物理辯論賽

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01 / Invent Yourself /自己发明

Take a box (e.g. a matchbox), filled with identical objects (e.g.matches, balls,
…). Find a method to determine the number of objects in the box solely by the sound
produced while shaking the box. How does the accuracy depend on the properties of
the objects, the box, and the packing density?
考虑一个装满相同物体(如火柴、球)的盒子(如火柴盒),找到一种方法来仅通过晃动盒子时产生的声音来确
定盒子中物体的数量。这种方法的准确性如何取决于物体的性质、盒子的性质和装填密度?

02/ Droplet Microscope /液滴显微镜


By looking through a single water droplet placed on a glass surface, one can
observe that the droplet acts as an imaging system. Investigate the magnification
and resolution of such a lens.
透过一滴放置在玻璃表面的水滴观察,可以发现水滴能充当一种成像系统。研究这种透镜的放大率和分辨率。
浅析:本题的研究分为两步。第一步确定玻璃板上液滴形状,这完全由液滴的体积和与接触面的表面张力系数确
定。确定液滴形状后,剩下的研究就是标准的几何光学问题:研究这一几何形状(液滴表面几何)的厚透镜成像
规律,放大率和分辨率在光学中有标准的定义。

03/Rigid Ramp Walker /刚性斜面行走器


Construct a rigid ramp walker with four legs (e.g. in the form of a ladder). The
construction may begin to ‘walk’ down a rough ramp. Investigate how the geometry of
the walker and relevant parameters affect its terminal velocity of walking.
搭建一个有四条腿的刚性斜面行走器(如梯子的形式),此结构可以在粗糙的斜面上向下“行走”。研究行走器
的几何特征及相关参数如何影响其行走的最终速度。
浅析:简单地行走机器人,分为主动和被动的构型。本题提到的是沿着斜面向下走,应该是将重力势能转化为动
能的被动行走机器人。本部分研究在行走机器人领域有充分的研究基础,可以参考的文献较多[如 刘玉刚. 准四
足被动行走机器人的动力学仿真研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2012.]。建议先对已有的研究和基本结构有充分的了
解再进行实验探索。理论分析部分,可以将机器人行走分为质心运动和每只足的绕定点或者定轴转动,结合刚体
转动和质点系运动进行研究。

04/ Charge Meter /电荷测量计


A lightweight ball is suspended from a thread in the area between two charged
plates. If the ball is also charged it will be deflected to one side at a certain
angle. What is the accuracy of such a device for measuring the amount of charge on
the ball? Optimise your device to measure the smallest possible charge on the ball.
一个轻质小球通过一根线被悬挂在两个带电板之间。如果球也带电,它会以一个特定的角度被偏转到一侧。这种
测量小球带电量的装置的精度是多少?优化你的装置用于测量球上可能的最小电荷。
浅析:本文的力学基础很简单,点电荷在匀强电场(近似)中的平衡。显然不同电荷量的小球会偏转的角度不同
(角度由小球受到的电场力和重力的比例确定),若需要对电荷测量尽可能灵敏,则需要电荷变化后角度的响应
足够灵敏。理论上用偏导关系得到电荷关于角度的误差传递公式来分析这一灵敏度是非常直接的。实验上,本题
目的量化和测量都比较简单。

05/ Ping Pong Rocket /乒乓球火箭


A ping pong ball is placed in a container of water. When the container is dropped,
the ping pong ball will get launched to a great height. What maximum height can you
reach with up to 2 liters of water?
一个乒乓球放置在装水的容器中,当容器被释放时,乒乓球会发射到一个很高的高度。使用 2 升水最高能达到多
少高度?
浅析:一个经典的能量转换实验。在受到撞击后,液体会像中间聚集,中部液体向上快速弹起将动能传递给乒乓
球,乒乓球质量小从而获得较大动能后以较大初速度弹起,进而弹起较高高度。本问题中给定的参数是水的体积,
简单来想优化的目标就是容器形状。最简单的考虑,容器都是圆柱体,则可以自然地问:圆柱内液体体积固定,
是半径大的圆柱好还是瘦长的圆柱好(让乒乓球弹起更高)?这部分研究需要建立液体动能向乒乓球传递的定量
关系式,然后分析乒乓球获得动能大小对液体初始半径、高度的依赖关系后,确定具体优化方式。

06/ Non-contact Resistance /非接触电阻


The responses of a LRC circuit driven by an AC source can be changed by inserting
either a non-magnetic metal rod or a ferromagnetic rod into the inductor coil. How
can we obtain the magnetic and electric properties of the inserted rod from the
circuit’s responses?
交流电源驱动的 LRC 电路响应可通过在电感线圈中插入非磁性金属杆或铁磁杆来改变。如何从电路的响应中得到
插入杆的电磁特性?

07/ Giant Sounding Plate /大型发声板


When a large, thin and flexible plate (e.g. plastic, metal or plexiglass) is bent,
it may produce a loud and unusual howling sound. Explain and investigate this
phenomenon.
一个大的、薄的、柔韧的板(如塑料板、金属板或有机玻璃)被弯曲时,会发出响亮且不同寻常的呼啸声。解释
并研究此现象。

08/ Another Magnetic Levitation /另一个磁悬浮


Place a large disk-shaped magnet on a non-magnetic conductive plate. When a smaller
magnet is moved under the plate, the magnet on top may levitate under certain
conditions. Investigate the levitation and the possible motion of the magnet on
top.
将一个大的圆盘状磁铁放在非磁性的导电板上。当一个较小的磁铁在板的下方移动时,顶部的磁铁在一定条件下
可能会悬浮。研究顶部磁铁的悬浮和可能的运动。

09/ Juicy Solar Cell /果汁太阳能电池


A functional solar cell can be created using conducting glass slides, iodine, juice
(eg. blackberry) and titanium dioxide. This type of cell is called a Grätzel cell.
Make such a cell and investigate the necessary parameters to obtain maximum
efficiency.
一个功能性的太阳能电池可以使用导电玻璃片、碘、果汁(例如黑莓)和二氧化钛来制做。这种类型的电池被称
为 Grätzel 电池。制作这样的电池并研究获取最大效率所需的参数。
浅析:利用生化反应的水果电池是常见的中小学科创实验。本题的水果电池不同寻常,是水果果汁参与制作太阳
能电池。实际上,20 世纪 90 年代,Brian O’Regan 和 Michael Grätzel 发明了介观染料敏化太阳能电池
(DSCs),这就是著名的 Grätzel 电池。DSCs 通过光敏剂将光转换成电。这些是吸收光的染料化合物,并将
电子注入氧化物纳米晶体阵列中,随后以电流形式收集。从背景来看,果汁可以起到这种电池中所需燃料的作用。

10/ Magnetic Gear /磁力齿轮


Take several identical fidget spinners and attach neodymium magnets to their ends.
If you place them side by side on a plane and rotate one of them, the remaining
ones start to rotate only due to the magnetic field. Investigate and explain the
phenomenon.
取几个相同的指尖陀螺,并将钕磁铁固定在它们的末端。如果将它们并排放置在平面上并旋转其中一个陀螺,则
其余的陀螺会仅由于磁场而开始旋转。研究并解释这一现象。
浅析:本题的现象很容易想到。本来独立运动的指尖陀螺,因为端点所放置磁铁的相互吸引(排斥)而产生了耦
合运动。第一个转动陀螺的动能因为这一耦合将能量传递的其它陀螺。本问题中,能量转移的速率,是否具有周
期性,会不会出现拍频,以及体系陀螺的个数如何影响上述几点是值得研究的方向。

11/ Pumping Straw/吸管水泵


A simple water pump can be made using a straw shaped into a triangle and cut open
at the vertices. When such a triangle is partially immersed in water with one of
its vertices and rotated around its vertical axis, water may flow up through the
straw. Investigate how the geometry and other relevant parameters affect the
pumping speed.
一个简单的水泵可以将一根吸管折成三角形,并在顶点处切开的方式来制作。当这样一个三角形部分浸入水中,
其中一个顶点绕其三角形的竖直轴旋转时,水可能会通过吸管流向上方。研究几何形状和其他相关参数如何影响
泵水的速度。
浅析:本问题的关键是所设计的简单水泵将水泵至高处的压力来源。题目所描述过程已经提示我们,这一压力来
源是旋转。简单思考便知,是因为旋转导致习惯中水受到的离心力通过管子的特殊弯折(三角形)将水压至上方。
本问题中,转速和几何形状(三角形的特征)如何影响泵水速度是需要讨论的核心。

12/ The Soap Spiral /肥皂螺旋


Lower a compressed slinky into a soap solution, pull it out and straighten it. A
soap film is formed between the turns of the slinky. If you break the integrity of
the film, the front of the film will begin to move. Explain this phenomenon and
investigate the movement of the front of the soap film.
将一个压缩的螺旋弹簧玩具(slinky, 俗名彩虹圈)放入肥皂溶液中,把它拿出来并拉直。弹簧的圈之间就形成
了一个肥皂膜。如果你破坏了肥皂膜的完整性,肥皂膜的前端就会开始移动。解释这个现象,并研究肥皂膜前端
的运动。

13/ Shooting Rubber Band /发射橡皮筋


A rubber band may fly a longer distance if it is non-uniformly stretched when shot,
giving it spin. Optimise the distance that a rubber band with spin can reach.
如果橡皮筋在发射时被不均匀拉伸而使其旋转,它可能会飞行更远的距离。优化带有旋转的橡皮筋可以到达的距
离。

14/ Ruler Trick /尺子把戏


Place a ruler on the edge of a table, and throw a ball at its free end. The ruler
will fall. However, if you cover a part of the ruler with a piece of paper and
repeat the throw, then the ruler will remain on the table while the ball will
bounce off it. Explain this phenomenon, and investigate the relevant parameters.
将一把尺子放在桌子边缘,然后将一个球投向尺子的自由端。尺子将会落下。然而,如果你用一张纸盖住尺子的
一部分并重新投掷小球,那么尺子将保留在桌子上,而球会从尺子上弹开。解释这一现象,并研究相关参数。

15/ Wet Scroll /湿纸卷


Gently place a piece of tracing paper on the surface of water. It rapidly curls
into a scroll and then slowly uncurls. Explain and investigate this phenomenon.
将一张描图纸轻轻地放在水面上。它会迅速卷曲成一纸卷,然后慢慢展开。解释并研究这个现象。

16/ Cushion Catapult /气垫弹射器


Place an object on a large air cushion and drop several other objects in such a way
that the first object is catapulted away. Investigate how the exit velocity depends
on relevant parameters.
将物体放置在一个大的气垫上,然后丢下几个其他物体,第一个物体会被弹射出去。研究弹射速度与相关参数的
关系。
浅析:本题目涉及的研究来源于一种很火的游戏,一个人躺在气垫或者弹簧床上,多个人跳上去可以将躺着的人
弹起至很高的地方。本问题也是一种能量转换机制,气垫是多个物体动能向单个物体转换的媒介,需要考虑气垫
的压强,尺寸等对该能量转换率(弹起物体动能与多个物体接触气垫的动能的比)的影响。弹射物体的弹射速度
直接由能量转换率确定。

17/ Quantum Light Dimmer /量子光调节器


If you put a flame with table salt added in front of a vapour sodium lamp, the
flame casts a shadow. The shadow can become lighter, if the flame is put into a
strong magnetic field. Investigate and explain the phenomenon.
如果在蒸汽钠灯前放置加入了食盐的火焰,火焰会投下阴影。如果火焰放置在一个强磁场中,阴影会变得更亮。
研究并解释此现象。
浅析:本题涉及到量子物理中原子能级的知识。我们知道,火焰会有阴影的原因是因为钠光灯发出的光被火焰中
的氯化钠蒸汽部分吸收导致的。加强磁场后,钠的能级会因为磁场出现塞曼劈裂,从而使得火焰对无磁场中钠所
发出特定波长光的吸收率降低,进而使得透过的光增加阴影变亮。该问题的定量分析需要量子物理的理论基础,
实验部分探究磁场强度如何影响最终透光量是一个定量的可能方向

2023CUPT 题目:

1、Fractal Fingers 分形手指

The effect of fractal fingering can be observed if a droplet of an ink-alcohol


mixture is deposited onto diluted acrylic paint. How are the geometry and dynamics
of the fingers influenced by relevant parameters?

如果将一滴油墨和酒精的混合物滴在稀释的丙烯酸涂料上,就可以观察到分形手指效应。手指的几何形状和动力
学特征将如何受相关参数影响?

2、Oscillating Sphere 振荡球

A light sphere with a conducting surface is suspended from a thin wire. When the
sphere is rotated about its vertical axis (thereby twisting the wire) and then
released, it starts to oscillate. Investigate how the presence of a magnetic field
affects the motion.

一个表面导电的轻球悬挂在一根细导线上。当球绕着其垂直轴旋转(从而扭转导线)并释放,它会开始振荡。研
究磁场的存在会如何影响这一运动。

3、Siren 汽笛

If you direct an air flow onto a rotating disk with holes, a sound may be heard.
Explain this phenomenon and investigate how the sound characteristics depend on the
relevant parameters.

如果你将气流导向旋转的有孔圆盘,会听到声音。解释此现象并研究此声音的特征如何取决于相关参数。

4、Coloured Line 彩色线

When a compact disc or DVD is illuminated with light coming from a filament lamp in
such a way that only rays with large angles of incidence are selected, a clear
green line can be observed. The colour varies upon slightly changing the angle of
the disc. Explain and investigate this phenomenon.

当只选用白炽灯光中入射角较大的光照射光盘或 DVD 时,会出现一条明显的绿色线。光盘的角度稍有改变,颜


色就会发生变化。解释并研究此现象。

5、Whistling Mesh 口哨网

When a stream of water hits a rigid metal mesh within a range of angles, a
whistling tone may be heard. Investigate how the properties of the mesh, stream and
angle affect the characteristics of the sound produced.
当水流在一定角度范围内冲击刚性金属网时,可能听到口哨声。研究金属网、水流的性质及角度大小将如何影响
声音的特征。

6、Magnetic-Mechanical Oscillator 磁机械振荡器

Secure the lower ends of two identical leaf springs to a non-magnetic base and
attach magnets to the upper ends such that they repel and are free to move.
Investigate how the movement of the springs depends on relevant parameters.

将两个相同的叶片弹簧下端固定在一个无磁基座上,并将两块磁铁吸附在弹簧上端,使他们相互排斥且可以自由
移动。研究弹簧的运动如何取决于相关参数。

7、Faraday Waves 法拉第波

A droplet of less viscous liquid floating in a bath of a more viscous liquid


develops surprising wave- like patterns when the entire system is set into vertical
oscillation. Investigate this phenomenon and the parameters relevant to the
production of stable patterns.

当整个系统处于垂直振荡状态时,一滴低粘度液体漂浮在一团粘性较强液体中,会产生令人惊讶的波形图案。研
究此现象以及与形成稳定图案有关的参数。

8、Euler’s Pendulum 欧拉摆

Take a thick plate of non-magnetic material and fix a neodymium magnet on top of
it. Suspend a magnetic rod (which can be assembled from cylindrical neodymium
magnets) underneath it. Deflect the rod so that it touches the plate only with
highest edge and release it. Study the motion of such a pendulum under various
conditions.

取一块厚的、由非磁性材料制成的板,并在其上面固定一个钕磁铁。在板的下方悬挂一根磁性杆(可以由多块圆
柱形钕磁铁组装制成)。使杆偏转至它只有最顶部的边沿接触到板,然后将其释放。研究这种摆在各种条件下的
运动。

9、Oscillating Screw 振荡的螺丝

When placed on its side on a ramp and released, a screw may experience growing
oscillations as it travels down the ramp. Investigate how the motion of the screw,
as well as the growth of these oscillations depend on the relevant parameters.

当把一颗螺丝侧放在斜面上并释放时,螺丝可能会在沿着斜面向下运动时产生越来越大的振荡。研究螺丝的运动
以及这种振荡的增长如何取决于相关参数。

10、Upstream Flow 逆流而上的运动

Sprinkle light particles on a water surface. Then allow a water stream to be


incident on the surface from a small height. Under certain conditions, the
particles may begin to move up the stream. Investigate and explain this phenomenon.

在水面上撒上轻质颗粒,然后让水流从很小的高度入射水面。在一定条件下,微粒可能会沿水流向上运动。研究
并解释这一现象

11、Ball on Ferrite Rod 铁氧体棒上的球


A ferrite rod is placed at the bottom end of a vertical tube. Apply an ac voltage,
of a frequency of the same order as the natural frequency of the rod, to a fine
wire coil wrapped around its lower end. When a ball is placed on top of the rod, it
will start to bounce. Explain and investigate this phenomenon.

把一个铁氧体棒放在垂直管的底部。把频率与棒的固有频率同阶的交流电压施加到缠绕在棒下方的细线圈上。当
把一个球放在棒的上方时,球将会开始弹跳。解释并研究这个现象。

12、Rice Kettlebells 大米壶铃

Take a vessel and pour some granular material into it, for example, rice. If you
dip e.g. a spoon into it, then at a certain depth of immersion, you can lift the
vessel and contents by holding the spoon. Explain this phenomenon and explore the
relevant parameters of the system.

向一个容器中倒入一些颗粒状物质(例如大米)。如果把勺子等物体浸入颗粒状物质中,在一定的浸入深度下,
可以通过提起勺子来提起容器和其中的颗粒。解释这个现象并探究系统的相关参数。

13、Ponyo’s Heat Tube 波妞的加热管

(Ponyo 疑似是宫崎骏《岸上的波妞》动画中的主角?)

A glass tube with a sealed top is filled with water and mounted vertically. The
bottom end of the tube is immersed in a beaker of water and a short segment of the
tube is heated. Investigate and explain the periodic motion of the water and any
vapour bubbles observed.

把一个顶部密封的玻璃管装满水并垂直安装。把玻璃管的底端浸入装有水的烧杯中,使玻璃管的一小段被加热。
研究并解释水和观察到的气泡的周期性运动。

14、Jet Refraction 射流的折射

A vertical jet can be refracted when passing through an inclined sieve with a fine
mesh. Propose a law for such refraction and investigate relevant parameters.

垂直射流通过带有细网的斜筛时会发生折射。为这种折射提出一个定律并研究相关参数的影响。

15、Pancake Rotation 煎饼的旋转

Place a few balls in a round container. If you move the container around a vertical
axis, the balls can move codirectionally with the movement of the container, or
they can move in the opposite direction. Explain this phenomenon and investigate
how the direction of movement depends on relevant parameters.

将几个球放在一个圆形容器中。如果绕一个竖直轴移动容器,球可以与容器运动方向同向移动,也可以向容器运
动方向的反方向运动。解释这个现象并研究运动方向如何取决于相关参数。

16、Thermoacoustic Engine 热声发动机

A piston placed in the open end of a horizontal test tube which has its other end
partially filled with steel wool may oscillate when the closed end is heated up.
Investigate the phenomenon and determine the efficiency of this engine.

把一个活塞放在水平放置的试管的开口端,试管的封闭端则用钢丝绒部分填充。当试管的封闭端被加热时,活塞
可能会振动。研究这个现象并确定这个发动机的效率。
17、Arrester Bed 沙地

A sand-filled lane results in the dissipation of the kinetic energy of a moving


vehicle. What length is necessary for such an arrester bed to entirely stop a
passively moving object (e.g. a ball)? What parameters does the length depend on?

被沙子覆盖的车道会导致行驶车辆的动能损耗。如果要使一个被动运动的物体(如一个球)完全停止,这样的沙
地需要多长?长度又取决于哪些参数?

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