Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1

PROBLEM 1-3:

A jet of water 25 mm in diameter and having a velocity of 7.5 m/s strikes against a
plate at right angles.

À Determine the force on the plate if the plate is fixed.

Á Determine the force on the plate if the plate is moving in the same direction
as the jet with a uniform velocity of 3 m/s.
V’=0

Solution:
À Force on the plate if the plate is fixed: V1=7.5 m/s
Q = AV
π
Q = (0.025)2 (7.5) = 0.00368 m3 / s
4
QW 0.00368(9810)
F= (V1 - V2 ) = (7.5 - 0)
g 9.81
F = 27.6 N

Á Force on the plate if the plate is moving in the same direction as the jet with a
uniform velocity of 3 m/s.
U = V1 - V1
V =3.0
’

U = 7.5 - 3 = 4.5 m/s

Q = AU
V1=7.5 m/s
π
Q' = (0.025)2 (4.5) = 0.0022 m3 / s
4
QW 0.0022(9810)
F= (V1 - V1 ) = (7.5 - 3)
g 9.81
F = 9.94 N
Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1
PROBLEM 3-5:

A water tank has a sloping inclined at 45˚ with the horizontal. The total depth of water in the tank is 6.7 m.
A water jet issues from an orifice located on the inclined side of the tank under a hydrostatic head of 4 m.
or that orifice is located 2.7 m. vertically above the bottom of the tank. Coefficient of velocity is 1.0.
Negcting air resistance on the jet.

À Determine the maximum height of the issuing jet arises above the level of the center of orifice in
meters.
Á Determine the time it takes for this particle of the jet to sit the ground that is 1.20 m. below the
bottom of the tank in seconds.
® Determine the horizontal distance on the ground traveled by the jet from the center of the orifice in
meters.
Solution:
À Max. height the jet arises above the center of orifice:
V = C v 2gH
w.s.
V1
V = 1.0 2(9.81)(4) V 2 =0
V
4m V
V = 8.86 m/s h
45˚ 45˚
V1 = 8.86 Sin45˚= 6.26 V3
2.7m
V2 2 = V1 2 – 2gh
45˚ 45˚

0 = (6.26)2 – 2(9.81)h 1.2m

h = 2 m.

Á Time for the particle to sit the ground: w.s.

V2 = V1 – gt1 V1 V 2 =0
V
0 = 6.26 – 9.81t1 4m
B

t1 = 0.64 sec. 45˚

A
Time to travel from A to B is t1 = 0.64 sec. 2.7m 45˚
V3
5.9

Time to travel from B to C: 1.2m

5.9 = ½ gt2 2 C
5.9 = ½ (9.81)t2 2
t2 = 1.1 sec.
Total time for the particle to sit the ground = 0.64 + 1.1 = 1.74 sec.

® Horizontal distance:
V3 = 8.86 Cos 45˚ = 6.26 m/s
D = V3 t
D = 6.26(1.74) = 10.89 m.
Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1
PROBLEM 6-8:

Water flows through an almost level channel 30 m. wide at 12 m3/s. The depth
gradually increases from 1.0 m. to 1.1 m. for a length of flow of 5 m.

À What is the headloss?

Á What is the slope of the energy gradient.
 Compute the value of the roughness coefficient.

Solution:
À Head loss:
V12 V22
2g + d1 = 2g + d2 + HL
HL

Q V 12/2g V22/2g
V1 = A
1
12
V1 = 3(1)
d 2 =1.10m
d 1 =1.0m
V1 = 4 m/s
Q
V2 = A 5.0
2
12
V2 = 3(1.1)
V2 = 3.64 m/s
(4)2 (3.64)2
2(9.81) + 1.0 = 2(9.81) + 1.1 + HL
HL = 0.04

Á Slope of energy gradient:

0.04
S= 5
S = 0.008
Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1
PROBLEM 6-8: cont.

 Roughness coefficient:
A1 = 3(1) = 3
P1 = 3 + 1 + 1 = 5
A1
R1 = P
1
3 1.0
R1 = 5 0.6
V1 + V2
Vm = 2 3.0
4 + 3.64
Vm = 2
Vm = 3.82 m/s 1.10
A2 = 3(1.1) = 3.3
P2 = 3 + 1.1 + 1.1 = 5.2
3.0
A2
R2 = P
2
3.3
R2 = 5.2
R2 = 0.635
R1 + R2
Rm = 2
0.6 + 0.635
Rm = 2
Rm = 0.6175
1
Vm = n Rm2/3 S1/2
(0.6175)2/3 (0.008)1/2
3.82 = n
n = 0.017
Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1
PROBLEM 9:

A rigid gate of a flood control structure in a river is 6 m wide by 4 m high and

weighs 10 kN. With its longer edge horizontal, it is moved up and down with its
short edges sliding in vertical channel guides. Evaluate the force, in kN, needed to
raise the gate when the surface of the water is 2 m above its top edge. There is
no water on the downstream side of the gate. The coefficient of friction between
the gate and the channel guides is 0.10. Neglect the buoyant effect of the water
on the gate and the weight of the cables connected to the gate.

Solution:

T
P=γ hA w.s.

P = 9.81(4)(4)(6)
2m
P = 941.76 kN
4m
6

∑Fv = 0 10 kN 4
P
F = 10 + Fr
Fr
F = 10 + 941.76(0.1)
F = 104.176 kN
Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1
PROBLEM 10:

A fireman has to put out a fire but is blocked by a firewall. To reach over the wall,
he directed the water jet from the nozzle at an angle of 30˚ to the horizontal.
Evaluate the velocity of the water in meters per second, leaving the nozzle of his
hose to reach over the wall if he stands 30 m. away from the wall and the wall is
standing 2 m. higher than the nozzle of the hose. Neglect friction in the jet.

Solution:

V
wall
θ=30˚ 2m

30 m

gx 2
y = x tan θ -
2V 2 Cos 2 θ
9.81(30)2
2 = 30 tan 30˚ -
2(V)2 Cos 2 30˚

5886
15.32 =
V2
V = 19.6 m / s
Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1
PROBLEM 11-13:

An irrigation canal with trapezoidal cross-sections has the following dimensions:

Bottom width = 2 m, depth of water = 0.90 m., side slope is 1.5 horizontal to
vertical, slope of canal bed = 0.001, coefficient of roughness = 0.025. The canal
will serve clay-loam Riceland for which the duty of water per hectare in 3
liters/sec.
1 2/3 1/2
Use Mannings formula: V = R S
n
À Determine the hydraulic radius of the canal in meters.
Á Determine the velocity of the water in m/sec.
 Determine the number of hectares served by the irrigation canal.

Solution:
À Hydraulic radius:
x 2 = (0.90)2 + (1.35)2
x = 1.622
4.7
⎛ 4.7 + 2 ⎞ 1.35 2 1.35
A= ⎜ (0.9)
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
A = 3.015
P = 2 + 1.622(2) x x
P = 5.244
A 2
R=
P
3.015
R=
5.244
R = 0.575
Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1
PROBLEM 11-13: cont.

Á Velocity of water in m/s:

1
V = R 2/3 S1/2
n
1(0.575)2/3 (0.001)1/2
V=
0.025
V = 0.874 m / s

 Number of hectares serve by the irrigation canal:

Q = AV
Q = 3.0159(0.874)
Q = 2.637 m3 /s
Q = 2637 liters/sec.
2637
No. of hectares serve =
3
No. of hectares serve = 879 hectares
Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1
PROBLEM 14:

A cube, 300 mm on each side is to be held in equilibrium under water by attaching

a lightweight foam buoy to it. The specific weight of the cube and foam are 20
kN/m3 and 0.81 kN/m3 respectively. Evaluate the minimum volume of the foam
required, in m3. Neglect the attachments in the calculations.

Solution:

=0.81 kN/m3
W1 Foam

B1
Cube
W2 =20 kN/m3

B2

W1 + W2 = B1 + B2
0.81(VF) + 20(0.3)3 = 9.81(VF) + 9.81(0.3)3
VF = 0.03057 m3
Refresher - HYDRAULICS Quiz 1
PROBLEM 15:

A tank containing water has a total weight of 80 kg when weighed. Obtain the new
reading on the weighing scale if a 50 mm by 50 mm piece of wood is held
vertically in the water to a depth of 600 mm.

Solution:

w.s.

0.05
0.05

H2O
0.6m

W = 80 + 0.05(0.05)(0.6)(1000)
W = 81.5 kg