Thermal expansion – Linear and Volume Expansion

1. The pendulum shaft of a clock is made up of brass. What is the

fractional change in length of the shaft when it is cooled 19.500C to
5.000C?
2. A metal rod A that is 30.0 cm long expands by 0.0750 cm when its
temperature is raised from 00C to 1000C. A rod of different material
B of the same length expands by 0.040 cm for the same rise in
temperature. A third rod, also 30.0 cm long, is made up of pieces of
each of the above metals and placed end-to-end and expands
0.0550 cm between 00C and 1000C. Find the length of each portion
of the composite bars.
3. A steel tank is completely is completely filled with ethanol both the
tank and ethanol at a temperature of 32.00C. When the tank and its
contents have cooled to 18.00C, what additional volume of ethanol
can be put into the tank?
+Q – heat enters the system
-Q – heat leaves out from the system
Molar Heat Capacity

In terms of the number of moles

n and molecular mass M, and
defining the molar heat capacity
C as the product Mc.
𝑄 = 𝑛𝑀𝑐Δ𝑇
Calorimetry and Phase Changes
• The term phase is used to describe the change
of matter (i.e. solid, liquid, gas).
• Phase chase is the transition from one phase
to another.
• To change 1 kg of ice at 00C to 1 kg of liquid
water at atmospheric pressure requires 3.34 x
105 J of heat.
• Calorimetry is a basic principle that involves
calculations when heat flow occurs two bodies
that are isolated from their surroundings, the
amount of heat lost by on body must be equal +Q – heat enters the system
to the heat gained by the other. -Q – heat leaves out from the system

Q1+Q2+Q3+…=0
Calorimetry and Phase Changes (cont.)
• Heat of fusion (Lf) - the quantity of
heat necessary to change 1 g of a
solid to a liquid with no
temperature change.
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿𝑓
• Heat of vaporization (Lv) - the
amount of heat needed to turn 1 g
of a liquid into a vapor, without a
rise in the temperature of the
+Q – heat enters the system
liquid. -Q – heat leaves out from the system
1.

2. How much heat is required to convert 0.012 Kg of ice at -10.00C to steam

at 1000C?

3. A copper calorimeter can with a mass of 0.100 Kg contains 0.150 Kg of

water and 0.012 Kg of ice in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. If
0.495 Kg of lead at a temperature of 2000C is dropped into the calorimeter
can, what is the final temperature ? Assume no heat lost to surroundings.
 Mechanisms of heat transfer
• Heat can be transferred from body to another through three mechanisms:
conduction, convection, radiation.
• Conduction occurs within a body or between two bodies in contact.
• Heat current H is defined as the quantity of heat transfer through the rod per unit
time (SI unit: Watts, 1 W = 1 J/s).
𝑑𝑄 (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑐 )
𝐻= = 𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
Where:
(𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑐 )
is the temperature gradient
𝐿
• Thermal resistance R of a slab of a material with area A is defined so that the heat
current H through the slab is
𝐴(𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑐 )
𝐻=
𝑅
Where:
𝐿 L is the thickness of the slab
𝑅=
𝑘 k is the thermal conductivity of the
material
Mechanisms of heat transfer (cont.)
1. A steel bar 10.0 cm long welded end-to-end to a copper bar 20.0 cm long. Both
bars are insulated perfectly on their sides. Each bar has a square cross section, 2.00
cm on a side. The free end of the steel bar is maintained at 1000C by placing it in
contact with steam, the free end of the copper bar is maintained at 00C by placing it
in contact with ice. Find the temperature at the junction of the two bars and the
total rate of heat flow.
TH = 1000C Tc = 00C
2.00cm

Steel Copper

10.0cm 20.0cm
Mechanisms of heat transfer (cont.)
2. Rods of copper, brass, and steel are welded together to form a Y-
shape figure. The cross-section area of each rod is 2.00 cm2. The free
end of the copper rod is maintained at 1000C, and the free end of brass
and steel rods are maintained at 00C. Assume that there is no heat loss
from the surfaces of the rods. The lengths of the rods are as follows:
copper, 18.0 cm; brass, 24.0 cm; steel, 13.0 cm. (a) What is the
temperature of the junction point? (b) What is the heat current in each
of the three rods?
TH =1000C TC = 00C

Copper