BS EN 12954:2019

BSI Standards Publication

General principles of cathodic protection of buried

or immersed onshore metallic structures
BS EN 12954:2019 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12954:2019. It
supersedes BS EN 12954:2001, which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee GEL/603, Cathodic protection.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2019
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2019
ISBN 978 0 580 95250 0
ICS 77.060; 23.040.99
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2019.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
 BS EN 12954:2019

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12954

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM August 2019

ICS 23.040.99; 77.060 Supersedes EN 12954:2001

English Version

General principles of cathodic protection of buried or

immersed onshore metallic structures
Principes généraux de la protection cathodique des Grundlagen des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes von
structures métalliques à terre enterrées ou immergées metallenen Anlagen in Böden und Wässern

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 July 2019.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

C O M I TÉ E URO P É E N D E N O RM ALI S ATI O N
E U RO P ÄI S C H E S KO M I T E E F Ü R N O RM U N G

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12954:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN 12954:2019
EN 12954:2019 (E)

Contents Page

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 4

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 6
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 7
4 Abbreviations and symbols ...................................................................................................................... 13
5 Cathodic protection personnel competence ...................................................................................... 13
6 Principles and criteria of cathodic protection ................................................................................... 14
6.1 Principles of cathodic protection ........................................................................................................... 14
6.2 Cathodic protection criteria ..................................................................................................................... 14
Table 1 — Free corrosion potentials, protection potentials and limiting critical potentials of
common metallic materials in soils and waters (except seawater and brackish
water) measured against CSE .................................................................................................................. 15
6.3 Alternative method ..................................................................................................................................... 16
6.3.1 100 mV cathodic potential shift .............................................................................................................. 16
6.3.2 Other methods ............................................................................................................................................... 17
6.4 Criteria in presence of a.c .......................................................................................................................... 17
7 Prerequisites for application of cathodic protection ...................................................................... 17
7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
7.2 Electrical continuity .................................................................................................................................... 17
7.3 Electrical isolation ....................................................................................................................................... 17
7.4 External coating ............................................................................................................................................ 18
8 Useful data and design considerations ................................................................................................. 18
8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 18
8.2 Structure details ........................................................................................................................................... 19
8.3 Service conditions ........................................................................................................................................ 19
9 Design ............................................................................................................................................................... 20
9.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
9.2 Design lifetime .............................................................................................................................................. 20
9.3 Adjacent structures and external electrical sources ....................................................................... 20
9.4 Electrical continuity/discontinuity ....................................................................................................... 20
9.5 Protective coatings ...................................................................................................................................... 21
9.6 Current demand............................................................................................................................................ 21
9.7 Galvanic anode systems ............................................................................................................................. 22
9.7.1 General considerations .............................................................................................................................. 22
9.7.2 Utilization of galvanic anode systems................................................................................................... 22
9.7.3 Design of a galvanic anode system ......................................................................................................... 22
9.7.4 Technical considerations and data for the design of a galvanic protection system ............ 23
Table 2 — Typical chemical compositions of the alloys used for zinc anodes ..................................... 24
Table 3 — Typical electrochemical parameters for zinc anodes used in soils..................................... 25
Table 4 — Typical chemical compositions of the alloys used for magnesium anodes ...................... 25

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Table 5 — Typical electrochemical parameters for magnesium anodes used in soils ...................... 26
Figure 1 — Current capacity of magnesium alloy versus current density [9] ...................................... 27
9.8 A.C. and/or d.c. decoupling devices ........................................................................................................ 28
9.9 Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system ................................................................... 28
9.10 Monitoring....................................................................................................................................................... 29
9.11 Cable .................................................................................................................................................................. 29
9.12 Impressed current groundbeds ............................................................................................................... 30
10 Installation of cathodic protection systems ........................................................................................ 31
11 Commissioning .............................................................................................................................................. 31
11.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 31
11.2 Preliminary checking .................................................................................................................................. 31
11.3 Start-up ............................................................................................................................................................. 32
11.4 Assessment of the cathodic protection effectiveness ...................................................................... 32
11.5 Documentations ............................................................................................................................................ 33
12 Monitoring, inspection and maintenance ............................................................................................ 33
12.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 33
12.2 Monitoring....................................................................................................................................................... 34
12.3 Inspection ........................................................................................................................................................ 35
12.4 Maintenance ................................................................................................................................................... 35
Annex A (informative) Corrosion likelihood in soils .................................................................................... 36
Annex B (informative) Reduction of the corrosion rate by using a 100 mV cathodic
polarization — 100 mV cathodic potential shift................................................................................ 38
B.1 Measurement method during polarization ......................................................................................... 38
Figure B.1 — Polarization formation method .................................................................................................. 38
B.2 Measurement method during depolarization .................................................................................... 39
Figure B.2 — Polarization decay method ........................................................................................................... 39
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 40

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EN 12954:2019 (E)

European foreword
This document (EN 12954:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 219 “Cathodic
protection”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2020, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by February 2020.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 12954:2001.

This document describes general principles for applying external cathodic protection on onshore metallic
structures in contact with soils, fresh surface waters or underground waters, except those which are
embedded in concrete and those which are in sea-waters or brackish waters.

This edition of EN 12954 does not cover specific applications for on-land pipelines.

NOTE On-land pipeline applications is now completely covered by EN ISO 15589-1 [1] .

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.

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Introduction
Cathodic protection is a technique based on the application of electrochemical principles. It is achieved
by the supply of sufficient direct current to the external surface, such that the metallic structure-to-
electrolyte potential is shifted to more negative values where external corrosion becomes insignificant.
Cathodic protection covers a wide range of materials and equipment and requires a variety of
measurement techniques.
This document is applicable to the protection of external surfaces of all types of buried or immersed
metallic structures. However, in order to allow for structures having specific features with regards to
shape, use, detailed configuration, construction, commissioning or operation, provision has been made
for complementary standards to be used in conjunction with this one to deal with the peculiarities of such
structures.
To achieve effective cathodic protection design installation, commissioning, inspection and maintenance
it is essential that the works are performed by competent personnel.
This document specifies conditions necessary to consider cathodic protection as an efficient method
which can be applied to mitigate corrosion. It is normally used in combination with a coating.
Alternative solutions to those provided in this standard may be applied if it is demonstrated that they
give equivalent effectiveness and they are well documented.

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1 Scope
This document describes the general principles for the implementation and management of a system of
cathodic protection against corrosive attacks on structures which are buried or in contact with soils,
surface fresh waters or underground waters, with and without the interference of external electrical
sources. It specifies the protection criteria to be achieved to demonstrate the cathodic protection
effectiveness.
For structures that cannot be electrically isolated from neighbouring influencing structures, it may be
impossible to use the criteria defined in the present document. In this case, EN 14505 will be applied
(see 9.4 “Electrical continuity/discontinuity”).
NOTE To assist in forming a decision whether or not to apply cathodic protection the corrosion likelihood can
be evaluated using informative Annex A which summarizes the requirements of EN 12501-1 [2] and
EN 12501-2 [3] .

Cathodic protection of structures immersed in seawater or brackish waters is covered by EN 12473 and
a series of standards more specific for various applications.
Cathodic protection for reinforced concrete structures is covered by EN ISO 12696.
This document is applicable in conjunction with:
— EN ISO 15589-1 for application for buried or immersed cathodically protected pipelines,

— EN 50162 to manage d.c. stray currents,

— EN ISO 18086 to manage corrosion due to a.c. interference from high voltage power sources and a.c.
traction systems,

— EN 13509 for cathodic protection measurement techniques

— EN 50443 to manage protection for touch and step voltage.

2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12496, Galvanic anodes for cathodic protection in seawater and saline mud
EN 13509, Cathodic protection measurement techniques
EN 14505, Cathodic protection of complex structures

EN 50162, Protection against corrosion by stray current from direct current systems
EN 60079-10-1, Explosive atmospheres – Part 10-1: Classification of areas - Explosive gas atmospheres
(IEC 60079-10-1 )
EN ISO 8044, Corrosion of metals and alloys - Basic terms and definitions (ISO 8044)

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EN ISO 15257, Cathodic protection - Competence levels of cathodic protection persons - Basis for
certification scheme (ISO 1 5257)

EN ISO 18086, Corrosion of metals and alloys - Determination of AC corrosion - Protection criteria (ISO
1 8086)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 8044 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
anaerobic conditions
lack of free oxygen in the electrolyte adjacent to a metallic structure

3.2
anode backfill
added material immediately surrounding a buried anode

3.3
electrical bond
metal conductor, usually copper, connecting two points on the same structure or on different structures

3.4
cathodic protection system
all active and passive components associated with the provision of active external corrosion protection
and its monitoring

Note 1 to entry: Cathodic protection is provided either by impressed current or by galvanic anodes using one or
more stations.

Note 2 to entry: Impressed current and galvanic anode systems consist of all the equipment necessary for the
application of cathodic protection, such as impressed current stations, galvanic anodes, electrical bonds and
isolating joints.

3.5
coating breakdown factor
fc
ratio of current density required to polarize a coated steel surface as compared to a bare steel surface

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3.6
average coating resistance
average structure to soil resistance
rco
value derived from the ratio of the difference between the ON and OFF potentials to the protection
current and the surface area of the structure in question

Note 1 to entry: I t is us ually exp res s ed in Ω. m 2 .

Note 2 to entry: It is mainly determined by the size and number of coating defects, coating porosity and the
electrolyte resistivity.

3.7
complex structure
structure composed of the structure to be protected and of one or more foreign electrodes, which, for
safety or technical reason, are not electrically separated from it

3.8
copper/saturated copper sulphate reference electrode
CSE
reference electrode consisting of piece of copper in a saturated solution of copper sulphate

3.9
coupon
representative metal sample with known bare surface area dimensions

Note 1 to entry: A coupon can be electrically connected to the structure.

3.10
d.c. decoupling device
equipment that provides a low-impedance path for a.c. and high resistance for d.c

Note 1 to entry: Polarization cells, capacitors or diodes assemblies are examples.

3.11
depolarization
anodic change of potential of a cathodically polarized electrode after disconnection or loss of the cathodic
protection source

3.12
design current
maximum current necessary to protect a structure for the lifetime of a cathodic protection system

Note 1 to entry: This current can be the result of calculation or test (on existing structure). It can be affected by a
design allowance (according to laying conditions, ageing of coating, environmental conditions, operating
conditions…).

3.13
drainage
electrical drainage
transfer of stray current from the affected structure to its source by mean of a deliberate electrical bond

Note 1 to entry: For drainage devices (direct drainage bond, resistance drainage bond, unidirectional drainage
bond and forced drainage bond) see EN 50162.

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3.14
drainage station
equipment and materials required to provide drainage of stray currents from affected systems

3.15
driving voltage
difference between the structure/electrolyte potential and the anode/electrolyte potential when the
cathodic protection is operating

3.16
earthing system
arrangement of connections and devices necessary to earth equipment or a system separately or jointly

3.17
electrical continuity
physical state of a structure such that a current circulating within it does not produce a significant voltage
drop

3.18
electrical isolation
lack of electrical continuity between structures or components

3.19
foreign structure
foreign electrode
metallic structure or electrode (anode or cathode), in contact with the structure under consideration

Note 1 to entry: A foreign anode is a foreign electrode, which has a more negative potential than the structure, a
foreign cathode is a foreign electrode, which has a more positive potential than the structure.

3.20
galvanic anode
electrode that provides current for cathodic protection by means of galvanic action

3.21
groundbed
system of buried or immersed galvanic or impressed current anodes

3.22
holiday
defect in a protective coating at which metal is exposed to the environment

3.23
immersed structure
metal construction, or part of a construction laid in a liquid environment such as fresh water (rivers,
lakes)

3.24
impressed current anode
electrode that supplies current for cathodic protection by means of an impressed current source

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3.25
impressed current station
station which comprises the equipment and materials required to provide cathodic protection by
impressed current

Note 1 to entry: Such materials and equipment include impressed current anodes, cables, one or several d.c.
sources (e.g. transformer rectifier) and tests facilities.

3.26
insulated flanges
flanged joint between adjacent lengths of pipe in which the nuts and bolts are electrically insulated from
the flange(s) and the gasket is non-conducting, so that there is an electrical discontinuity in the structure
(e.g. pipeline, piping system) at that point

3.27
interference
phenomenon resulting from conductive, capacitive, or inductive coupling between a structure and a
foreign d.c. or a.c. electrical source or between two structures, and which can cause malfunction,
dangerous voltage, damage, etc

Note 1 to entry: Capacitive and inductive coupling are related to a.c. interference.

3.28
interference test
test to determine the electrical interaction between two structures

3.29
IR drop
voltage, due to any current, developed in any part of the circuit, such as the electrolyte (typically soil), in
accordance with Ohm's Law

Note 1 to entry: In this standard, when IR Drop is discussed, it is mainly the one present in the electrolyte
(typically soil), between the reference electrode and the metal of the structure.

Note 2 to entry: IR drops in the electrolyte can affect the accuracy of the structure-to-electrolyte potential.

3.30
IR free potential
EIR free
structure-to-electrolyte potential measured without the voltage error caused by the IR drop due to the
protection current or any other current

3.31
isolating joint
electrically-insulating component between two parts of a structure, in order to provide electrical
discontinuity between them

EXAMPLE Monobloc/monolithic isolating joint, insulated flange, isolating coupling.

3.32
limiting critical potential
IR free potential below which there is a risk of detrimental effect on the protected material

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3.33
OFF-potential
EOFF
structure-to-electrolyte potential measured immediately after synchronous interruption of all sources of
applied cathodic protection current and before significant depolarization of the structure

Note 1 to entry: E OFF can be misleading in presence of d.c. or a.c. interference.

3.34
ON-potential
EON
structure-to-electrolyte potential measured with the cathodic protection current and/or any other
current flowing

3.35
polarization
electrode polarization
change in the structure-to-electrolyte potential as the result of current flow to or from that structure

3.36
protected structure
structure to which cathodic protection is applied

3.37
protection current
current made to flow onto a metallic structure from its electrolytic environment in order to effect
cathodic protection of the structure

3.38
protection potential
structure-to-electrolyte potential at which the metal corrosion rate is acceptable for the structure

3.39
remote earth
part of the electrolyte in which no noticeable voltage, caused by current flow, occur between any two
points

Note 1 to entry: This situation generally prevails outside the zone of influence of an earth electrode, an earthing
system, an impressed current groundbed or a protected structure.

3.40
remote monitoring
measurement made using telecommunication systems for transmission of data

Note 1 to entry: It can include an automatic reporting system when pre-set upper and lower limits are exceeded.

3.41
standard hydrogen electrode
reference electrode, used as a standard in laboratories, consisting of an inert metal, such as platinum, in
an electrolyte containing hydrogen ions at unit activity and saturated with hydrogen gas at one standard
atmosphere

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3.42
stray current
current flowing through paths other than the intended circuits

3.43
structure
metallic construction, whether coated or not, which is in contact with an electrolyte

Note 1 to entry: Examples of electrolyte are soil or water.

Note 2 to entry: The structure can represent a construction of great length, such as underground electric cables,
as well as constructions on a smaller scale such as piles, sheet pilings, tanks or other underground constructions.

3.44
structure-to-electrolyte potential
difference in potential between the metallic surface of a structure in contact with an electrolyte and a
reference electrode in contact with the electrolyte at a point sufficiently close to, but not touching the
structure

3.45
sulphate reducing bacteria
SRB
group of bacteria found in most soils and natural waters, but active only in conditions of near neutrality
and freedom from oxygen

Note 1 to entry: Sulphate reducing bacteria reduce sulphates in their environment, with the production of
sulphides and accelerate the corrosion.

3.46
test point
location where the potential measurement is carried out

Note 1 to entry: This can be at a test station, but can be at any location where potential can be measured.

Note 2 to entry: It corresponds to the location where the reference electrode is placed.

3.47
probe
device incorporating a coupon that provides measurements of key parameters to assess the effectiveness
of cathodic protection and/or corrosion likelihood

3.48
test station
installation that provides measuring and test facilities for the buried or immersed structure

Note 1 to entry: Such installations can include cabling and structure connections or can be a direct contact for
measurement purposes.

3.49
transformer rectifier
device that transforms the a.c. voltage and rectifies it to d.c. voltage

Note 1 to entry: d.c. voltage derived in this way is used as a power source for impressed current cathodic
protection systems.

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4 Abbreviations and symbols

I Current
ICCP Impressed current cathodic protection
E Potential
R Resistance
j Current density
a.c. Alternating current
d.c. Direct current
ECu Metal or structure-to-electrolyte potential with respect to a copper/saturated copper
sulphate reference electrode
EIR Free IR free potential
El Limiting critical potential
EOFF Off potential
EON On potential
Ep Protection potential
Ecor Free corrosion potential
EH Metal or structure-to-electrolyte potential with respect to a standard hydrogen electrode
fc Coating breakdown factor
ff Final coating breakdown factor
fi Initial coating breakdown factor
Δf Average yearly increase in the coating breakdown factor
Ip Protection current demand
ttot Total current demand
k Contingency factor
S Surface area
SPD Surge protective device
T Temperature
t Time
tdl Design life time
ρ Resistivity

5 Cathodic protection personnel competence

Personnel who undertake the design, supervision of installation, commissioning, supervision of
operation, measurements, monitoring inspection, and supervision of maintenance of cathodic protection
systems shall have the appropriate level of competence for the tasks undertaken.
EN ISO 15257 constitutes a suitable method of assessing competence of cathodic protection personnel.

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Competence of cathodic protection personnel to the appropriate level for tasks undertaken can be
demonstrated by certification in accordance with prequalification procedures such as EN ISO 15257 or
by another equivalent scheme.

6 Principles and criteria of cathodic protection

6.1 Principles of cathodic protection
The corrosion rate of a metal in soil or water is a function of the electrode potential, E, of the material in
its surrounding media. Except in the case of metals or alloys which can passivate or can be corroded at
high pH, the corrosion rate decreases as the potential is shifted in the negative direction. This negative
potential shift is achieved by applying sufficient direct current from anodes via the soil or water to the
metal surface of the structure to be protected. In the case of coated structures, the current flows to the
metal surface at holidays. The protection current can be provided by impressed current stations or
galvanic anodes.
Cathodic protection is effective if the surface current density is sufficient to lower the potential to a level
capable of achieving an acceptable residual corrosion rate of the structure. Detrimental conditions that
can cause shielding of the cathodic protection current typically include disbonded coatings, thermal
insulating coatings, insulating objects or electrolytes with a high resistivity.
6.2 Cathodic protection criteria
The criteria are most often based on the potential of the metal to be protected in the corrosive electrolyte
(soil or water). The metal protection potential, Ep, corresponds to a threshold at which the corrosion rate
of the metal is reduced to a level considered as acceptably low for practical purposes. The cathodic
protection criteria is therefore:
E ≤ Ep (1)

The cathodic protection system shall be capable of polarizing all parts of the buried structure to potentials
more negative than Ep, and to maintain such potentials throughout the design life of the structure.
The protection potential Ep depends on the metal in its environment.
For carbon steel, low alloyed steels and cast iron, the residual corrosion rate corresponding to Ep is
considered to be 0,01 mm per year.
Some metals may be subject to corrosion damage at very negative potentials. For such metals, the
potential shall therefore not be more negative than a limiting critical potential El. In such cases the
criterion for cathodic protection is:
El ≤ E ≤ Ep (2)

Ep and El potentials are those which exist at the metal–to-electrolyte interface, i.e. they shall be considered
IR free, IR being the ohmic drop in the electrolyte between the reference electrode and the metal at the
location where the potential is measured (e.g. at a coating defect).
Procedures for measuring the metal-to-electrolyte potentials are detailed in EN 13509.
The protection, and any limiting critical potentials, of the most common metals to be cathodically
protected in soils and waters are listed in Table 1. For all materials not listed in Table 1, the protection
and limiting critical potentials shall be documented or determined experimentally.
The IR Free potential, EIR Free, shall meet the criteria given by Formula (1) and, if applicable, Formula (2).
Table 1 presents free corrosion potentials Ecor, protection potentials Ep and limiting critical potentials El
for different metals in different environmental conditions.

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Table 1 — Free corrosion potentials, protection potentials and limiting critical potentials of
common metallic materials in soils and waters (except seawater and brackish water) measured
against CSE

Limiting
Free corrosion Protection critical
Metals or potential: Ecor potential: Ep potential:
Environmental conditions (V)
alloys (V) Indicative El (V)
values (IR Free)
(IR Free)
Soils and waters in all conditions
−0,65 to −0,40 − 0,85 a
except those hereunder described
Soils and waters at 40°C < T < 60°C - b a

Soils and waters at T > 60°C c −0,80 to −0,5 0 − 0,95 c a

Carbon steels, Soils and waters in aerobic conditions

low alloyed at T < 40°C with −0,5 0 to −0,3 0 − 0,75 a

steels and cast 100 Ω.m < ρ < 1 000 Ω.m

iron Soils and waters in aerobic conditions
at T < 40°C with −0,40 to −0,2 0 − 0,65 a

ρ > 1 000 Ω.m

Soils and waters in anaerobic

conditions and with a risk of Sulphate −0,80 to −0,65 − 0,95 a

Reducing Bacteria activity

Austenitic
stainless steels
with Pitting − 0,10 to +0,20 − 0,50 d

Resistance
Equivalent < 40
Austenitic
stainless steels Neutral and alkaline soils and waters
with Pitting at ambient temperatures − 0,10 to +0,20 − 0,30 -
Resistance
Equivalent > 40
Martensitic or
austeno-ferritic
- 0,10 to +0,20 − 0,50 e
(duplex)
stainless steels
All stainless Acid soils and waters at ambient
− 0,10 to +0,20 e e
steels temperatures

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Limiting
Free corrosion Protection critical
Metals or potential: Ecor potential: Ep potential:
Environmental conditions (V)
alloys (V) Indicative El (V)
values (IR Free)
(IR Free)
Copper or
− 0,20 to 0,00 − 0,20 -
copper alloys
Lead Soils and waters at ambient - 0,50 to - 0,40 − 0,65 − 0,95

Aluminium temperatures
- 0,70 to - 0,50 − 0,8 − 1,15 g
alloys f
Galvanized steel - 1,10 to - 0,90 - 1,20 -
During the lifetime of the structure any possible changes of resistivity of the medium around the
structure shall be taken into account.
NOTE All potentials are IR free and refer to a copper/saturated copper sulphate reference electrode,
ECu = EH – 0,32 V.
a To prevent hydrogen embrittlement on high strength non alloyed and low alloyed steels with designed yield
strength exceeding 550 N.mm − 2 , the limiting critical potential shall be documented or determined experimentally.
b For temperatures 40°C ≤ T ≤ 60°C, the protection potential can be interpolated linearly between the potential
value determined for 40 °C (−0,65 V, −0,75 V, −0,85 V or –0,95 V) and the potential value for 60 °C (−0,95 V).
c The risk of high pH stress corrosion cracking increases with increase of temperature.
d In case of presence of any martensitic or ferritic phase (e.g. due to hardening), the risk of hydrogen
embrittlement should be determined by documentation or experimentally.
e To be determined by documentation or determined experimentally.
f These values are only valid for aluminium alloys without Zn and Cu (e.g. AIMgSi-alloys). For all other
aluminium alloys the protection potential may be different.
g Corrosion risk because of alkalinity caused by cathodic protection which dissolves the passive layer.
Protective coatings can become damaged or disbonded under the influence of cathodic protection. Coated
V Cu/CuSO 4 (IR Free). Values more
structures should not generally be cathodically polarized beyond −1 ,2
negative than −1 ,2 V Cu/CuSO 4 (IR Free) can be used if experience or data for the particular coating
system and its application demonstrate that more negative values do not cause significant detrimental
coating damage or disbondment in the field.
For steels with a specified minimum yield strength greater than 550 MPa and for corrosion-resistant
alloys such as martensitic and duplex stainless steels, the limiting critical potential shall be determined
with respect to the detrimental effects in the material due to hydrogen formation at the metal surface.
NOTE A tolerably low rate of corrosion of stainless steels and other corrosion resistant alloys can generally be
achieved without polarizing to −85 0 mV (Cu/CuSO 4). Specific grades of stainless steel may be damaged by polarizing
to − 85 0 mV (Cu/CuSO 4 ). For grades of Corrosion Resistant Alloy that are not susceptible to damage by excessive
polarization (e.g. resulting from H 2 or OH - ), it is generally acceptable to polarize them to the protection potential
defined for carbon steel.

6.3 Alternative method

6.3.1 100 mV cathodic potential shift

If the criteria defined in Table 1 cannot be achieved, a cathodic protection shift of 100 mV is considered
as an acceptable alternative method to reduce the corrosion rate (see NACE Publication n°35108 [3] ). A
residual corrosion rate less than 0,01 mm/y might not be achieved.
NOTE Informative Annex B provides guidance for measurement of the formation or decay of potential shift.

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The application of the 100 mV potential shift shall be avoided at operating temperatures above 40°C, in
soils containing sulfate reducing bacteria; or when interference currents, equalizing currents or telluric
currents might be present. Furthermore, the potential shift method shall not be used in the case of
pipelines connected to or consisting of mixed metal components.
6.3.2 Other methods

Alternative methods may be used if it can be demonstrated that the control of corrosion is achieved.
NOTE The use of corrosion or ER probe are an alternative method that can be used.

6.4 Criteria in presence of a.c

In locations where a.c. interference is suspected, measurements of a.c. voltage and current density shall
be carried out to evaluate the level of the a.c. interference.
In the presence of a.c. voltage on the structure, the protection potentials defined in Table 1 shall be
maintained as a minimum.
For pipelines, EN ISO 18086 gives guidelines for the a.c. corrosion likelihood and defines detailed criteria
to respect.

7 Prerequisites for application of cathodic protection

7.1 General
The effective application of cathodic protection will depend on the size and shape of the structure, the
effectiveness of any coating, the corrosivity of the surrounding medium (e.g. soil, water), a.c. or d.c.
interference, specific requirements in national regulations, and also on the technical and economic
criteria.
To achieve cathodic protection the following conditions shall be satisfied.
7.2 Electrical continuity
The structure, or a section of the whole structure, to be protected, shall be electrically continuous.
Continuity testing can be performed to confirm that the intended continuity has been achieved.
The resistance of the structure to be protected may affect the design of the CP system. Lowering the
electrical resistance of a structure is generally beneficial to uniformity of current distribution. For a
pipeline or a piping system, lowering the longitudinal resistance of the pipe and associated welds will
allow the cathodic protection system to be more efficient. Components (e.g. flanges or expanders) which
may increase the longitudinal resistance of the structure should have low resistance metal bonds.
The resistance of electrical bonds should be low to avoid voltage drops within the structure. Bonds can
be made using metallic conductors such as electrical cables as defined in 9.11 or structural connections.
If cathodic protection is to be applied on non-welded longitudinal structures (e.g. sheet steel piling), the
electrical continuity of the longitudinal structures shall be ensured. Tests of the electrical continuity of
the structure should be performed. When necessary or if problems during the operational lifetime of the
structure are foreseen, permanent electrical bonds (or additional welding) shall be installed.
7.3 Electrical isolation
Whenever possible, the structure to be protected should be electrically isolated from any foreign
structure that will have an adverse effect on the effectiveness of the cathodic protection (e.g. copper
earthing system, rebar in concrete, foreign piping). It is especially important if the structure to be
protected is coated.

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If the structure to be protected cannot be electrically isolated from any foreign structure, then it is
required to adequately design the cathodic protection system, and the structure will be considered as
complex one (see EN 14505).
If the structure requires to be earthed, this can be made compatible with the cathodic protection by
installing d.c. decoupling devices and they shall be suitably specified and rated for the purpose. If the
safety earthing circuit is used, the decoupling shall conform to national electrical regulations.
Electrical earth systems can interact with CP systems and can drain current from them. Depending on
national regulations, the following techniques can be used to limit the drain on a CP system:
a) electrically isolate the protected structure from the earth connection and from any items electrically
connected to the earth system;

b) ensure that electrical safety for equipment connected to the CP system is achieved by isolation
(e.g. classes II or III as defined in EN 61140);

c) earth the items which are in electrical contact with the structure through a fault current breaker;

d) decouple equipment which is in contact with the CP system, through an isolating transformer classes
II or III as defined in EN 61140;

e) earth the equipment which is in contact with the protected structure through a d.c. decoupling device
between the electrical equipment and the general earthing system.

It should be noted that the location of the isolating joints should be carefully considered, particularly in
the case of d.c. stray current. This will require detailed measurements and analysis of the soil surface
gradients (see EN 50162).
Protection against step and touch potentials is covered in EN 50443 [3] .
7.4 External coating
The structures to be protected should normally be provided with a barrier coating, which is selected to
meet the operational requirements of the structure and compatible with cathodic protection.
Barrier coating shall be applied according to standards Guidance or, when available, to applicable
recommendations from coating manufacturers.
A barrier coating reduces protection current demand (Ip), and consequently improves current
distribution, extends the protected area and reduces the likelihood of interference to other foreign
structures.

8 Useful data and design considerations

8.1 General
Effective design of cathodic protection systems is highly dependent upon correct information concerning
the proposed structure to be protected. Structure details, service conditions and design lifetime are
necessary. The most severe service conditions should be taken into account for the design.
A site survey should be carried out before preparing the structure cathodic protection design.
Information obtained during previous site surveys relevant to the proposed structure should be used for
the design.
The design information obtained should be gathered into a report.

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8.2 Structure details

Structure details information may include the following items:
— components or parts of the structure,

— principal dimensions and characteristics,

— topographical information,

— material details,

— location (e.g. geographical coordinates),

— environment and medium,

— coating details,

— installation and construction details,

— associated earthing system (e.g. lightning protection).

The surface area of the structure shall be ascertained either by calculation from dimensional drawings,
or by advice from the manufacturer of the structure.
8.3 Service conditions
For service conditions, the following information should be taken into account:
— details of the medium to be transported or stored,

— operating conditions of the structure (e.g. operating temperature),

— the required design lifetime of the cathodic protection system,

— year of construction (for existing structure),

— details of neighbouring buried or immersed structures,

— environmental conditions,

— availability of power supplies,

— existing cathodic protection system,

— d.c. stray current interference,

— a.c. interference,

— corrosion or cathodic protection history (for existing structure).

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9 Design
9.1 General
To implement a cathodic protection system on a metallic structure, it is necessary to have detailed
information about this structure and its environment. It is necessary to know the electrical limit of the
structure and its connections to other metallic structure (if any).
For new structures, details are required to determine both the cathodic protection current requirements
and the possible anode locations. Key information regarding the structure is:
• Shape and size,

• Material,

• Coating type (if any) and application criteria,

• Details of connections with any other structures (e.g. connected via electrical isolation),

• Service intervals (for structures that are routinely inspected),

• Hazardous area classification (if in a hazardous area – see EN 60079-10-1).

9.2 Design lifetime

The structure owner should define a design lifetime for the cathodic protection system. The design
lifetime can affect the cathodic protection material selection and the kind of cathodic protection to be
applied (e.g. impressed current and/or galvanic anodes).
The design lifetime affects the cathodic protection design, mostly in terms of anode material, anode size,
and coating breakdown factors but also in determining acceptable corrosion rates. It may not always be
possible to achieve fully effective cathodic protection without major structural changes in the structure
itself or the various types of equipment connected to it. In some particular cases, a partially effective
cathodic protection system that significantly reduces the rate of corrosion can be an acceptable
compromise.
9.3 Adjacent structures and external electrical sources
The structure to be protected may be located next to other metallic structures, cathodically protected or
not, neighbouring sources of d.c. or a.c.. These adjacent structures and external electrical sources can have
an impact on the applied cathodic protection to the desired structure.
Conversely the applied cathodic protection can have a detrimental effect on neighbouring structures if
they are in the zone of interference from the anode groundbeds or the structure itself.
During the design stage, knowledge of all buried or immersed structures in proximity to the structure to
be protected and also near to the proposed anode groundbeds shall be taken into account.
9.4 Electrical continuity/discontinuity
The structure shall be electrically continuous if it is to be protected from a single cathodic protection
source. If the structure is not electrically continuous, then electrical bonds are required to permit a single
cathodic protection system to protect it.
Electrical discontinuities can be deliberately installed on the structure to prevent unwanted connections
with other structures or to reduce the effects of unacceptable a.c. and/or d.c. electrical interferences.
Deliberate discontinuity can be achieved by the use of isolation devices such as isolating flange kits,
monolithic isolating joints or non-conductive sections of the structure.

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Direct connections with earthing systems should be avoided. If this condition cannot be met, then the
design shall take into account this situation in order to be able to fulfil the criteria of the present standard.
If this is not possible, the criteria defined in EN 14505 shall be applied.
9.5 Protective coatings
While organic coatings are not entirely impermeable to oxygen and water, they do significantly reduce
the corrosion rate when applied to the surface of a metal.
If cathodic protection is applied to a coated surface, the coating acts as a substantial resistive barrier to
current flow and the current flows to the holidays. In terms of cathodic protection, the effect of coatings
is to reduce the area of the exposed metal surface and thereby reduce the overall current required for
protection and enhance the current distribution.
Details of the coating characteristics and quality before and after installation of the structure, the average
coating resistance or average structure to soil resistance, the coating breakdown factor or the protective
current requirements shall be taken into consideration.
Recommendations on coating for each practical application are given in the respective standards.
If metallic coatings are used, the design of cathodic protection shall be based on the current density
required by the metal of the coating.
9.6 Current demand
The current required to achieve the protection criterion varies according to the nature of metal to be
protected and the environmental conditions prevailing.
The current demand, I, can be determined either by in situ testing (when possible) with temporary
cathodic protection equipment, by calculations or on the basis of the structure operator experience for
similar configurations.
The evaluation by calculations of the current demand necessary for the cathodic protection should be
carried out on the following basis:
— The total surface S of the external surface of the structure in contact with the environment,

— The current density j for bare metal,

— The coating breakdown factor fc in case of coating.

In addition, a contingency factor k (k > 1) can be introduced to take into account uncertainties such as
current attenuation or shielding effects.
The total current demand Itot, is calculated using Formula (3):
Itot = S x k x j x fc (3)

where

S: m2,
j: mA/m 2
k and fc: no unit.
The selection of these parameters j, k and fc should be justified and documented.
Typical design current densities for bare steel or cast iron structures are in the range of 10 mA/m 2 to
1 A/m 2 , mainly depending on the oxygen diffusion rate at the metal surface and electrolyte resistivity to
achieve the cathodic protection criteria.

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The current demand of a coated structure increases with time as the coating deteriorates. Enough
cathodic protection capacity should be provided to maintain protection as the coating deteriorates.
The final coating breakdown factor, ff, is given by Formula (4):

ff = fi + ( ∆ f × t dl ) (4)

where

fi is the initial coating breakdown factor at the start of structure operation,

Δ f is the average yearly increase in the coating breakdown factor expressed in year− 1 ,
tdl is the design life time expressed in years.
Recommendations on current densities and coating breakdown factors to be used for practical
applications are available in the respective standards, text books and industry guidelines.
9.7 Galvanic anode systems
9.7.1 General considerations

A cathodic protection system using galvanic anodes comprises one or more galvanic anodes and an
electrical connection to the structure. The anodes and the structure are installed in a common electrolyte.
The potential of the anodes shall be more negative than the protection potential of the structure to be
protected.
In this condition a driving voltage exists, which generates a cathodic protection current that flows to the
structure through the electrolyte.
The effective current delivered by galvanic anodes depends upon the anode driving voltage and the
resistances between the anodes and the structure (cathode).
9.7.2 Utilization of galvanic anode systems

Galvanic anode systems are generally used to provide cathodic protection on structures where small
current demands are necessary (e.g. small bare structure or large well-coated structure). They are able
to deliver a significant cathodic protection current when they are installed in low resistivity electrolyte.
Galvanic anode systems can also be used for bare or poorly coated structures on which it is only necessary
to protect some specific parts or elements (e.g. valves, road crossings, short casings…).
Galvanic anode systems are also convenient where there is no external power source available (for
impressed current anodes) or where there is a risk of unacceptable levels of interference to adjacent
structures.
Galvanic anodes with a lower driving voltage (typically zinc) can also be used where there is a risk of
over-protection which may induce hydrogen evolution.
Galvanic anodes can also be used in conjunction with an impressed current station at areas where the
level of cathodic protection is considered inadequate.
9.7.3 Design of a galvanic anode system

Galvanic anode systems shall be designed to ensure that effective cathodic protection current is provided
to the structure for the entire design life. The design shall take account of the effect of consumption of
anodes on performance, through the life of the system. This change is mainly due to the change in
geometry and mass of the anode caused by the consumption, which increases the resistance of the anode
to the electrolyte and as a consequence reduces the current available.

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Where it is established that replacement of anodes during the life of the structure is practicable, the
design can be based on anodes being periodically replaced over the lifetime of the structure.
To undertake the design, the following information is required:
• size, shape and extent of the structure,

• coating specification and application procedures so that the quality of the coating and likely coating
breakdown can be estimated,

• electrolyte resistivity at key locations,

• site information so that the location of the anodes can be planned,

• required design life (or service interval).

With this information the following steps should be followed:

• determine the structure surface area,

• estimate the bare surface area of the structure at the end of life (or at each service interval/anode
replacement period),

• determine the total current requirement based on the current density required for the bare metal,

• design an anode system, including the selection of an anode type, shape, size and backfill,

• determine the anode to electrolyte resistance using formulas from the text books and guides
(see e.g. [4] ),

• determine the structure-to-electrolyte resistance (if not negligible in comparison with the anode to
electrolyte resistance),

• determine the driving voltage,

• determine the current that the anode will be able to deliver,

• identify anode locations to distribute the current over the entire structure,

• verify that the proposed anode locations and quantities can deliver the current required,

• determine the theoretical anode life based on the anode mass, current delivered, and the anode alloy
capacity taking into account its efficiency.

Alternative design approaches use a cathodic protection current density for the entire surface area of the
structure rather than just the bare steel. In such a case, the calculation steps are the same but the actual
current requirement may be different.
9.7.4 Technical considerations and data for the design of a galvanic protection system
9.7.4.1 Anode materials

The anode materials used for cathodic protection of structures buried or immersed in soils or fresh water
should have the following electrochemical properties:
— sufficient driving voltage to deliver the current output demand,

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— low susceptibility to the formation of insoluble and isolating compounds or films on its surface, which
can restrict or prevent the output current.

The lower the self-corrosion rate of the anode, the higher its electrochemical efficiency.
Anode materials such as magnesium and aluminium are generally not made of pure metal, but of alloys.
In this case, alloys present a good homogeneous metallographic structure allowing a uniform dissolution,
and optimum electrochemical characteristics.
In soils and fresh waters, for structures made of carbon steels or low alloy steels, galvanic anodes may be
based on zinc or magnesium. With structures made of copper, stainless steels or nickel alloys, anodes can
also be made of iron.
NOTE 1 Aluminium anodes can be only used in waters containing chlorides (typically more than 5 g/L) and have
a low resistivity (typically less than 2 Ω.m).

Zinc anodes as described in Table 2 and magnesium anodes as described in Table 4 are defined by
EN 12496. Table 3 gives typical electrochemical characteristics for zinc anodes. Table 5 gives typical
electrochemical characteristics for magnesium anodes.
NOTE 2 EN 12496 defines typical compositions of zinc and magnesium anodes. It also defines requirements for
manufacturing and inspection.

Table 2 — Typical chemical compositions of the alloys used for zinc anodes
Alloy Z 1 a Alloy Z 2 b Alloy Z 3
Elements
mass % mass % mass %
Al 0,1 to 0,5 0,005 max 0,10 to 0,20
Cd 0,025 to 0,07 0,003 max 0,04 to 0,06
Fe 0,005 max 0,0014 max 0,0014 max
Cu 0,005 max 0,002 max 0,005 max
Pb 0,006 max 0,003 max 0,006 max
Sn — — 0,01 max
Mg — — 0,5 max
Others 0,10 max 0,005 max 0,1 max
Zn 99,314 min 99,99 min remainder
a Alloy Z1 is normally supplied in accordance with US. MIL-A-18001-K-93 [6] or to ASTM B418-12 [7] , Type I.
b Alloy Z2 is often termed “high purity zinc” and is normally supplied in accordance with ASTM B418-12,
Type II.

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Table 3 — Typical electrochemical parameters for zinc anodes used in soils

Parameter Zinc anode
Open circuit potential (V versus
−1 ,05 to −1 ,1 0
saturated Cu/CuSO 4)
Closed circuit potential (V versus
−1 ,00 to −1 ,05
saturated Cu/CuSO 4)
Practical electrochemical
capacity 780
(A·hr/kg)
Practical consumption rate
11,2
(kg/A·yr)
Zinc based anodes present a low driving voltage (about 150 mV to 250 mV) towards steel. They can be
used in soils and waters with resistivity up to typically 50 Ohm.m. When installed in soil, zinc anodes shall
be used with anode backfill, except when soil contains chlorides or sulphates.
NOTE 3 In environments where carbonates, bicarbonates or nitrates dominate, the potential of the zinc becomes
very noble due to the presence of passivating surface films. This effect can reduce the zinc anode efficiency. This
phenomenon does not appear if the electrolyte contains sulphates or chlorides.

Table 4 — Typical chemical compositions of the alloys used for magnesium anodes
Elements Alloy M 1 a Alloy M 2
mass % mass %
Mn 0,25 min 0,5 to 1,5
Al 5 to 7 0,05 max
Zn 2 to 4 0,03 max
Fe 0,005 max 0,03 max
Cu 0,08 max 0,02 max
Si 0,3 max 0,05 max
Pb 0,03 max 0,01 max
Ni 0,003 max 0,002 max
Others Total 0,30 max 0,30 max
Mg remainder remainder
a Alloy M 1 is normally supplied in accordance with ASTM B843-09 [8] .

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Table 5 — Typical electrochemical parameters for magnesium anodes used in soils

Alloy M1 Alloy M2
Parameter
mass % mass %
Open circuit potential (V vs. sat.
−1 ,5 7 to −1 ,60 −1 ,77 to −1 ,82
Cu/CuSO 4)
Closed circuit potential (V vs. sat.
−1 ,5 2 to −1 ,5 7 −1 ,64 to −1 ,69
Cu/CuSO 4)
Practical electrochemical capacity
1 100 1 100
(A.h/kg)
Practical consumption rate
7,5 7,5
(kg/A.Year)

Magnesium based anodes have a driving voltage, up to 650 mV with steel, which permits to deliver more
current than zinc and can be used in higher resistivity (typically 100 Ohm.m) of soils or waters. When
installed in soil, magnesium anodes should be used with anode backfill.
If the material of the structure is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement or its coating to disbondment
the high driving voltage possible with magnesium anodes can increase these risks.
NOTE 4 Current efficiency is reduced if the anode current density is lower than 200 mA/m 2 ; see Figure 1 for
magnesium alloy M 1.

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Key
X current density (μA/cm 2 )

Y current capacity (A·h/kg)

Figure 1 — Current capacity of magnesium alloy versus current density [9]

9.7.4.2 Shape and size of galvanic anodes

The ground resistance of an anode mainly depends on its shape and its dimensions in contact with the
electrolyte. The anode lifetime depends on the anodic material, the nature of the metal to be protected
and the associated mass used for the galvanic anode.
The shape of the anodes depends particularly on the kind of structure to protect and on the locations
where it is necessary and possible to install them.
For soil applications (pipes or buried vessels), anodes are often rod elements with circular or rectangular
cross-section buried horizontally or vertically. In water, anodes can be block-shaped or plates fixed
directly on the structure.
In general, the larger the anode surface in contact with the electrolyte, then the smaller the resistance
between the anode and the ground.
9.7.4.3 Anode location and backfill

The anodes should be buried to reach a wet electrolyte with low resistivity. When several anodes are
required, they should be regularly spread on the structure rather than concentrated in one location.
Generally for soil applications the anodes are surrounded by a low resistivity hygroscopic anode backfill.
This anode backfill helps to create a low resistance between the anode and the soil and also helps prevent
anode corrosion products increasing the anode resistance.

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Non carbonaceous materials are used. A typical anode backfill adapted for zinc and magnesium anodes
consists in a paste of 20 % bentonite, 75 % gypsum and 5 % sodium sulphate Na2 SO 4. Anodes directly
packaged in a porous sack bag filled with a dry anode backfill shall be immersed in a wetted mixture of
soil and water to dampen the anode backfill before burial.
9.8 A.C. and/or d.c. decoupling devices
Electrical earthing of devices installed on the protected structures can be required for safety reasons or
earthing can be required to mitigate the effect of induced electrical voltages.
If an earthing system is required, it shall be made compatible with the cathodic protection system. This
can be achieved by installing suitably rated d.c. decoupling devices in the earthing circuit. Local earthing
using zinc or galvanized earth electrodes directly connected to the protected structures are solutions that
are not commonly used as there can still be future adverse effects on the cathodic protection.
Protected structures can be affected by overvoltage and current strikes made by lightning or by phase
fault curents of nearby external power lines.
To mitigate the effect of all kinds of electrical strikes or electrical interference, protection devices such as
isolating spark gaps, surge protective device (SPD) or a d.c. decoupling device can also be installed
between the protected structures and the associated earthing system, provided that it does not
contravene national regulations or safety standards.
Cable length, cross section and type have a high influence on the overvoltage protection effectiveness.
They shall be matched to the isolating spark gap or SPD electrical characteristics. Cable resistance /
reactance shall be considered when designing protection devices, ensuring any loop formed on the
installation is as small as possible.
In case of induced electrical voltages, to avoid disadvantages due to direct electrical bonding, earthing
systems are commonly not directly bonded to the protected structures but connected via d.c. decoupling
devices which provide an electrical path for the a.c. current from the protected structures to earth while
simultaneously blocking d.c. current.
The d.c. decoupling devices should not interfere with the normal operating conditions of the cathodic
protection system.
The d.c. leakage current for the selected d.c. decoupling devices should be taken into consideration when
determining the cathodic protection current demand for the structures to be cathodically protected.
Any electrical devices used in hazardous areas shall comply with EN 60079-10-1.
9.9 Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system
Depending on design parameters (e.g. the current demand, the soil resistivity, shape and surface of the
structure), an ICCP system may be more efficient than galvanic anodes to cathodically protect the
structure.
ICCP systems shall be suitable for continuous operation under the prevailing service conditions.
Generally, rectifier output voltages higher than 50 V d.c. should not be used on grounds of safety.
Transformer-rectifier units are fed with a.c. power.
Alternative sources of d.c. can be used instead of a transformer-rectifier e.g. battery possibly powered by
solar panels .
The output current can be controlled by:
— constant output rectifier voltage: the current is controlled by the circuit resistance. Changes in the
external circuit (e.g. stray currents, electrolyte variations) will result in changes of the value of
applied current to the structure,

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— potential control: The structure-to-electrolyte potential is measured at a selected location and fed
back to the transformer rectifier control circuit. The d.c. output of the transformer rectifier is
automatically adjusted to maintain the structure-to-electrolyte potential at the pre-set value.
Changes in the external circuit (e.g. stray currents, electrolyte variations) will result in changes of the
value of the applied cathodic protection current to the structure. In addition, potential control
rectifiers can be equipped with a minimum current value when the potential limit is exceeded respect
to the pre-set value.

— current control: the current delivered by a rectifier is automatically controlled by comparison to a

set value.

The potential measuring circuit used to provide the control shall have a minimum input resistance of
10 MΩ. The electronic control system should have a resolution of at least ± 100 mV and be provided with
controls to set the required protection potential and the current limit and/or visual alarms for over-
voltage or over current situations.
Control panels should be provided to display the output voltage, the output current and/or potential
control value (if any).
9.10 Monitoring
The design step shall defined for the protected structure the monitoring to implement according to
Clause 12 requirements.
A monitoring and maintenance plan shall be implemented, including:
— definition of the frequencies of inspection, functional checks and routine measurements,

— specialized surveys (if necessary),

— maintenance of cathodic protection equipment and monitoring.

9.11 Cable
Cables for the connection to protected structures, impressed current anodes, galvanic anodes and test
stations shall be fit for buried service. Such cables should not have a metal armouring. If armoured cable
is used, precautions should be taken to avoid interference between the armour and components of the
CP system. Cathodic protection cables should not be used as protective earth conductors.
To avoid errors due to voltage drop, separate cables from the power circuit should be used for potential
measurements.
Cable insulation shall be fit for the environment (for example buried, or immersed conditions and
chlorine resistant) and also for the purpose of the cable.
Cable cross sections shall be designed on the basis of the following:
— voltage drops which are technically admissible according to the design;

— steady-state current through the cable cross section according to the design;

— cable insulation properties;

— mechanical strength;

— flexibility;

— operating temperature conditions,

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— environmental or site specific conditions.

Cables used for the anodic circuit shall have undamaged electrical insulation. The cables shall be
protected against mechanical damage. Damaged insulation on an anode cable can lead to rapid cable
failure. Particular care should be exercised when handling and installing anode cables.
Cathodic protection cable connections to structures shall only be made by competent persons, in
accordance with documented procedures.
Where thermit welding is used, the welding procedure shall ensure that any copper penetration into the
structures material is less than the limit appropriate for the protected structures and that the local
hardness remains within the limits of the specification for the structure material.
Other connection techniques are acceptable e.g.:
— welding,

— pin brazing,

— and mechanical connections if suitable for the application.

9.12 Impressed current groundbeds

Groundbeds consist of one or more impressed current anodes. The materials commonly used are the
following:
— silicon iron alloy;

— graphite;

— magnetite;

— mixed-metal-oxide-coated titanium;

— copper coated with conductive polymers;

— steel.

Groundbeds are generally installed in anode backfills for the purpose of decreasing the effective
resistance of the groundbeds to the electrolyte and of avoiding trapping of the produced gases. Generally
carbonaceous and porous materials with a low resistivity are used.
Groundbeds can be shallow buried or immersed, horizontally or vertically. Impressed current
groundbeds can also be installed as deep-wells, only vertically. Environmental factors such as
heterogeneity or homogeneity of environment, resistivity, groundwater level in soil, extreme seasonal
changes, shielding effects, should be taken into account for the design of groundbed.
Calculations should be made to determine the anodic mass necessary for the design lifetime and the
resistance to remote earth of the groundbed. The resistance to the remote earth will contribute to
determination of the transformer rectifier d.c. output voltage.
Studies for design shall be documented with type and dimensions of groundbed chosen, calculations
(anodic mass and resistance to remote earth), cable connections and plans.
The connection between the cable and the anode head shall be completely insulated to prevent
penetration of moisture and hence corrosion damage. The insulating material used shall have a long-term
resistance to the physical chemical effects produced in the electrolyte.
Venting should be provided for shallow groundbeds with high current output and for deep groundbeds.

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10 Installation of cathodic protection systems

For new structures, the installation of cathodic equipment should be undertaken as soon as possible after
the completion of the structure. Based on the evaluation of the corrosion likelihood (see informative
Annex A), a temporary cathodic protection system can be required and installed before activation of the
main cathodic protection system.
Before the beginning of the work, it should be confirmed that the equipment and the materials to be
installed and the local conditions are in compliance with the design specifications and drawings. They
should have a permanent label that displays safety warnings, if applicable. Deviations from the design
should be justified. Design specifications, drawings and any deviations should be reported in the as-built
documentation.
Cables shall be installed without damage to their insulation.
Cable lengths should be continuous and cable joints avoided. This is particularly important for power
cables. If cable joints are used then they should be selected for permanent burial or immersion conditions.
Impressed current stations and test stations should be installed in safe and easily accessible locations.
They should give information on the structure owner and safety warnings.

11 Commissioning
11.1 General
The steps of the commissioning are:
— the preliminary checking for demonstrating that the cathodic protection system is installed in
accordance with the design requirements,

— the start-up of the cathodic protection system for demonstrating that the cathodic protection system
is properly working,

— the assessment of the effectiveness of the cathodic protection system, after adjustment if necessary,
to meet the selected cathodic protection criteria or to prevent the risks related to over-protection
(see 11.4).

Commissioning shall result in a fully functional cathodic protection system that can be used as a reference
for the monitoring.
A commissioning report should describe the results of measurements, any changes made to the designed
equipment and all elements which are useful for further assessment of cathodic protection effectiveness.
11.2 Preliminary checking
The following should be part of the preliminary checking when relevant:
— the electrical continuity of the cathodic protection circuit

— the electrical isolation of the structure from foreign structures,

— the evaluation of the coating quality,

— the output connections from the transformer rectifier(s), in order to check that the negative pole(s)
is (are) connected to the structure and the positive one to the anode groundbed(s),

— the installation of coupons and reference electrodes.

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The following measurements should be carried out, when relevant, before any connection of the cathodic
protection system:
— free corrosion potential “Ecor” of the structure on all test points,

— the resistance against remote earth of the groundbed(s),

— anode-to-electrolyte potential of galvanic anodes,

— structure-to-electrolyte potential of neighbouring foreign structures,

— a.c. or d.c. interference (see EN ISO 18086 or EN 50162).

When corrosion potential measurements are carried out, all temporary cathodic protection systems shall
be disabled and the structure shall be depolarized.
11.3 Start-up
The tasks to be carried out for the start-up differ according to the type of the system (impressed current
or galvanic anodes) and whether drainage devices are implemented or not.
The following operations and the associated measurements should be carried out when relevant:
1) Switch on all the impressed current station(s) or connect galvanic anode(s) and confirm that they
are properly functioning.

2) Adjust stations settings to reach the electrical design parameters. If major deviations occur, the
causes should be ascertained.

3) Measure the impressed current station(s) output voltage(s),

4) Measure the current delivered by the cathodic protection source(s),

5) Measure the ON-potential at selected test points,

6) Measure the structure-to-electrolyte potentials of neighbouring foreign structures to verify any

possible interferences on them (see EN 50162). If d.c. stray currents are present, determine their
origin and the interference level in order to evaluate if more protection current is needed and/or if a
drainage system shall be installed,

7) Measure the magnitude and direction of the current exchanged with electrically bonded structures,

8) Measure the a.c. voltage on the structure to verify a possible interferences, and to mitigate them if
necessary (see EN ISO 18086).

11.4 Assessment of the cathodic protection effectiveness

When the contact between the structure and the electrolyte and when the polarization of the structure
are considered to be in a steady-state situation, the tasks for the assessment of the effectiveness of the
cathodic protection system should be carried out. When relevant:
1) Measure the ON-potential at all test points,

2) Assess corresponding IR Free-potential and/or measure OFF-potential at all test points. In presence
of d.c. stray currents, record the potential on the structure (or a coupon or probe) for a relevant
duration,

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EN 12954:2019 (E)

3) Measure of the protective current delivered by each cathodic protection source,

4) In presence of d.c. stray currents, measure the magnitude and the direction of current in electrical
bonds,

5) Measure the current of drainage station,

6) Measure the current through external test probe or coupon,

7) If needed, adjust the cathodic protection level: the measured pipe-to-soil potential can be made more
electronegative by increasing the power supply current output or more electropositive by decreasing
the power supply output.

11.5 Documentations
All the measurements carried out for commissioning should be gathered in the commissioning report.
They should be considered as the reference values for monitoring and the maintenance of the cathodic
protection system.
Typical content of the commissioning reports are:
— description of the cathodic protection system,

— statement of the cathodic protection effectiveness versus the selected criteria,

— statement of the risks related to over protection,

— as-built layout drawings of the structure showing adjacent structures and cathodic protection
systems,

— specifications for the cathodic protection devices used,

— groundbed or anodic elements resistance values,

— as-built installation drawings,

— commissioning results of interference tests carried out during preliminary checks and start-up,

— schematic scheme showing the a.c. and d.c. connection(s),

— traceability of corrective action(s),

— recommended monitoring and maintenance programmes, as far they are not given by the structure
owner (e.g. in company guidelines),

— description of the materials with details and references.

12 Monitoring, inspection and maintenance

12.1 General
Subsequent to commissioning, the effectiveness of the cathodic protection throughout the operational
life of a structure is achieved through monitoring, inspection and maintenance.
Annex A can be used to assess the consequences of short non-operating periods, which could be required
by maintenance activities (e.g lightning consequence or any accidental damage).

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EN 12954:2019 (E)

Inspection and monitoring of the cathodic protection system shall be carried out at regular intervals to
confirm that the protection criteria are fulfilled and to detect any deficiencies.
Monitoring consists of functional checks and routine measurements carried out for the general
assessment of the cathodic protection system to demonstrate that it works properly.
Inspection is carried out to assess the effectiveness of the cathodic protection system, through a detailed
and comprehensive evaluation.
Maintenance is necessary to keep the cathodic protection system in good working conditions when it is
required on the results of monitoring or inspection.
Monitoring and inspection shall be carried out according to validated procedures written by competent
cathodic protection personnel (see EN ISO 15257).
Results of monitoring, inspection and maintenance shall be analysed by competent cathodic protection
personnel and recorded to review the adequacy of:
— the corrosion management,

— the identification of possible deficiencies and improvements,

— the indication of the necessity for a more detailed assessment of the structure conditions.

12.2 Monitoring
Functional checks consist of frequent visual observations and readings on cathodic protection equipment
(e.g. voltage and current delivered by cathodic protection sources).
On a less frequent basis, the functional checks should include verification of the accuracy of the
equipment (e.g permanent and portable reference electrodes, measurement equipment).
Routine measurements include ON-potentials at relevant locations and currents in electrical bonds,
cathodic protection sources, galvanic anode connections and drainage connections.
When relevant, the following factors influence the frequency of routine measurements:
— consequences on safety and environment of a lack of cathodic protection effectiveness, associated
with the type of product stored or transported by the structure,

— results from functional checks,

— corrosive nature of the external electrolyte (e.g. soil or water),

— use of galvanic anodes or impressed current stations,

— susceptibility of cathodic protection installations to be damaged mechanically, by lightning or by

overvoltage,

— existence of specific areas (hazardous areas – see EN 60079-10-1 -, urban areas, protected sites…),

— type, extent and complexity of the structure,

— constructional features critical to maintaining effective cathodic protection (e.g. casings on pipelines,
electrical shielding...),

— use of remote monitoring,

— type of power supply (transformer rectifiers, batteries, solar panels, thermo electric generators…),

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EN 12954:2019 (E)

— d.c. or a.c. interferences,

— use of unidirectional drainages.

If a remote monitoring system is installed, the frequencies of inspection, checks and routine
measurements on site can be reduced.
12.3 Inspection
Inspection involves taking measurements to demonstrate the cathodic protection effectiveness. ON and
OFF-potentials at relevant locations are the common measurements carried out for this. Other
measurements can be carried out such as currents in electrical bonds, cathodic protection sources,
galvanic anode connections and drainage connections, resistance measurements between the
cathodically protected structure and the anodic part (anodes or groundbeds), current and ON and OFF-
potentials measurements on coupons or probes, corrosion rate on coupons or probes.
In addition to the series of factors for the frequency of routine measurements, the following factors
influence inspection frequencies when relevant:
— results from the routine measurements,

— quality and type of applied protective coatings,

— magnitude of interference with foreign structures,

— age and history of the structure.

12.4 Maintenance
When failures are detected during monitoring or inspection, their criticality should be assessed and
classified for establishing a maintenance program. The maintenance program shall be periodically
updated.
If a major failure has been repaired impacting the effectiveness of the cathodic protection system, new
reference values should be taken into account for monitoring and inspection.

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EN 12954:2019 (E)

Annex A
(informative)

Corrosion likelihood in soils

The intention of analysing the corrosion likelihood in soils comprehensively is to determine adequate
corrosion protection measures (e.g. coating, cathodic protection). Detailed procedures to analyse the
corrosion likelihood in soil are described in EN 12501-1 [1] and EN 12501-2 [2] . These standards deal
especially with the interaction between the different parameters of corrosion in soil with low alloyed and
non-alloyed ferrous materials. They describe how to indicate the rating of corrosion likelihood in a
corrosive media which contains an electrolyte which affects, either permanently or temporarily, the
surface of buried structure and structural components.
Experience is required to analyse and interpret the different factors influencing corrosion likelihood. Due
to the fact that variables or factors cannot be described in detail, only probability assessments of the
expected corrosion can be executed. These statements should provide information on type and extend of
corrosion and which protective measures are useful or absolutely necessary. Influencing factors shall be
analysed regarding their effect on the corrosion likelihood. In the following the most relevant corrosion
factors of electrolyte are listed. This list is not exhaustive and gives an advice of possible factors of
influence:
— Soil and bedding material:

— Type of electrolyte,

— Type of bedding backfill material,

— Specific electrolyte resistance,

— Moisture,

— pH value,

— Buffer capacity,

— Sulphide concentration,

— Neutral salt concentration,

— Sulphate concentration,

— Groundwater level,

— Homogeneity of electrolyte,

— Impurities of electrolyte,

— Topography,

— Structure-to-electrolyte resistance;

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— Structural components:

— Orientation,

— Conductivity,

— Length,

— Material,

— Earthing systems,

— Coating,

— Cathodic Protection;

— Environmental factors:

— Influence of presence of long term a. c. and d. c. interference,

— Bedding process,

— Aeration cell.

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EN 12954:2019 (E)

Annex B
(informative)

Reduction of the corrosion rate by using a 100 mV cathodic polarization —

100 mV cathodic potential shift

B.1 Measurement method during polarization

The 100 mV cathodic potential shift is measured with respect to the free corrosion potential (Ecor)
according to Figure B.1. This method applies to a structure or a coupon that has not been previously
polarized.

Key
X time, t
Y potential, E
2-3 IR drop when cathodic protection is applied to the structure or coupon connection
4-5 IR drop when cathodic protection is switched off or the coupon is disconnected
4 EON at instant t2
E1 free corrosion potential, Ecor (marked 1 on the curve)
E2 EOFF after t2 (marked 5 on the curve)
t1 time at which cathodic protection is applied to the structure or coupon connection
t2 time at which cathodic protection is switched off or the coupon is disconnected
t3 time at which cathodic protection is switched on or the coupon is connected
A polarization formation curve
B amount of polarization formation

Figure B.1 — Polarization formation method

The amount of polarization formation is the difference between the Ecor potential and the EOFF potential
measurement.

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EN 12954:2019 (E)

B.2 Measurement method during depolarization

The 100 mV cathodic potential shift is measured with respect to the OFF-potential, EOFF, according to
Figure B.2. This method applies on a structure or a coupon that is already under protection.

Key
X time, t
Y potential, E
2-3 IR drop when cathodic protection is switched off or the coupon is disconnected
E1 free corrosion potential, Ecor
E2 structure-to-electrolyte potential at t3 (marked 4 on the curve)
E3 EOFF
E4 instant- EOFF (marked 3 on the curve)
E5 EON (marked 1 on the curve)
t1 time at which cathodic protection is switched off or the coupon is disconnected
t2 time at which the EOFF measurement is carried out
t3 time at which the potential is measured and which will be used to calculate the amount of depolarization
A Cathodic protection is applied
B Depolarization (or polarization decay) curve
C Amount of depolarization (amount of polarization decay)

Figure B.2 — Polarization decay method

The amount of depolarization is the difference between the EOFF potential and the E2 (t3 ) potential
(marked 4 on the curve).

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EN 12954:2019 (E)

Bibliography

[1] EN 12501-1, Protection of metallic materials against corrosion - Corrosion likelihood in soil - Part
1: General
[2] EN 12501-2, Protection of metallic materials against corrosion - Corrosion likelihood in soil - Part
2: Low alloyed and non alloyed ferrous materials
[3] NACE Publication n°35108, Report on the 100 mV Cathodic Polarization Criterion

[4] EN 50443, Effects of electromagnetic interference on pipelines caused by high voltage a.c. electric
traction systems and/or high voltage a.c. power supply systems
[5] Pocket Handbook for cathodic protection; Autor: W.v.Baeckmann, Edited in 1975 by Vulkan-
Verlag, GmbH, Essen, Title: “Taschenbuch fur den Kathodischen Korrossionsschutz”

[6] U.S. MIL-A-18001-K (1993), Anodes, Sacrificial zinc alloy

[7] ASTM B418-12, Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes

[8] ASTM B843-09, Standard Specification for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for Cathodic Protection

[9] G UMMOW R.A. Performance efficiency of high potential magnesium anodes for cathodically
protection iron watermains, Proceedings of North Area Eastern Conference (Houston, TX/ NACE,
Sept. 15-17, 2003)

[10] EN ISO 15589-1, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Cathodic protection of
pipeline systems - Part 1: On-land pipelines (ISO 15589-1)
[11] EN 12473, General principles of cathodic protection in seawater

[12] EN ISO 12696, Cathodic protection of steel in concrete (ISO 12696)

[13] EN 12499, Internal cathodic protection of metallic structures

[14] EN 61140, Protection against electric shock - Common aspects for installation and equipment

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