that the Muslim
majority areas of North-western and Eastern India should be merged. It was supported
by Khaliq uz Zaman. This was called the Lahore Resolution. However, the Congress
labelled it as the Pakistan Resolution.
⮚ Jinnah emphasized on the Two-Nation theory of Sir Syed as the Congress Rule (1937-39)
had convinced Jinnah that Muslims and Hindus cannot thrive together on one land.
WHAT WAS THE AUGUST OFFER?
⮚ When: August 8th, 1940.

⮚ What: It was an offer advanced by the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow for the expansion of the
Executive Council. He proposed the principle of inclusion of members from all political
parties of India. He also proposed that a body would be formed to make a new
constitution for India. It also rejected the idea of immediate transfer of power to the
Indians.
⮚ Congress rejected it as they wanted immediate transfer of power. In retaliation, Gandhi
started civil disobedience.
⮚ League also rejected it because of inadequate representation for Muslims and also
because it made no mention of a separate Muslim state.
THE CRIPPS MISSION, 1942
WHAT WAS THE CRIPPS MISSION?
⮚ When: 23rd March, 1942.

⮚ Where: Delhi
⮚ The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, announced that a delegation under Sir
Stafford Cripps would be sent to India to suggest new recommendations for Indians so
that their support for the war could be won.
⮚ It made the following proposals:
1. Dominion Status for India after WW2.
2. Right for the princely states to opt for the union or not.
3. The British would control defense, finance, and foreign affairs of India.
4. Elections after WW2.
AFFILIATIONS:
PTM | BASE | ACCEL | GNOSIS ACADEMY | NOON ACADEMY | ACCEL | RW ACADEMY
WHY WAS THE CRIPPS MISSION SENT TO INDIA?
⮚ Communalism was at its peak after the end of the congress rule in 1939. There were
frequent riots between both Muslims and Hindus. The British wanted to maintain peace
in India so they could focus on WW2. This peace was not possible without reducing
communal tensions. To reduce these communal tensions, the Cripps Mission was sent to
India.
⮚ After the results of WW1, the Indians trusted the British the least. However, the British
still wanted the support of the Indians in WW2. To win Indian support, the British wanted
to give a temptation to the Indians that after WW2, Dominion status would be given to
India. To announce this post-war concession and win Indian trust, the Cripps mission was
sent to India.
⮚ Both league and Congress had rejected the August offer as it neither mentioned the
creation of a separate Muslim state (major Muslim demand) nor immediate transfer of
power (major Hindu demand). However, the British wanted to introduce new
constitutional reforms in India as they did yet intend to leave India. Therefore, the Cripps
Mission was sent.
WHY WAS CRIPPS MISSION REJECTED? / WHY DID THE CRIPPS MISSION FAIL?
⮚ After the passing of the Lahore resolution in 1940, Muslims wanted the establishment of
Pakistan. Jinnah had explicitly indicated that he will not accept any proposal bereft of the
idea of separation. The Cripps Mission did not mention the idea of partition. Therefore,
Muslims rejected it.
⮚ Congress was demanding immediate transfer of power over the central government. The
Congress did not wish to wait for self-rule till the end of the war. Since no self-rule was
granted, Cripps mission was opposed by Gandhi who continued his protests.
⮚ The British were busy in the WW2. They were in a vulnerable position and under severe
pressure of the war. The Congress wanted to exploit the weak condition of the British to
drive them out of India and gain immediate self-rule. Therefore, they opposed the Cripps
mission.
THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
WHAT WAS THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT?
⮚ When: August 8th, 1942.

⮚ Where: India
⮚ INC passed a “Quit India” resolution in which it was stated that a non-violent civil
disobedience against the British would be launched. The movement was lead by Gandhi.
AFFILIATIONS:
⮚ Since the British were busy in the WW2, Gandhi called the movement a “Do or Die”
situation to derive the British out of India. He also claimed that the risk of Japanese
invasion of India would also be finished if the British would leave India.
BRITISH REACTION
⮚ The British ban Congress and made arrests of its leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Azad etc.
MUSLIM REACTION
⮚ Jinnah had predicted that it would surely fail.

⮚ Jinnah labelled it as a blackmailing policy of Hindus to take advantage of the weakened
position of the British due to ongoing WW2.
WHY QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT STARTED?
⮚ The Cripps mission did not satisfy the demands of the Indians. Neither self-rule nor
partition was talked about. To show his opposition to the Cripps Mission, Gandhi started
this movement. He also hoped that he would receive Muslim support which triggered this
movement, but he was wrong as Jinnah did not support it.
⮚ During WW2, the Japanese government had announced the country would attack all the
allies of the British. They had also attacked over Pearl Harbor in America so Gandhi thought that
India could be the next target due to the British government. Gandhi and Congress claimed that
the movement is being launched to drive British out as because of British presence in
India there was a risk of Japanese invasion.
⮚ The British were busy in the WW2. They were in a vulnerable position and under severe
pressure of the war. The Congress wanted to exploit the weak condition of the British to
drive them out of India and gain immediate self-rule. Therefore, they opposed the Cripps
mission.
GANDHI-JINNAH TALKS
WHAT WERE THE GANDHI-JINNAH TALKS?
⮚ When: September (9th to 27th) 1944

⮚ Where: Jinnah house in Bombay
⮚ Gandhi was released from Jail by Lord Wavell, and he also proposed Gandhi to reach an
agreement with Jinnah by the means of talk.
⮚ The talks failed due to disagreements over the political future of India.
AFFILIATIONS:
WHY DID THE GANDHI-JINNAH TALKS FAIL?
⮚ There was disagreement over the future role of central government in the subcontinent.
Gandhi wanted central government to have control over defense and foreign policy.
Jinnah thought such matters should be in the hands of local government and/or
provinces so that Muslims could enjoy these rights in their majority provinces like Punjab
and Bengal.
⮚ Gandhi felt that partition should not be discussed until after the British left India. Gandhi
wanted Muslim support to derive the British out of India amidst of WW2. Jinnah wanted
partition before the British left as Congress were unlikely to agree to it once the British
had gone. Jinnah particularly knew this after Muslims experienced the terrible Congress
rule.
⮚ Gandhi considered himself to be speaking for all of India. He wanted to demonstrate India
as one polity and claim its representation. Jinnah reminded him that, as a Hindu, Gandhi
was only the spokesman of Congress. Jinnah argued that Muslims were only represented
by the Muslim league and that he was the official representation of the Indian Muslims.
⮚ Gandhi and Jinnah disagreed over the ‘Two-Nation’ Theory which had become official
Muslim League policy. Gandhi outrightly rejected Sir Syed’s two nation theory on which
Iqbal, Rehmat Ali, and lately Jinnah had developed the political ideology of Muslims.
Jinnah clearly said that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations which cannot live
together peacefully.
⮚ Gandhi refused to accept the rights of the minorities. Jinnah worked for the protection of
the Muslims who were also a relative minority in India. Thus, the talks failed.
WHY WERE GANDHI-JINNAH TALKS HELD IN INDIA?
⮚ Gandhi had realized that without the involvement of Jinnah and league, there would be
no solution of the political problems in India. Thus, Gandhi wanted to take Muslims into
confidence against the British so that independence could be achieved.
⮚ Gandhi wanted to pressurize the British as they were busy in WW2 and gain
independence. For this, Gandhi wanted Muslim support which was not possible without
talks because communalism had increased to unprecedented rates. Thus, talks were held
in India.
⮚ Gandhi was released from Jail by Lord Wavell, and he also proposed Gandhi to reach an
agreement with Jinnah by the means of talk. This was the case because the British were
now both tired of communalism and their interest in India had also declined. Therefore,
talks were arranged.
AFFILIATIONS:
SIMLA CONFERENCE
WHAT WAS THE SIMLA CONFERENCE?
⮚ When: 1945
⮚ Where: Simla
⮚ League was led by Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Khawaja Nazimuddin.
⮚ Congress was led by Gandhi and its president, Abul Kalam Azad.
⮚ The unionist party was led by Khizar Hayat Tiwana.
⮚ A conference organized by Lord Wavell, who wanted to form an Executive Council to
work as an interim government to run India under the current constitution, in which all
the powers would be in the hands of the Indians save the main departments like defense
(which would be under Viceroy). He also said that the British would leave India after the
WW2.
⮚ Wavell also assured that Hindus and Muslims would be given equal representation in the
Executive council of the viceroys. He proposed a 14-member council.
⮚ Due to different points of disagreements, the conference failed. Wavell closed the
conference on July 14th, 1945.
Successes
⮚ All the parties agreed with the principle of an Executive Council.

⮚ 5 Muslim members in the council. Jinnah said that these 5 should only be nominated by the
League.
⮚ A step closer to independence as the British showed that they were now least interested in India
and intended to leave it after WW2 ended.
FAILURES
⮚ There was a deadlock on the members of the Council.

⮚ Permanent Muslim minority in the council as the Sikhs, Dalits etc would still vote for Hindus.
⮚ Jinnah rejected the idea that Congress could nominate Muslim members in the council.
⮚ Khizer Hayat argued for one seat and government accepted it. This showed that league was
not the only party representing Muslims. Jinnah objected to this and tried to convince that the
Muslim League was the sole representative of all the Muslims of India.
⮚ Conference was closed on 14th July 1945. Another British attempt to find a solution had failed.
WHY WAS SIMLA CONFERENCE ORGANIZED?
⮚ Firstly, the Gandhi-Jinnah talks had failed. It implies that the British had to face more rise in
communalism. To counter this situation, Wavell had a plan to organize a conference and bring
both the communities on common ground.
⮚ Secondly, the WW2 was about to end, and the British were now least interested in India. They
were planning for their departure. They found it necessary to organize a conference so that the
AFFILIATIONS:
decision related to the interim government could be made while British prepared for their
departure.
⮚ Wavell also organized this conference as Winston Churchill and his cabinet now allowed
Wavell to conduct talks with the Indians so that a decision could be reached for India. Before
this, the British Prime minister, Churchill, was not happy in conducting talks with the Indians,
especially Gandhi.
WHY SIMLA CONFERENCE FAILED?
⮚ Firstly, Gandhi argued that it was the right of the Congress to nominate any Hindu or Muslim
member for the new council. Jinnah, however, rejected the idea that Congress could nominate
Muslim members in the council. This became one of the reasons for the failure of the
conference.
⮚ Secondly, the leader of the Punjab Unionist Party, Khizer Hayat, argued for one seat in the
interim government/viceroy council and the British government accepted it. This showed that
league was not the only party representing Muslims. Jinnah objected to this which became one
of the causes of the failure.
⮚ Thirdly, Jinnah argued that the Sikhs, Dalits, scheduled classes would vote for Hindus which
would result in a permanent minority of the Muslims in any Indian government. Arguments
grew and thus Wavell closed the conference on July 14th, 1945.
ELECTIONS OF 1945-46
WHAT WERE THE ELECTIONS OF 1945-46?
⮚ In England, the labour party under Clement Attlee had won the general elections by
defeating Churchill and his party.
⮚ The labour party asked Wavell to announce both elections for both provincial and central
assemblies and then set up an Executive Council.
RESULTS OF THE ELECTIONS
⮚ MUSLIM LEAGUE: Centre (30/30 seats); Provincial (446/495 seats). This was 87% of the
Muslim vote. Provincial Details: 113/119 (Bengal); 17/36 (NWFP); 79/86 (Punjab)
⮚ CONGRESS: Overall, 91% of the non-Muslim vote.
WHY LEAGUE PERFORMED BETTER IN THE ELECTIONS OF 1945-46?
⮚ To start with, since 1937, league had succeeded in reaching out to the masses with its
message. It had learned the lessons of 1937 and campaigned effectively to let Muslims
know exactly what it stood for. They also learned that the rights areas to campaign were
those in which the Muslims were in minority.
AFFILIATIONS:
⮚ The Congress Rule had taught Muslims that they were only safe if they would stand up
for their rights and a separate homeland. This motivated Muslims to fight elections under
the united and able leadership of Jinnah which ultimately produced good results.
⮚ The league had now passed the Pakistan resolution in 1940 which made their objectives
clear for these elections. The resolution gave league a clear-cut target which they wanted
to achieve and thus worked accordingly to perform better in these elections.
⮚ The league also had an image problem at the time of 1937 elections which was that it was
a party of aristocrats. Overtime, the league improved that and thus was able to perform
better in these elections.
WHY were there elections in 1945-46?

⮚ The labor party in England had won the general elections and Clement Attlle now
replaced Winston Churchill as the new British Prime Minister. Since the labor party had
always shown willingness to give more power to the Indians in governing their state,
therefore the elections were allowed in India.
⮚ Secondly, WW2 had ended, and the British were completely exhausted. They were not
interested in ruling India anymore. They wanted to prepare Indians to manage their
affairs while they would start preparation to leave India. Therefore, elections were held
so that the Indians could form their government.
⮚ Lastly, the government of India Act, 1935 proposed an all-India federation to which
princely states showed reluctance. Therefore, it was necessary to hold the general
elections in India.
CABINET MISSION PLAN
WHAT WAS THE CABINET MISSION PLAN?

When: March, 1946
Who: Clement Attlee
Members Sent: Pethic Lawrence, A.V Alexander, and Stafford Crips
Congress Representation: Abul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhai Patel, Abdul Ghaffar Khan
etc
Muslim Representation: Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan, Abdul Rab Nishtar, Nawab Ismail
What: Attlee sent a delegation to India to discuss the political future of India. Jinnah had the ultimate
demand of Pakistan to which Congress opposed. The meetings were held at Simla. Sir Stafford Cripps
supported the Congress
Short Term Plan: Interim Government while British would withdraw; Interim Government would
form an All-Indian Commission with the help of Provincial and Central Legislatures which would
decide on the issue of formation of one or two states. The plan was rejected as it neither gave
immediate power transfer nor talked about the creation of Pakistan.
AFFILIATIONS:
Long Term Plan: 3 groups of provinces shall be created viz. Muslim-Majority, Hindu-Majority,
Bengal, and Assam; Idea of Pakistan was not approved; Indian union should be formed; Provinces
would have power to make the constitution. The League agreed to the plan but Congress did not.
Overall, it was rejected.
WHY WAS THE CABINET MISSION PLAN SENT TO INDIA?

Firstly, the British wanted to see a united India. This would bring them strategic benefit but
also a global pride for keeping the subcontinent united as a single polity. To work on this, it
was important to negotiate with the Indians. Thus, the plan was sent to India.
Secondly, communalism had risen to an unprecedented level. The League wanted the
creation of Pakistan whereas the Congress wanted immediate power transfer. Both parties
were not willing to reach an agreement. To bring them on a single page, the British
government sent the cabinet mission to India.
Lastly, the new Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, who came from the Labour party, was
sympathetic to the Indian concerns. He wanted to allow Indians to govern themselves. To
discuss on the formation of an effective government for India after the withdrawal of the
British, the mission was sent to India.
WHY WAS THE CABINET MISSION PLAN REJECTED?

Firstly, the Plan did not mention the creation of a separate Muslim homeland which was a
clear demand of Muslims after the passing of the Pakistan Resolution in 1940. Since the idea
of Pakistan was rejected in the plan, thus, the league thought of it as a risky move and thus
rejected the plan.
Secondly, it was rejected by the Congress as it did not mention any immediate power
transfer. The Congress did not want to compromise their political power in the future and
wanted to make sure that they had a majority in the government. Thus, they rejected the
plan.
Nehru's speech on 10 July 1946 rejected the idea that the provinces would be obliged to join
a group and stated that the Congress was neither bound nor committed to the plan. In effect,
Nehru's speech squashed the mission's plan.
WHAT WAS THE DIRECT ACTION DAY?

On August 16th, 1946, Jinnah announced that it was the time to show Muslim power and
solidarity against the British power and plans. He urged Muslims to demonstrate peacefully
throughout India.
However, in Calcutta, demonstrations turned into violence which resulted in the killing of
4000 people. This is known as the Great Calcutta Killing.
AFFILIATIONS:
WHAT WAS THE 3RD JUNE PLAN?
Clement Attlee chose Lord Mountbatten as the last viceroy of India and asked him to transfer
power to the Indians by June 1948 to avoid future disagreements and tensions. Mountbatten
proposed the plan which was also approved by the British government. The main terms were
as follows:
Two states viz. India and Pakistan. Each State would have a Dominion Status & have an
Executive responsible to a Constituent Assembly.
Division of Punjab and Bengal would be decided by the legislatures.
Indians would derive theiw own constitution. Until then, 1935 act would be used as an
interim constitution.
The people of NWFP could be given a choice through referendum.
The people of Balochistan would be given a chance to decide their future.
Princely states would have complete liberty to join either India or Pakistan.
A boundary commission would be formed after partition to resolve the territory distribution
issue.
Both the countries would nominate their Governor-Generals as the executive heads of the
countries.
After the partition the military assets would be divided between the two countries
WHAT WAS THE RADCLIFFE AWARD?

A boundary commission was set up under a lawyer from London, named, Cyril Radcliffe.
4 assistants were given to him. Two from League and two from Congress.
It was announced on 16th August 1947 and was totally against Muslims. Calcutta, which was
developed with the help of East Bengal and was surrounded by Muslim-majority areas, was
given to India. Gurdaspur was given to India though it was Muslim-majority so that India
could have link with areas like Amritsar and Jalandhar. Ferozpur & Madhopur, where all the
canal’s headwork’s located, which were controlling the water coming towards Pakistan,
were given to India.
AFFILIATIONS:
TOPICAL QUESTIONS
1. What was the Lahore Resolution? [4]
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2. What was the August offer? [4]
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3. What was the Cripps Mission? [4]
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4. What was the Quit India Movement? [4]
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5. What were the Gandhi-Jinnah talks? [4]
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6. What was the Simla Conference? [4]
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7. What were the outcomes of the provincial elections of 1945-6? [4]
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8. What was the Cabinet Mission Plan? [4]
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9. Who was Lord Wavell? [4]
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10. What was the Direct Action Day? [4]
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11. What was the 3rd June Plan? [4]
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12. What was the Radcliffe Award? [4]
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13. Why was the Cripps Mission sent to India? [7]
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14. Explain the limited success of the Cripps Mission of 1942. [7]
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15. Why did Gandhi started his Quit India movement? [7]
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16. Why were Gandhi-Jinnah talks held in India? [7]
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17. Why did the Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944 fail? [7]
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18. Why was a conference organized in Simla in 1945 by the British? [7]
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19. Why did the Simla Conference of 1945 had limited success? [7]
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20. Why were there elections in India in 1945-46? [7]
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21. Why Muslim league performed better in the elections of 1945-46? [7]
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22. Why was the Cabinet Mission Plan sent to India? [7]
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23. Why was the Cabinet Mission Plan rejected by the Indians? [7]
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24. Was the Cripps Mission in 1942 the most important factor during the 1940s that led to
the partition of the subcontinent in 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
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25. ‘Disagreement over the future role of the Central government was the most important
reason for the failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks of 1944’. How far do you agree? Give reasons
for your answer. [14]
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26. How successful were negotiations aimed at independence during the second world war?
Explain your answer. [14]
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27. ‘Events during WW1 advanced the Pakistan movement more than the events during
WW2’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
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28. ‘Gandhi-Jinnah talks had the greatest impact on the Hindu-Muslim relations during the
WW2 period’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
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29. ‘Lahore Resolution had the greatest impact on the Pakistan movement during the years
1939-1945’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]
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30. Access the extent to which Muslims were successful in advancing the Pakistan Movement
during the WW2 period. [14]
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AFFILIATIONS:
SOURCE-BASED PRACTICE QUESTIONS
SOURCE A
The All-India Muslim League meeting in Lahore 1940 In March 1940, the All India Muslim
League held its annual session at Minto Park, Lahore. Quaide-Azam, Muhammad Ali
Jinnah outlined the events of the past few months and presented his own solution to the
Muslim problem. He said that the problem of India was not one of an internal conflict
between Hindus and Muslims, but mainly an international one. He felt that the
differences between Hindus and Muslims were so great and so sharp that their union
under one central government was full of serious risks. He said that Hindus and Muslims
belonged to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature. Hindus
and Muslims belonged to two separate and distinct nations and therefore the only chance
open was to allow them to have separate states.
From a website on the history of Pakistan
According to source A, what were the problems facing India in 1940? [3]
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SOURCE B
What does source B suggest about the attempts to solve the problems of the sub-
continent in 1945? [5]
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SOURCE A
The Day of Deliverance I wish the Muslims all over India to celebrate Friday 22 December
1939 as a national ‘Day of Deliverance’ from Congress rule. Provincial and local Muslim
Leagues should hold meetings to offer thanks in their prayers for the end of the unjust
Congress regime. These meetings should be peaceful and orderly so as not to upset or
offend any other community. It is the Congress High Command who are responsible for
the unjust tyranny of these past years.
Adapted from a speech by Jinnah to the Muslim community on 2 December 1939
According to Source A how did Jinnah want the Muslim community to act on 22 December
1939? [3]
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AFFILIATIONS:
SOURCE B
Gandhi’s educational ideas
A photograph of Gandhi at an ashram

What can we learn from Source B about Gandhi’s ideas on education between 1937 and
1939? [5]
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AFFILIATIONS:
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SOURCE A
In 1940 Mr Jinnah announced that the Muslim League had made ‘enormous progress’. He
believed it had become a strong institution capable of having a long-term influence. He
said that the League was a great success. Communications with the British at the
beginning of the war proved that they were taking the Muslim League seriously and
thought of them as a major power. Mr Jinnah added, that because of the advances made
by the League, Muslim India was now politically ‘conscious and awake’ and the Muslim
League would be a permanent feature of Indian politics.
Adapted from Jinnah and the Lahore Resolution by Farooq Ahmad Dar, 2015
According to Source A, what examples of ‘enormous progress’ (line 1) had the Muslim
League made? [3]
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AFFILIATIONS:
SOURCE B
What can we learn from Source B about the tensions that existed over the future of the
subcontinent? [5]
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AFFILIATIONS:

Hitsory Chpater 9

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Hitsory Chpater 9

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Key question 9: How successful were attempts to find solutions to the

problems facing the subcontinent in the years 1940 to 1947?

THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION/THE LAHORE RESOLUTION 1940

WHAT WAS THE PAKISTAN RESOLUTION?

⮚ Where: In the annual session of Muslim league conducted in Lahore.

WHAT WAS THE AUGUST OFFER?

⮚ When: August 8th, 1940.

WHAT WAS THE CRIPPS MISSION?

⮚ When: 23rd March, 1942.

THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

WHAT WAS THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT?

⮚ When: August 8th, 1942.

⮚ Jinnah had predicted that it would surely fail.

WHY QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT STARTED?

WHAT WERE THE GANDHI-JINNAH TALKS?

⮚ When: September (9th to 27th) 1944

WHY WERE GANDHI-JINNAH TALKS HELD IN INDIA?

WHAT WAS THE SIMLA CONFERENCE?

⮚ All the parties agreed with the principle of an Executive Council.

⮚ There was a deadlock on the members of the Council.

WHY WAS SIMLA CONFERENCE ORGANIZED?

WHY SIMLA CONFERENCE FAILED?

WHAT WERE THE ELECTIONS OF 1945-46?

RESULTS OF THE ELECTIONS

WHY LEAGUE PERFORMED BETTER IN THE ELECTIONS OF 1945-46?

WHY were there elections in 1945-46?

WHAT WAS THE CABINET MISSION PLAN?

WHY WAS THE CABINET MISSION PLAN SENT TO INDIA?

WHY WAS THE CABINET MISSION PLAN REJECTED?

WHAT WAS THE DIRECT ACTION DAY?

WHAT WAS THE RADCLIFFE AWARD?

A photograph of Gandhi at an ashram

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