REMOTE SENSING AND GPS BASED PROJECT REPORT

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‘hmamï´>mVrb gd© {dÚmnrR>mÀ¶m nXdr d nXì¶wÎma dJm©Vrb "^yJmob' {df¶mgmR>r Cn¶wº$.
H$.~.Mm¡. CÎma ‘hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> - ^yJmob {df¶mÀ¶m Eg.dm¶.~r.E. (SEC-2) À¶m
Z{dZ CBCS Aä¶mgH«$‘mZwgma H«${‘H$ nwñVH$.
MPSC, UPSC, NET-SET d BVa ñnYm© narjm§gmR>rhr Cn¶w³V.

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Am{U OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMVr
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Remo te Sen sin g
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GPS Based Project Re p ort

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 Xÿag§doXZ Am{U OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMVr àH$ën Ahdmb
Remote Sensing & GPS Based Project Report
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OmZodmar, 2020
978-93-89492-91-0
< 125/-

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¶m nwñVH$mVrb H$moUVmhr ‘OHy$a, H$moU˶mhr ñdê$nmV dm ‘mܶ‘mV nwZ©àH$m{eV AWdm

g§J«{hV H$aʶmgmR>r boIH$/àH$meH$ XmoKm§Mrhr boIr nyd©nadmZJr KoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.

2 & àem§V npãbHo$eÝg

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H$d{¶Ìr ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar CÎma ‘hmamï´> {dÚmnrR> OiJmdZo OyZ 2019

nmgyZ {ÛVr¶ df© (gr~rgrEg n°Q>Z©) H$bm dJm©gmR>r Xÿa g§doXZ d ˶mda AmYm[aV
àH$ën Ahdmb ¶m {df¶mMm d Aä¶mgH«$‘mMm g‘mdoe Ho$bm Amho.
Xÿa g§doXZ ¶m {df¶mgmR>r Amåhr boIZ H$amdo ¶mgmR>r àem§V npãbHo$eÝgMo
lr. a§Jamd nmQ>rb d à{Xn nmQ>rb {deof AmJ«hr hmoVo åhUyZ Ho$di Aä¶mgH«$‘
d {dÚmWu S>moù¶mg‘moa R>odyZ ¶m nwñVH$mMo {bImU Ho$bobo Amho. ho nwñVH$
Aä¶mgH«$‘mgmo~V {d{dY ñnYm© n[ajm§Zmhr Cn¶moJr R>aob ¶mMr Amåhmbm nyU©
ImÌr Amho.
gXa nwñVH$mMo {bImU H$aVm§Zm {dÚm϶mªZm ghO g‘Oob Aí¶m gmo߶m
^mfoV {b{hʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bobm Amho na§Vw Xÿa g§doXZ hm {df¶ ~amM V§ÌkmZmda
AmYm[aV Agë¶mZo B§J«Or Cƒma Agbobo eãX OgoÀ¶m Vgo dmnabobo Amho.
H$maU ‘amR>r eãXmnojm B§J«Or eãXmda ¶m {df¶mMo {ddoMZ gmono dmQ>Vo. {bImU
H$aVm§Zm nwñVH$mV H$mhr ÌwQ>r am{hë¶m Agë¶mg Amåhmbm bJoM gy{MV H$amdo.
Amnë¶m gyMZm Amåhmg ‘m¡{bH$ AgVrb.
¶m nwñVH$mÀ¶m àH$meZmMr O~m~Xmar d Zoh‘rM Amåhmbm {bImUmg
àmoËgm{hV H$aUmao "àem§V npãbHo$eÝg' OiJmdMo ‘mbH$ lr. a§Jamd nmQ>rb d
lr. àXrn nmQ>rb ¶m§Mo ‘ZmnmgyZ Am^ma.
Am‘À¶m n[admamVrb gXñ¶ àm. N>m¶m ^¡go, B§{O. VoOg ^¡go, Hw$. {hVofm
^¡go, gm¡. AbH$m ‘ñH$s ¶m§À¶m ghH$m¶m©{edm¶ ho nwñVH$ nyU© hmoUo e³¶M
ZìhVo.
Am‘Mo ñZohr ‘m. {XbrnXmXm nmQ>rb, àmMm¶© S>m°. EZ. EZ. Jm¶H$dmS>,
àm.{ZVrZ ~mar, S>m°. ~r. Eg. ^mboamd ¶m§Zr Ho$boë¶m {deof ghH$m¶m©~Ôb
Amåhr ˶m§Mo Am^mar AmhmoV. nwñVH$mMo {bImU H$arV AgVm§Zm Amåhr Á¶m
g§X^©J«§Wm§Mm AmYma KoVbm Amho. ˶m gd© g§X^© J«§WH$˶mªMo ‘ZmnmgyZ Am^ma
‘mZVmo.
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Xÿag§doXZ Am{U OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMVr àH$ën Ahdmb & 3

 S y l la b u s
Choice Based Credit System (Semester Pattern)

Unit-1 Introduction to Remote Sensing

a. Introduction, Definition and Need of Remote Sensing
b. Process of Remote Sensing in brief
c. Applications of Remote Sensing
d. Advantages and Limitations of Remote Sensing
Unit-2 Basic Principles of Remote Sensing
a. Sources of Energy and Radiation Principles
b. Electromagnetic Spectrum
c. EMR interaction with Atmosphere-Scattering, Absorption,
Reflection
d. EMR interaction with earth’s surface features- Reflection,
Absorption, Emission and Transmission
Unit-3
Types of Remote Sensing and Aerial Photography
a. Classification Based on Energy Source -Active and Passive remote
Sensing
b. Classification Based on Platforms – Air and Space Born
a. Sensors – Major Types
b. Orbital Characteristics Satellites
c. Introduction, Types (Vertical and Low Oblique and High Oblique)
and Scale of Aerial Photographs
Unit-4 GPS based Project Report
a. Introduction and Segments of GPS
b. Applications of GPS
c. GPS based Project Report
i. Preparing GPS for data collection
ii. Input in GPS (Way points and Routes)
iii. Getting data from GPS to GIS
iv. Output as map or layout (Surfer, Easy GPS etc. software’s)

4 & àem§V npãbHo$eÝg

 AZwH«$_{UH$m

àH$aU 1.........................................................................7
gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmMm n[aM¶
(Introduction to Remote Sensing)
A) gwXÿa g§doXZ åhUOo H$m¶? gwXÿa g§doXZmMr JaO
(Introduction, Definition and Need of Remote Sensing)
B) gwXÿa g§doXZmMr à{H«$¶m
(Process of Remote Sensing in Brief)
C) gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmMm Cn¶moJ
(Application of Remote Sensing)
D) gwXÿa g§doXZmMo ’$m¶Xo d ‘¶m©Xm
(Advantages and Limitations of Remote Sensing)

àH$aU 2.......................................................................17
gwXÿa g§doXZmMr ‘ybVËdo
(Basic Principles of Remote Sensing)
A) D$Om© òmoV
(Sources of Energy and Radiation Principles)
B) {dÚwV Mw§~{H$¶ dU©nQ>
(Electromagnetic Spectrum)
C) {dÚwV Mw§~{H$¶ {d^mJ d dmVmdaUmMr nañna {H«$¶m
(EMR Interaction with Atmosphere - Scattering, Absorption,
Reflection)
D) {dÚwV Mw§~{H$¶ {d^mJ d ^yn¥ð> ¶m§Mr nañna {H«$¶m
(EMR Interaction with Earth's surface features - Reflection,
Absorption, Emission and Transmission)

àH$aU 3.......................................................................34
gwXÿa g§doXZ Am{U hdmB© N>m¶m{MÌmMo àH$ma
(Type of Remote Sensing and Aerial Photography)
A) D$Om©òmoVm§da AmYmarV gwXÿa g§doXZmMo dJuH$aU
(Classification of Remote Sensing Based on Energy Sources)

Xÿag§doXZ Am{U OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMVr àH$ën Ahdmb & 5

 B) ñWmZH$ (Platform) AmYmarV gwXÿa g§doXZmMo dJuH$aU
(Classification Based on Platform of Remote Sensing)
C) hdmB© N>m¶m{MÌU, hdmB© N>m¶m{MÌmMo àH$ma-b§~ê$n hdmB© N>m¶m{MÌo,
{VaH$g hdmB© N>m¶m{MÌ, hdmB© N>m¶m{MÌmMo à‘mU
(Introduction, Types (Vertical and Low Oblique and High
Oblique) and Scale of Aerial Photographs)

àH$aU 4.......................................................................71
OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ{ZpíMVr àUmbr (nÕVr)
(Global Positioning System (GPS)
A) GPS Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$ n[aM¶
B) OrnrEgMo Cn¶moJ
(Application of GPS)
C) OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMVr àUmbrda AmYmarV àH$ën AhdmbmMr nÕVr
(GPS Based Project Report)

6 & àem§V npãbHo$eÝg

 1
gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmMm n[aM¶
Introduction to Remote Sensing
A) gwXÿa g§doXZ åhUOo H$m¶? gwXÿa g§doXZmMr JaO (Introduction, Definition
and Need of Remote Sensing)
B) gwXÿa g§doXZmMr à{H«$¶m (Process of Remote Sensing in Brief)
C) gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmMm Cn¶moJ (Application of Remote Sensing)
D) gwXÿa g§doXZmMo ’$m¶Xo d ‘¶m©Xm (Advantages and Limitations of Remote
Sensing)

gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmMm n[aM¶

gwXÿa g§doXZ V§Ì Am{U ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ‘m{hVr àUmbr, CnJ«h d g§JUH$
àUmbrda AmYm[aV EH$ Vm§{ÌH$ àUmbr Amho. ¶m V§Ìm‘wio ^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>Zm§Mo
{dñV¥V {díbofU, ZH$meo, N>m¶m{MÌo d ¶m gdmªMo à^mdr àñV¥VrH$aU H$aUo
e³¶ Pmbo Amho. AmO Amnë¶mbm OmJ{VH$ d ñWm{ZH$ ñVamda AZoH$
g‘ñ¶m§À¶m (CXm. ^m¡Jmo{bH$, hdm‘mZr¶, ‘mZdr hñVjon, ‘mZdr {H«$¶m) {dn[aV
n[aUm‘m§Mm gm‘Zm H$amdm bmJV Amho. gwXÿa g§doXZ V§Ìm‘wio ¶m àH$maÀ¶m
g‘ñ¶m gmoS>{dʶmgmR>r ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda ‘m{hVrMo g§H$bZ H$ê$Z ZH$memÀ¶m
‘mܶ‘mVyZ EH$ Mm§Jbr à^mdr Cnm¶¶moOZm AmnU gwMdy eH$Vmo.
Joë¶m AZoH$ dfm©nmgyZ CnJ«h àUmbr {dH$mgmgmo~VM gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmZo
I{ZOo, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ’$i d n¶m©daUr¶ joÌmÀ¶m VwbZmË‘H$ Aä¶mgmgmR>r d
˶m§À¶m ZH$memgmR>r ObXJVrZo {dH$mg Ho$bm Amho. ˶m‘wio AmO gwXÿa g§doXZ
V§Ì EH$ ì¶mdmhm[aH$ {dkmZmÀ¶m énmV dmnabo OmV Amho. ˶m‘wio ¶m V§ÌmMm
dmna OmñV dmT>mdm åhUyZ AZoH$ {dÚmnrR>m§Zr d embo¶ ñVamda Aä¶mgH«$‘mV
gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmMm g‘mdoe Ho$bm Amho.
AemM àH$mao H$mhr emókm§Zr gwXÿa g§doXZmMm ì¶m»¶m Ho$boë¶m Amho.
a) {gÝQ>O d {g‘moZoQ> (Lintz & Simonett) : {gÝQ>O d {g‘moZoQ> ¶m§À¶m
‘Vo, dñVyg H$moUVmM ñne© Z H$aVm ˶m dñVyMr ‘m{hVr d ^m¡{VH$
Xÿag§doXZ Am{U OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMVr àH$ën Ahdmb & 7
 AmH$S>odmar àmá H$aUmè¶m V§Ìmg gwXÿa g§doXZ åhUVmV. (Remote
Sensing is the acquisition of Physical data of an object
without touch or contact)
b) ßbm°¶S> E’$. gm{~Ýg (Sabins F. F. - 1996) : ßbm°¶S> E’$. gm{~Ýg
¶m§À¶m ‘Vo, gwXÿa g§doXZ eãXmMm g§~§Y H$mhr H$m¶m©er Amho. Á¶mV
H$moU˶mhr bú¶mbm AmoiIʶmgmR>r qH$dm ˶mÀ¶m JwUY‘m©Mo ‘mnZ
H$aʶmgmR>r {dÚwV Mw§~{H$¶ D$Om© (àH$me) Vmn‘mZ d ao{S>Amo
bharMm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. (The term remote sensing refers
to methods that employ electromagnetic energy, such as
light, heat and radio ways, as the means of detecting and
measuring target characteristics.)

A) gwXÿa g§doXZ åhUOo H$m¶? gwXÿa g§doXZmMr JaO

(Introduction, Definition and Need of Remote Sensing) :
gwXÿa g§doXZ åhUOo EImXr bm§~ A§Vamda KS>bobr KQ>Zm qH$dm n¥ÏdrÀ¶m
g§X^m©V H$moUVmhr à˶j g§nH©$ qH$dm ñne© Z H$aVm gyMZm d AmH$S>odmarÀ¶mÛmam
‘m{hVr àmá H$aUmè¶m V§Ìmbm qH$dm emómbm gwXÿa g§doXZ (Remote Sensing)
Ago åhUVmV.
¶m V§ÌmV n¥ÏdrnmgyZ H$mhr C§Mrda qH$dm Xÿa A§VamimV Agboë¶m EImÚm
ßb°Q>’$m°‘©da Agboë¶m g§doXH$m‘m’©$V (Sensor) {dÚwV Mw§~{H$¶ {d{H$aU (EMR)
Ûmam n¥Ïdrdarb {Z¶§ÌU H$jmH$Sy>Z gyMZm àmá Ho$ë¶m OmVmV. ¶mV doJdoJù¶m
Va§JmÀ¶m AmYmao ao{S>Amo {d^mJmV ‘m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br OmVo. ¶mV g§doXH$mda
Amboë¶m namdVuV àH$me bharMo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. ¶mVyZ àmá AmH$S>odmar
d à{Vq~~mÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ H$moU˶mhr {R>H$mUmMr ‘m{hVr, KQ>Zm qH$dm dñVw§À¶m
g§X^m©Vrb Amdí¶H$ ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$ê$Z {ZîH$fm©n¶ªV nmohMVm ¶oVo.
¶mM àH$mao n¥ÏdrnmgyZ bm§~ A§VamimV Agboë¶m EImÚm ßb°Q>’$m°‘©da
bmdboë¶m g§doXH$m‘m’©$V {dÚwV Mw§~{H$¶ bharÀ¶m namdV©ZmÀ¶m AmYmamda
{Z‘m©U Ho$boë¶m à{V‘oÀ¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ n¥Ïdrdarb KQ>Zm§Mr ‘m{hVr àmá H$aUmè¶m
V§Ìmg gwXÿa g§doXZ Ago åhUVmV.
· Xÿa g§doXZmMr JaO d ’$m¶Xo
Xÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmÀ¶m gmømZo AmnU bmoH$g§»¶m, eoVr, eoVrMo CËnmXZ,
~§XamVrb ahXmarMo {ZarjU, O§JbmVrb gmYZgm‘wJ«r, dݶàmUr, ZXrVrb nmUr,
8 & àem§V npãbHo$eÝg
nya B˶mXr g§X^m©Vrb ‘m{hVr {‘idy eH$Vmo. OJ^amV ho V§ÌkmZ ngabobo
Agë¶mZo AmnU ¶mMm dmna Ho$ìhmhr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. OJmVrb Odinmg gd©M
CÚmoJ ¶m V§ÌkmZmMm ’$m¶Xm H$ê$Z KoV Amho.
a) AZoH$ Cn¶moJmgmR>r EH$ V§ÌkmZ
AÞ, nmUr Am{U dZñnVr ¶mgma»¶m Xÿa g§doXZmMr JaO d ’$m¶Xo
‘mZdr ApñVËdmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ g§gmYZo g‘OyZ
KoʶmMr d ˶m§Mo ì¶dñWmnZ H$aʶmÀ¶m CÔoemZo »» AZoH$ Cn¶moJmgmR>r EH$
ZmgmZo gZ 1978 (22 ’o$~«wdmar 1978) V§ÌkmZ
»» eoVrgmR>r Cn¶wº$
Amnbm n{hbm CnJ«h A§VamimV àjo{nV Ho$bm. V§ÌkmZ
¶m ‘mo{h‘oMo Zmd "b°S>g°Q>' R>odbo hmoVo. AmO »» ¶§Ì àUmbrVrb dmna
OJ^amVrb H$moU˶mhr 춺$sbm ¶m CnJ«hmnmgyZ »» ^{dî¶mVrb dmT>
{‘imbobr ‘m{hVr Iwbr Amho.
b°S>g°Q> ‘mo{h‘oZ§Va AZoH$ emókm§Zr d CÚmoJm§Zr gd© àH$maÀ¶m Xÿa g§doXZ
à{V‘m ‘mJʶmg gwédmV Ho$br. ¶mV ‘ëQ>r ñno³Q´>b, hm¶na ñno³Q´>b, 5 qH$dm
100 ‘rQ>a [aPmoë¶yeZ B˶mXr. ¶mbm A‘o[aHo$V n¥Ïdr {ZarjU CÚmoJ Ago Zmd
{Xbo Jobo ¶mMm AmO Mm§JbmM ’$m¶Xm hmoV Amho. OJmVrb AZoH$ CÚmoJm§Zr ¶mMm
’$m¶Xm H$ê$Z {d{eï> CËnmXZo {dH${gV Ho$br Am{U {d{dY CÚmoJmVrb ~è¶mM
g§ñWm Xÿa g§doXZ à{V‘m§Mm dmna H$arV Amho.
I) Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb H§$nݶm ~mOmamVrb Am{W©H$ H$bmMm A§XmO
bmdʶmgmR>r gwédmVrÀ¶m Q>ß߶mVrb KS>m‘moS>tMm A§XmO bmdy eH$VmV.
II) ‘mgo‘mar CÚmoJmVrb g§ñWm gdm©{YH$ CËnmXH$ joÌo AmoiIʶmgmR>r,
g‘wÐmÀ¶m ^aVr-AmohmoQ>rda bj R>odʶmgmR>r g‘wÐmMo Vmn‘mZ
‘moOʶmgmR>r CnJ«h à{V‘m dmnaV AmhoV.
III) D$Om© CÚmoJmVrb bmoH$ ‘mb‘ÎmmMo {ZarjU H$aʶmgmR>r, n¶m©daUr¶
n[aUm‘ ‘moOʶmgmR>r Xÿa g§doXZ à{V‘m§Mm dmna H$ê$ eH$VmV.
IV) "½bmo~b E³gßbmoaa' ¶m ßb°Q>’$m°‘©Ûmam gܶm nwamVËd emókm§Zm
CnJ«h à{V‘m {díbofUmgmR>r CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë¶m OmVmV.
V) gmJar nmiV R>odUmar g§ñWm g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶mdarb hmbMmbr da bj
R>odʶmgmR>r CnJ«h à{V‘m§Mm dmna H$ê$ eH$VmV, gmJar dmhVwH$sMo
{ZarjU H$ê$ eH$Vm d ~oH$m¶Xoera ‘mgo‘mar emoYy eH$Vm.
VI) dZrH$aU joÌmVrb g§ñWm ^y‘r Cn¶moOZmMo dJuH$aU H$ê$ eH$VmV,
~Xbm§Mm ‘mJmodm KoD$ eH$VmV d {dKQ>Z joÌ AmoiIy eH$VmV.
Xÿag§doXZ Am{U OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMVr àH$ën Ahdmb & 9
 ho V§ÌkmZ AmnÎmr ì¶dñWmnZmgmR>r XoIrb A˶§V ‘hËdnyU© Pmbr Amho.
XþîH$mi, nya, AmJ, {h‘dfm©d qH$dm BVa H$moU˶mhr AmnÎmr doir CnJ«h
à{V‘m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z ¶m gd© KQ>Zm§Mo A§XmO Am{U ˶m§Mo {ZarjU Ho$bo OmD$
eH$Vo. ˶m‘wio ¶m V§ÌkmZmZo bmoH$m§Mo àmU dmMy eH$Vo. hdm‘mZ ~Xbm§À¶m
CÔoemZo {h‘ZJmMo {ZarjU Ho$bo OmD$ eH$Vo. g‘wÐmV Vob JiVrgma»¶m g‘ñ¶m
¶m V§ÌkmZmZo ghO AmoiIbo OmD$ eH$Vo.
Xÿa g§doXZ V§ÌkmZ ‘mZdr j‘Vm dmT>{dʶmMo EH$ CÎm‘ CXmhaU Amho.
H$maU Vo Amnë¶mH$S>o Agboë¶m Am{U {díbofU H$aʶmg gj‘ Zgboë¶m
‘m{hVrnojm OmñV ‘m{hVr XoVmV. Am‘Mo S>moio gj‘ AmhoV ˶mnojm {dñV¥V
Va§Jbm§~rnojm àH$me nmhʶmMr g§Yr XoVmV. Am{U ‘mZdr S>moù¶mbm AÑí¶
dmQ>Umè¶m dñVy d KQ>Zm emoYʶmgmR>r {^Þ dU©nQ> EH$Ì H$aVmV. AmnU ‘mVrMr
AmЩVm, Vmn‘mZ ~Xb, dZñnVr dmT> B. Mo ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aʶmMr j‘Vm ¶m
V§ÌkmZmV Amho.
b) eoVrgmR>r Cn¶wº$ V§ÌkmZ
dU©nQ>mdê$Z dZñnVr àH$ma d JwUY‘m©dê$Z ‘yë¶m§H$Z H$aʶmgmR>r ho
V§ÌkmZ Oo dmnaVmV Vo eoVH$ar, gaH$ma d Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm Mm§Jbo {ZU©¶ Koʶmg
ho V§ÌkmZ ‘XV H$aVo.
{ZamoJr dZñnVr H$‘Hw$dV (amoJr) dZñnVrnojm doJù¶m àH$mao àH$me
à{Vq~{~V H$aVmV. Oo AmnU ghO AmoiIy eH$Vmo. Xÿa g§doXZ V§ÌkmZmÛmam
{^Þ dZñnVtMo JwUY‘© AmnU {MÝhmqH$V H$ê$ eH$Vmo d ^{dî¶H$mbrZ {Z¶moOZ
H$ê$Z dmT>, CËnmXZ, Xa ¶mMm A§XmO bmdUo ghO e³¶ hmoVo. EImÚm àXoemV,
XoemVrb qH$dm g§nyU© OJmÀ¶m nrH$ CËnmXZmMm A§XmO ¶oVmo. ¶mgmR>r H$moU˶m
g§Yr AgVrb ¶mMr AmnU H$ënZm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. ˶m ‘m{hVrMm dmñV{dH$
AW©ì¶dñWm Am{U {dÎmr¶ ~mOmam§da H$gm n[aUm‘ hmoB©b ¶mMm A§XmO
Amnë¶mbm H$aVm ¶oVmo.
¶m V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H¥$fr agm¶Zm§À¶m dmnamg g§Vw{bV H$aʶmgmR>r nrH$amoJ
Am{U {H$Q>H$m§Mm A§XmO Am{U XoIaoI H$aʶmgmR>r XoIrb Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo,
Á¶m‘wio IM© H$‘r hmoB©b. gܶm gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmZo AmUIr EH$ nmD$b nwT>o
Q>mH$bo Amho. H$maU CnH$aUm§À¶m à{V‘oÛmao V¶ma Ho$boë¶m {S>{OQ>b E{bìhoeZ
‘m°S>obÀ¶m gmømZo hr gmYZo {~¶mUo, IVo, Am¡fYr dZñnVr qH$dm BVa H$moU˶mhr
KQ>H$m‘ܶo AMyH$ à‘mUmV R>odʶmgmR>r ¶§ÌUm (’$dmaUr ‘erZ) {dH${gV H$aVm
¶oVo.
10 & àem§V npãbHo$eÝg
 c) ¶§Ì àUmbrVrb dmna
~è¶mM H§$nݶm nyU© j‘Von¶ªV nmohMʶmgmR>r H¥${Ì‘ ~wÕr‘ÎmoÛmao Mmb{dë¶m
OmVmV. H¥${Ì‘ ~wÕr‘ÎmogmR>r (amo~moQ>) à{V‘m d Z‘wZm AmoiI Amdí¶H$ AgVo.
H¥$fr ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV ho V§ÌkmZ IynM Cn¶moJr R>ê$ eHo$b.
H¥${Ì‘ ~wÕr‘ÎmoVrb gdm©V AmemXm¶H$ joÌ åhUOo Oo g§JUH$mgmR>r {d{eï>
àmoJ«m‘ Z H$aVm S>oQ>m‘YyZ {eH$VmV. ˶mgmR>r doJdoJir AmH$S>odmar dmnê$Z
˶mda à{H«$¶m Z H$aVm {díbofU H$aVmV åhUyZ AmH$S>odmarÀ¶m goQ>‘Yrb Z‘wZo
d {Z¶‘ emoYʶmgmR>r ho V§ÌkmZ A˶§V ‘m¡ë¶dmZ Amho.
d) ^{dî¶mVrb dmT>
AmO 2500 hÿZ OmñV CnJ«h n¥Ïdrda gd© àH$maÀ¶m godm d S>oQ>m àXmZ
H$arV Amho. Am{U hr g§»¶m dmT>VM OmB©b ho OdiOdi {ZpíMV Amho. Joë¶m
dfu "E‘S>rE' Zo 2.4 AãO S>m°bg©‘ܶo "{S>{OQ>b ½bmo~' H§$nZrMo A{YJ«hU
H$aʶmMr KmofUm Ho$br Am{U ¶mVyZ "‘°³gma Q>o³Zm°bm°Or' V¶ma Ho$br Am{U
OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>r AdH$me V§ÌkmZ g§ñWm ~Zbr. Joë¶m dfu (1918)
"ßb°ZoQ>' Zo JwJbMm "Q>oam ~obm' ì¶dgm¶ Vmã¶mV KoVbm Am{U EH$mM am°Ho$Q>‘YyZ
88 CnJ«h nmR>{dbo. (OmJ{VH$ B{Vhmgm‘ܶo àjo{nV H$aʶmV Amboë¶m
CnJ«hm§Mm gdm©V ‘moR>m JQ>).
AmUIr EH$ CÚmoÝ‘wI CÚmoJ åhUOo "Z°Zmo g°Q>obmB©Q²>g' Omo CnJ«h à{V‘mMm
IM© H$‘r H$aUma Amho. doJmZo ~XbUmè¶m V§ÌkmZm‘wio bhmZ CnJ«h V¶ma
H$aʶmMr nadmZJr {‘imë¶mda à˶oH$mMm A§VamimV àdoe hmoB©b ¶m‘wio
Amnë¶m OrdZmVrb n¡by ~XbVrb.

B) gwXÿa g§doXZmMr à{H«$¶m (Process of Remote Sensing in Brief) :

gwXaÿ g§dXo Z V§ÌmV ^ynð¥ >mÀ¶m g§X^m©Vrb ‘m{hVr {‘i{dUo d ˶m ‘m{hVrMo
{díbofUmMr à{H«$¶m g‘m{dï> hmoV.o {Q>.E‘. {bbogS| > d Ama.S>ãë¶w. H$mB©’$a ¶m§Zr ^y
g§gmYZmMo {dÚwV-Mw~§ {H$¶ Xÿa g§dXo ZmMr à{H«$¶m XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJbr Amho.
1) AmH$S>odmar {‘i{dUo (Data Acquisition)
gwXÿa g§doXZmV AmnU n¥Ïdr qH$dm n¥ÏdrMm EImXm ^mJ qH$dm n¥Ïdrdarb
EImXr dñVy ¶m§À¶m g§~§YmVrb ‘m{hVr EH${ÌV
gwXÿa g§doXZmMr à{H«$¶m
H$aVmo. gdm©V àW‘ g§doXH$mÛmam {dÚwV Mw§~{H$¶
{d{H$aUÛmam A§{H$¶ énmV (Digital Form) »» AmH$S>odmar {‘i{dUo
‘m{hVr {‘i{dbr OmVo. ¶m ‘m{hVrMo énm§Va »» AmH$S>odmarMo {díbofU
Xÿag§doXZ Am{U OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMVr àH$ën Ahdmb & 11
{M{̶ énmV (Pictorial Form) namd{V©V H$ê$Z à{V‘m V¶ma H$aVmV. {bbog|S>
d H$mB©’$a ¶m§Zr AmH$S>odmar {‘i{dʶmMr à{H«$¶m Imbrbà‘mUo ‘m§S>br Amho.
I. D$O}Mm òmoV (Source of Energy)
II. dmVmdaUm‘m’©$V ’¡$bmd (Propagation through the Atmosphere)
III. n¥Ïdrdarb ^yénm§À¶m AmH¥$˶m (Earth Surface Features)
IV. dmVmdaUmÛmam nwÝhm ’¡$bmd (Re-Trans Mission Through the
Atmosphere)
V. g§doXZ àUmbr (Sensing System)
2) AmH$S>odmarMo {díbofU (Data Analysis)
AmH$S>odmar {‘i{dë¶mZ§Va {VMo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. g§JUH$mda AmYm[aV
{d{dY CnH$aUo d gm°âQ>doAaÀ¶m ‘XVrZo AmH$S>odmarÀ¶m gmømZo à{V‘m V¶ma
Ho$br OmVo. ¶mbmM AmH$S>odmar {Z{‘©Vr (Data Product) åhUVmV. hr {Z{‘©Vr
H$moU˶mhr Ñí¶ joÌmÀ¶m gd© {ddaUm§Mr ‘m{hVr XoVo. ¶m {ddaUmMr ‘m{hVr
{‘i{dʶmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ ‘m{hVr KoD$Z eodQ>r {ZîH$fm©n¶ªV nmohMʶmÀ¶m
à{H«$¶obm AmH$S>odmarMo {díbofU (Data Analysis) åhUVmV.
AmH$S>odmar {Z{‘©Vrbm XmoZ ^mJmV {d^m{OV Ho$bo OmVo.
a) CnJ«hr¶ à{V‘m (Satellite Imageries)
b) hdmB© N>m¶m{MÌ (Aerial Photographs)
{bbog|S> d H$mB©’$a Ho$ AZwgma AmH$S>odmar {díbofUmMo Mma à‘wI VËdo
AmhoV.
I. AmH$S>odmarnmgyZ {Z{‘©Vr (Data Product)
II. ì¶m»¶m Am{U {díbofU (Interpretation and Analysis)
III. gyMZm {Z{‘©Vr (Information Products)
IV. Cn¶moJH$Vm© (Users)

C) gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmMm Cn¶moJ (Application of Remote Sensing) :

AmH$S>odmarÀ¶m {díbofUmÛmam V¶ma Ho$ë¶m Joboë¶m {d{dY AmH$S>odmar
{Z{‘©Vr qH$dm ZH$memÛmam (AmH¥$˶m) à^mdr àñVwVrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. ¶mMm Cn¶moJ
pñWVr {ZYm©aU, g§gmYZ ‘yë¶m§H$Z, g‘ñ¶m {ZdmaU d {Z¶moOZ B˶mXrgmR>r
Ho$bm OmVmo.
gwXÿa g§doXZmMo gd© n[aÑí¶ {dÚwV-Mw§~{H$¶ {d{H$aU (Electro Magnetic
Radiation) d ^yn¥ð>mdarb ^yéno d dñVy§À¶m ^m¡{VH$ JwUd¡{eîQ>çmda AmYm[aV

12 & àem§V npãbHo$eÝg

Amho. H$maU n¥Ïdrdarb à˶oH$ dñVy {Zanoj eyݶ {S>J«r gopëg¶g Vmn‘mZmnojm
OmñV {dÚwV Mw§~{H$¶ D$Om© namd{V©V H$aVo d ˶m dñVw§À¶m {Zanoj‘mZmV dmT>
Pmë¶mda CËg{O©V {d{H$aUMr ‘mÌm gwÕm dmT>Vo. n¥Ïdrdarb à˶oH$ dñVyMo
{d{eï> JwU d¡{eï>o AmhoV. ˶m‘wio ˶m dñVyMo D$Om© namdV©Z, CËgO©Z, emofU d
{d{H$aU ñdê$n gwÕm doJdoJio AgVo. ¶mbmM ˶m dñVyMo ñn¡³Q´>‘ (Spetrum)
ì¶dhma åhUVmV. eodQ>r ¶m ñno³Q´>‘À¶m {deofVmdê$Z d ˶mÀ¶m AmH$bZmdê$Z
{d{dY ^yéno d dñVy§À¶m doJdoJimnUm d ˶mVrb ^oX Amnë¶mbm àX{e©V H$aVm
¶oD$ eH$Vmo. ¶mM H«$‘mZo Adbmo{H$V joÌmVrb à˶oH$ dñVyMm AmH$ma, AmH¥$Vr,
{dñVma d BVa ^m¡{VH$ d amgm¶{ZH$ JwUY‘mªer g§~§{YV ‘m{hVr Amnë¶mbm
{‘i{dVm ¶oVo.

D) gwXÿa g§doXZmMo ’$m¶Xo d ‘¶m©Xm

(Advantages and Limitations of Remote Sensing) :
gwXÿa g§doXZ ho H$moUVmhr ‘mZdr hñVjon Z hmoVm n¥Ïdrdarb {d{dY ^yénm§Mr
d d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr n¥ÏdrnmgyZ Xÿa A§Vamdê$Z AMyH$nUo ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aʶm~m~VMo
emó Amho. ^yn¥ð>mdarb ‘moR>çm joÌmVrb qH$dm XþJ©‘ ^mJmVrb ‘m{hVr à˶j
˶m OmJoda Z OmVm ‘m{hVr {‘i{dUo ¶mbmM gwXÿa g§doXZ åhUVmV. H$mi
d doioZwgma ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d n¶m©daUr¶ joÌmVrb ~Xbm§Mm Aä¶mg H$aUo gwXÿa
g§doXZm‘wio A{YH$ gmo¶rMo Pmbo Amho.
gwXÿa g§doXZm‘wio {dñV¥V d nd©Vr¶ XþJ©‘ ^mJmVrb ‘m{hVr ì¶dpñWVnUo
{‘i{dVm ¶oVo. ^yH§$n, Ádmbm‘wIr, dUdm, ‘hmnya d dmXio ¶mgma»¶m Z¡g{J©H$
AmnÎmr KS>Vm§Zm d KSy>Z Joë¶mZ§Va Pmboë¶m ‘mZdr d Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZrMr ‘m{hVr
ghOnUo CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vo VgoM ¶m ~m~VMo KQ>Zm H$moR>o KS>br, H$er KS>br
H$m¶ H$amdo bmJob ¶m àíZm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU Amnë¶mbm CnJ«hmÛmao {‘imboë¶m
à{V‘m§dê$Z ghOnUo {‘iy eH$Vo. n¥Ïdrdarb H$mhr KQ>Zm§Mo AmnU CKS>çm
S>moù¶m§Zr {ZarjU H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Aemdoir gwXÿa g§doXZmMm dmna ‘hËdmMm
R>aVmo. CXm. Ádmbm‘wIr¶ {H«$¶m ¶m ~m~VMr ‘m{hVr ‘mZdr hñVjonm{edm¶
{‘iV Agë¶mZo nyU© {dídmgmh© AgVo åhUyZ {VMo ‘hËd A{YH$ Amho.
H$mhr ZH$memV JmdmVrb qH$dm ehamVrb EHy$U Kam§Mr d B‘maVrMr g§»¶m
V§VmoV§V XmI{dUo AS>MUrMo R>aVo ˶mdoir gwXÿa g§doXZ V§Ì Cn¶moJr R>aVo. EdT>oM
Zìho Va O§JbmVrb d¥jm§À¶m OmVr, àOmVr, dZì¶má joÌ ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr gwXÿa
g§doXZm‘wio {‘i{dVm ¶oVo.
Xÿag§doXZ Am{U OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ {ZpíMVr àH$ën Ahdmb & 13
 AbrH$S>o gwXÿa g§doXZ V§ÌmMm dmna {d{dY {dkmZ {dÚmemIoVyZ Ho$bm
OmVmo. emgZñVamdarb {d{dY {d^mJm‘ܶohr gwXÿa g§doXZmMm dmna dmT>bm Amho.
^y‘r Cn¶moOZ, {nH$m§Mo àH$ma, {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ d {nH$m§darb amoJ ghOnUo ¶m
V§ÌmZo AmoiIVm ¶oVmV.
¶m V§ÌmMm Cn¶moJ YaUmVrb nmUrgmR>m, hdm àXÿfUmMo ‘moO‘mn, nmUr d
H$Mam àXÿfU, JmimMo g§M¶Z, ehar ì¶dñWmnZmgmR>r, añ˶mdarb dmhVwH$sMr
g‘ñ¶m gmoS>{dUo, n¶m©¶r ‘mJ© emoYUo, dݶàmʶm§Mo gd}jU B˶mXrgmR>r Ho$bm
OmVmo. g§emoYH$mbm ¶m V§ÌmMm IynM ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo.
gwXÿa g§doXZ à{V‘m§Mo dmMZ ì¶dpñWV à{ejU KoVbo Agë¶mg H$aVm
¶oVo.
Xÿa g§doXZ åhUOo H$moU˶mhr emar[aH$ g§nH$m©{edm¶ EImÚm KQ>H$m~Ôb
AmH$S>odmar qH$dm ‘m{hVr àmá H$aʶmMr à{H«$¶m Xÿa g§doXZ V§ÌkmZmMo ’$m¶Xo d
VmoQ>o Imbrbà‘mUo AmhoV.
a) Xÿa g§doXZ V§ÌkmZmMo ’$m¶Xo
I) Xÿa g§doXZ V§ÌkmZmZo ~è¶mM ‘moR>çm joÌmMr ‘m{hVr {‘iVo Oo
{d{dY nÕVrZo àmXo{eH$ gd}jU Am{U ˶m joÌmVrb A˶§V ‘moR>çm
d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr AmoiI nQ>dyZ XoVo.
II) Xÿa g§doXZ nmUr, H¥$fr joÌ B˶mXr gma»¶m ~Xb˶m KQ>H$m§darb
‘m{hVr EH${ÌV H$aVm§Zm nwZamd¥Îmr ‘m{hVr XoVo.
III) Xÿa g§doXZ {d{dY à‘mUmda Am{U [aPmoë¶yeZda ‘m{hVr gmo߶m
nÕVrZo XoVo.
IV) Xÿa g§doXZmÛmao {‘i{dboë¶m EH$mM à{V‘oMo {díbofU Am{U
AZwà¶moJm§gmR>r dmna H$aVm ¶oD$ eH$Vmo.
V) AmH$S>odmarMm g§JUH$ Am{U BVa {d{dY H$maUmgmR>r dmna ghOnUo
H$aVm ¶oD$ eH$Vmo. ¶m{edm¶ {díbofU ghOnUo H$aVm ¶oVo.
VI) Xÿa g§doXZmÛmao Jmoim Ho$boë¶m ‘m{hVrMo {díbofU à¶moJemioV Ho$bo
OmVo Oo ¶m joÌmV H$m‘ H$aʶmMr Amdí¶H$Vm H$‘r H$aVmV.
VII) Xÿa g§doXZ bhmZ d ‘ܶ‘ à‘mUmV ZH$memMr nwZamd¥Îmr H$aVo Oo
WmoS>o ñdñV d doJdmZ AgVmV.
VIII) VrZ ñdV§Ì ~±S> à{V‘mH$Sy>Z a§J g§{‘l àmá Ho$bo OmD$ eH$VmV.
Oo Ho$di EH$b ~±S> à{V‘m (hdmB© N>m¶m{MÌ) nojm joÌmMo ~aoM
Vn{eb gw{ZpíMV H$aVmV.
14 & àem§V npãbHo$eÝg
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