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But Panzer has, I think, proved that the struggle of Beowulf in the
hall, and his plunging down into the deep, is simply an epic
glorification of a folk-tale motive.
I. THE DATE OF THE DEATH OF HYGELAC.
Gregory of Tours mentions the defeat of Chochilaicus (Hygelac) as
an event of the reign of Theudoric. Now Theudoric succeeded his
father Chlodoweg, who died 27 Nov. 511. Theudoric died in 534.
This, then, gives the extreme limits of time; but as Gregory mentions
the event among the first occurrences of the reign, the period 512-
520 has generally been suggested, or in round numbers about 515
or 516.
Nevertheless, we cannot attach much importance to the mere order
followed by Gregory[864]. He may well have had no means of dating
the event exactly. Of much more importance than the order, is the
fact he records, that Theudoric did not defeat Chochilaicus in person,
but sent his son Theudobert to repel the invaders.
Now Theudobert was born before the death of his grandfather
Chlodoweg. For Gregory tells us that Chlodoweg left not only four
sons, but a grandson Theudobert, elegantem atque utilem[865]:
utilem cannot mean that, at the time of the death of Chlodoweg,
Theudobert was of age to conduct affairs of state, for Chlodoweg
was only 45 at death[866]. The Merovingians were a precocious race;
but if we are to allow Theudobert to have been at least fifteen
before being placed in charge of a very important expedition, and
Chlodoweg to have been at least forty before becoming a
grandfather, the defeat of Hygelac cannot be put before 521; and
probability would favour a date five or ten years later.
There is confirmation for this. When Theudobert died, in 548, he left
one son only, quite a child and still under tutelage[867]; probably
therefore not more than twelve or thirteen at most. We know the
circumstances of the child's birth. Theudobert had been betrothed
by his father Theudoric to a Longobardic princess, Wisigardis[868]. In
the meantime he fell in love with the lady Deoteria[869], and married
her[870]. The Franks were shocked at this fickleness (valde
scandalizabantur), and Theudobert had ultimately to put away
Deoteria[871], although they had this young son (parvulum filium),
who, as we have seen, could hardly have been born before 535, and
possibly was born years later. Theudobert then married the
Longobardic princess, in the seventh year after their betrothal. So it
cannot have been much before 530 that Theudobert's father was
first arranging the Longobardic match. A king is not likely to have
waited to find a wife for a son, upon whom his dynasty was to
depend, till fifteen years after that son was of age to win a
memorable victory[872].
Gulliver's Travels.
The following items are (except in special cases) not included in this
bibliography:
§ 1. PERIODICALS
The periodicals most frequently quoted are:
A.f.d.A. = Anzeiger für deutsches Alterthum. Berlin, 1876 etc.
A.f.n.F. = Arkiv för nordisk Filologi. Christiania, Lund, 1883 etc.
Quoted according to the original numbering.
Anglia. Halle, 1878 etc.
Archiv = Herrigs Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und
Litteraturen. Elberfeld, Braunschweig, 1846 etc. Quoted according to
the original numbering.
D.L.Z. = Deutsche Literatur-Zeitung. Berlin, 1880 etc.
Engl. Stud. = Englische Studien. Heilbronn, Leipzig, 1877 etc.
Germania. Wien, 1856-92.
I.F. = Indogermanische Forschungen. Strassburg, 1892 etc.
J.(E.)G.Ph. = Journal of (English and) Germanic Philology.
Bloomington, Urbana, 1897 etc.
Lit. Cbl. = Literarisches Centralblatt. Leipzig, 1851 etc.
Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie. Heilbronn,
Leipzig, 1880 etc.
M.L.N. = Modern Language Notes. Baltimore, 1886 etc. Quoted by
the page, not the column.
M.L.R. = The Modern Language Review. Cambridge, 1906 etc.
Mod. Phil. = Modern Philology. Chicago, 1903 etc.
Morsbachs Studien zur englischen Philologie. Halle, 1897 etc.
P.B.B. = Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache u. Litteratur.
Halle, 1874 etc.
Pub. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. = Publications of the Modern
Language Association of America. Baltimore, 1889 etc.
Z.f.d.A. = Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum. Leipzig, Berlin, 1841
etc.
Z.f.d.Ph. = Zachers Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie. Halle, 1869
etc.
Z.f.ö.G. = Zeitschrift für die österreichischen Gymnasien. Wien, 1850
etc.
The titles of other periodicals are given with sufficient fulness for
easy identification.
§ 2. BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Bibliographies have been published from time to time as a
supplement to Anglia; also in the Jahresbericht über...german.
Philologie; by Garnett in his Translation, 1882 etc.; and will be found
in
1882. 2 Aufl.
1895. 3 Aufl. Reviews: Dieter, Anglia, Beiblatt, VI,
260-1; Brandl, Z.f.d.A. XL, 90.
§ 5. CONCORDANCES, etc.
1805 Turner, Sharon. History of the manners ... poetry ... and
language of the Anglo-Saxons. London. (From p. 398 to p. 408
is a summary, with translations, of Beowulf, Prol.-VIII. Turner was
misled as to the subject of the poem, because a leaf had been
misplaced in the MS, so that the account of the fighting between
Grendel and Beowulf (ll. 740-82) occurred immediately after l.
91. The struggle between Beowulf and an (unnamed) adversary
being thus made to follow the account of Hrothgar's court at
Heorot, Turner was led to suppose that the poem narrated the
attempt of Beowulf to avenge on Hrothgar the feud for a
homicide he had committed. "The transition," Turner not
unreasonably complains, "is rather violent." The correct placing
of the shifted leaf is due to Thorkelin.)
1815 Thorkelin, G. J. [Latin version in his edition, q.v.] The
reviewers gave summaries of the poem, with translations of
portions of it: English in the Monthly Review, LXXXI, 1816, 516-23
(less inaccurate than Turner's summary); Danish in the Dansk
Litteratur-Tidende, 1815, 401-32, 437-46, and by Grundtvig in
the Nyeste Skilderie (see below, § 7); Swedish in Iduna, VII,
1817, 133-59.
1819 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Stykker af Skjoldung-Kvadet eller
Bjovulfs Minde, Dannevirke, IV, 234-62.
1820 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Bjowulfs Drape, Kjøbenhavn. (Free
rhymed translation of Beowulf: Finnsburg rendered into short
lines, unrhymed: Introduction and most important critical
notes.) Review: J. Grimm in Gött. Anzeigen, 1823 = Kleinere
Schriften, IV, 178-86. For second edit., see 1865.
1820 Turner, Sharon. History of the Anglo-Saxons ... third edit.
London. (Vol. III, pp. 325-48, contains a summary, with
translations, of the earlier part of the poem, much less
inaccurate than that of 1805.)
1826 Conybeare, J. J. Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon poetry. London.
(Pp. 35-136 contain a summary of Beowulf, with blank verse
transl. and the corresponding text in A.S. and Latin; pp. 175-82,
Finnsburg, text with transl. into Latin and into English verse.)
1832 Grundtvig, N. F. S. Nordens mythologi. Anden Udgave.
Kiöbenhavn. (Pp. 571-94 give a summary of the Beowulf-stories.
This was, of course, wanting in the first edit. of 1808.)
1837 Kemble, J. M. Translation ... with ... glossary, preface and
notes. London. (The "postscript to the preface" in which Kemble
supplemented and corrected the "Historical Preface" to his
edition of 1833, is the basis of the mythological explanations of
Beowulf as an Anglian god, Beowa.)
1839 Leo, H. [Summary with translation of extracts.] See § 8,
below.
1840 Ettmüller, L. Beowulf, stabreimend übersetzt, mit
Einleitung und Anmerkungen (Finnsburg, pp. 36-8). Zürich.
1845 Longfellow, H. W. The Poets and Poetry of Europe.
Philadelphia. (Pp. 8-10 contain transl. of extracts from Beowulf.)
1847 Schaldemose, F. [Danish transl. of Beowulf and Finnsburg, in
his edit., q.v.]
1849 Wackerbarth, A. D. Beowulf, translated into English verse.
London. (Imitation of Scott's metre.)
1855 Thorpe, B. [In his edit., q.v.]
1857 Uhland, L. [Prose transl. of Finnsburg.] Germania, II, 354-5.
1857 Grein, C. W. M. Dichtungen der Angelsachsen, stabreimend
übersetzt. Göttingen. (Vol. I, pp. 222—308, Beowulf, trans. into
alliterative verse.)