FLUID

MECHANICS
WHAT IS FLUID MECHANICS?
• It is the science that deals with behavior of fluids at rest or in
motion and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids
at the boundaries.

• It provides the theoretical foundation of hydraulics which

focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties.
What is the science that deals with
behavior of fluids at rest?
a. Fluid Mechanics
b. Fluid Statics
c. Fluid Dynamics
d. Kinematics
What is the science that deals with
behavior of fluids at rest?
a. Fluid Mechanics
b. Fluid Statics
c. Fluid Dynamics
d. Kinematics
What is the science that deals with
behavior of fluids at rest?
a. Fluid Mechanics – fluids at rest and in motion
b. Fluid Statics
c. Fluid Dynamics – fluids in motion
d. Kinematics- deals with velocities and
streamlines without considering forces of energy
FLUIDS

• Any substance (either liquid or gas) capable of flowing

• State of matter that yields to sideways or shearing forces

 Which of the following is a property of fluids?
a. Fixed shape
b.Fixed volume
c. Ability to flow
d.High rigidity
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

• Specific weight or Unit • Surface Tension

Weight • Capillarity
• Density or Mass Density • Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
• Specific volume • Compressibility
• Specific Gravity • Vapor pressure
• Viscosity
 What is defined as the gravitational
force per unit volume of fluid?
a. Density
b. Specific volume
c. Specific Gravity
d. Specific weight
 What is defined as the gravitational
force per unit volume of fluid?
a. Density
b. Specific volume
c. Specific Gravity
d. Specific weight
Specific Weight () Or Unit Weight (W)

➢ it is defined as the gravitational force per unit volume of

fluid or simply the weight per unit volume and is given the
symbol  (gamma).
𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
 = 𝜌g =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

UNIT: kN/m3 or lb/ft3

• For Water,  = 9.81 kN/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3

Mass Density, 

➢ It it is defined as the mass per unit volume and has units

equal to kg/m3 .It is obtained by dividing the specific weight
by 9.81 m/𝑠 2 .
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝐰
𝛒= ρ=
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝐠

UNIT: kg/m3 or slugs/ft3

• For Water, 𝛒 = 1000 kg/m3

Mass Density,  for gases

𝑷
𝛒=
𝑹𝑻
where:
P = absolute pressure of gas in Pa.
R = gas constant, Joule/Kg.K,
For air: R = 287 J/kg.K or 1,716 lb.ft./slug R
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin
K= C + 273
R = F +460
Specific volume, Vs
➢ the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid.

𝟏
𝑽𝒔 =
ρ
How does temperature affect the volume
of most substances?
a. The relationship between temperature and volume
varies for different substances
b. As temperature increases, volume increases
c. As temperature increases, volume decreases
d. Temperature has no effect on volume
Specific gravity, s or s.g.
➢ it is defined as the ratio of the specific weight of a given
liquid to the specific weight of water at a standard
reference temperature.
➢ For liquid:
𝜸 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝝆 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
s= =
𝜸 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝝆 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
➢ For gases:
𝛒 𝐠𝐚𝐬
s=
𝛒 𝐚𝐢𝐫
 A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1, 200 kg
and a volume of 0.952 m3.
Find its weight?
a. 16.243 kN
b. 11.772 kN
c. 14.557 kN
d. 11.424 kN
 A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1, 200 kg
and a volume of 0.952 m3.
Find its unit weight?
a. 17.062 kN/m3
b. 12.366 kN/m3
c. 15.291 kN/m3
d. 12.00 kN/m3
 A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1, 200 kg
and a volume of 0.952 m3.
Find its density?
a. 1260.5 kg/m3
b. 1297.3 kg/m3
c. 1189.19 kg/m3
d. 1155.46 kg/m3
 A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1, 200 kg
and a volume of 0.952 m3.
Find its specific gravity?
a. 1.26
b. 1.30
c. 1.19
d. 1.16
 What property of fluids determines
the amount of its resistance to a
shearing force?
a. Surface Tension
b. Capillarity
c. Viscosity
d. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
 What property of fluids determines
the amount of its resistance to a
shearing force?
a. Surface Tension
b. Capillarity
c. Viscosity
d. Bulk Modulus of Elasticity
 What is the SI unit of viscosity?
a. Pascal (Pa)
b. Newton (N)
c. Pascal-second (Pa·s)
d. Newton-second (N·s)
Viscosity
➢ It is the property which
determines the amount of its
resistance to a shearing force.
The shear stress in a viscous
fluid is proportional to the time
rate of strain.
➢ Dynamic or Absolute Viscosity () - is defined as the ratio of shear
stress () to the velocity gradient (dV/dy).
 =  /(dV/dy) Pa.s or poise
➢ Kinematic viscosity () - absolute viscosity,  /mass density, 
 =  / m2/s or stroke
➢ * Ideal fluid- viscosity is zero, hence there is no friction
Surface Tension , 

➢ The surface tension of a liquid is the work that must be done to bring
enough molecules from inside the liquid to the surface to form a new unit

➢ area of that surface in ft-lb/ft2 or N.m/m2

➢  = F/L
 = surface tension in N/m
F = elastic force transverse to a length L
➢ P= 4  /d
P = gage pressure in Pascal
d= diameter o the droplet in meter
Capillarity, h
➢ The rise or fall of a fluid in a capillary tube which is caused by
surface tension and depends on the relative magnitudes of the
cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of
the containing vessel. Liquid rise in tubes they wet ( adhesion>
cohesion) and fall in tubes they do not wet (cohesion > adhesion).
h = 2cos / ρgr
where: r = radius of tube in m
 = 140° for mercury
➢ For complete wetting,  = 0° for
water on clean glass
Hence the formula becomes :
h = 2/ ρgr
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity, 𝑬𝑩
➢ When pressure is applied to a fluid, it contracts and when the
pressure is released it expands. The elasticity of the fluid is related to
the amount of deformation (expansion or contraction) for a given
pressure change. The elasticity is called the compressibility of the
fluid
𝒅𝑷
𝑬𝑩 = -
(𝒅𝑽/𝑽)
dP = change in unit pressure
dV = change in volume
v = Volume
The bulk modulus of elasticity of water is approximately 2.2 x 106 kPa
Compressibility, β
➢ It also known as the coefficient of compressibility) is the fractional
change in the volume of a fluid per unit change in pressure in a
constant-temperature process.

(𝒅𝑽/𝑽) 𝟏
𝜷= − =
𝒅𝑷 𝑬𝑩
Vapor pressure
➢ This is the pressure at which a liquid will boil. If boiling
occurs in flowing liquids, vapor bubbles starts growing and
then collapse in regions of higher pressure downstream.
This phenomenon is called cavitation.
Fluid kPa, 20 degC
mercury 0.000173
water 2.34
Ethyl alcohol 5.86
butane 218
propane 855
ammonia 888
 It is a process having constant
temperature?
a. Isohyetal
b.Isothermal
c. Isotemporal
d.Isobaric
 It is a process having constant
temperature?
a. Isohyetal
b.Isothermal
c. Isotemporal
d.Isobaric
 It is a process having constant
temperature?
a. Isohyetal – equal rainfall
b.Isothermal
c. Isotemporal- same time frame
d.Isobaric- constant pressure
 Which property of a fluid allows insects to walk
on water?
a. Viscosity
b. Density
c. Surface tension
d. Temperature
COMPRESSION OF GASES
FOR A PERFECT GAS
𝒑 𝒗𝒏 = 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
where p is absolute pressure, v is the specific volume and n may have any
non-negative value from zero to infinity, depending upon the process to
which the gas is subjected. If the process is at constant temperature
(isothermal), n=1.
𝒑 𝒗 = 𝒑 𝟏 𝒗𝟏
If there is no heat transfer to and from the gas, the process is known as
adiabatic.
𝒑 𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝒌 = 𝒑 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝒌
A frictionless adiabatic process is called isentropic process and n is
denoted by k where 𝒌 = 𝒄𝒑 Τ𝒄𝒗 , the ratio of the specific heat at constant
pressure to that at constant volume
COMPRESSION OF GASES
BOYLE’S LAW (PERFECT GAS)
The temperature of a given mass of gas remaisn constant, the absolute pressure
of the gas varies inversely with the volume.
𝒑 = 𝒌Τ𝒗 𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐕 = 𝐤
𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏

CHARLES or GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW (PERFECT GAS)

If a given mass of gas can expand or contract with the pressure remaining
constant, the volume V of the gas varies directly as the absolute temperature T,
i.e.V/T is cconstant.

COMBINED CHARLE’S AND BOYLE’S LAW ( PERFECT GAS)

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
PRESSURE
➢ It is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.

➢ Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called a Pascal (Pa).

➢ Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm2, lbf/in2=psi.

PRESSURE
➢ Actual pressure at a given point is called the absolute pressure.

Pabs=Pgage + Patm.
➢ Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the
atmosphere, and therefore indicate gage pressure

Pgage=Pabs - Patm.

➢ Pressure below atmospheric pressure are called vacuum pressure,

Pvac=Patm - Pabs.
PRESSURE
PASCAL’S LAW
➢ Pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount.

➢ In picture, pistons are at same height:

F1 F2 F2 A2
P1 = P2 → = → =
A1 A2 F1 A1
➢ Ratio A2/A1 is called ideal mechanical advantage
PRESSURE
Variation of Pressure with Depth
➢ Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the shape of the container.

➢ Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal

𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝟏 + γh

Pressure head is the height “h” of column of homogeneous fluid of unit

weight γ that will produce an intensity of pressure p.

𝑷
h=
𝜸
 An instrument used to measure
atmospheric pressure.
a. Anemometer
b. Manometer
c. Barometer
d. Bourdon gage
 An instrument used to measure
atmospheric pressure.
a. Anemometer
b. Manometer
c. Barometer
d. Bourdon gage
PRESSURE GAGES
Some general types of pressures instruments are as follows:

➢ Barometer - used to measure atmospheric pressure.

a. Mercury barometer –” Torricelli’s tube”, a glass manometer , employing

mercury in its vertical column, that is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

b. Aneroid barometer –holosteric barometer

➢ Manometer - a U-tube that contains liquid of known specific gravity.

➢ Bourdon gage - used to measure large pressure difference

➢ Pressure altimeter –special type of aneroid barometer that converts pressure to

altitude
 Consider a 50-kg woman who has a total foot imprint
area of 100 𝑐𝑚2 . She wishes to walk on the snow, but the
snow cannot withstand pressures greater than 0.5 kPa.
Determine the minimum imprint area per shoe needed
to enable her to walk on the snow without sinking.
Neglect the weight of the shoe.
For the tank shown in Figure 1, h1=3m and h3=4m.
Determine the value of h2
HYDROSTATIC FORCES
Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

𝑭 = 𝒑𝒄𝒈 𝒙 𝑨 = 𝒚𝒉𝑨

𝑰𝒈
𝒆=
𝑨𝒀

𝒉
𝒀=
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
HYDROSTATIC FORCES
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

𝑭𝒉 = 𝒑𝒄𝒈 𝒙 𝑨

𝑭𝒗 = 𝒚𝑽

𝑭= 𝑭𝒉𝟐 + 𝑭𝒗𝟐

𝑭𝒗
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝑭𝒉
In figure shown, the submerged curve
AB is one-quarter of a circle of radius
2m and is located on the lower corner
of a tank. The length of the tank
perpendicular to the sketch is 4m.
Find the magnitude of the total force
acting on AB.
BOUYANCY
➢ This is due to the fluid displaces by a body

𝑭𝑩 = 𝒑𝒈𝑽
➢ Archimedes’ principle : The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a fluid is
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts upward through
the centroid of the displaced volume.

➢ Three scenarios possible

❖ rbody<rfluid : Floating body

❖ rbody=rfluid : Neutrally buoyant

❖ rbody>rfluid : Sinking body

 An iceberg having a specific gravity of 0.9 is floating
on salt water of s.g. = 1.03. if the volume of ice above
the water surface is 1000 cu.m., what is the total volume
of the ice?
RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUID
UNIFORM LINEAR ACCELERATION

Horizontal Motion Inclined Motion Vertical Motion

𝑎 𝑎𝐻 𝑎
tan𝜃 = tan𝜃 = 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ ( 1 + )
𝑔 𝑔 ± 𝑎𝑉 𝑔
 RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF FLUID
UNIFORM ROTATION ABOUT A VERTICAL AXIS
From the force polygon:

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝑪𝑭 𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑾 ℎ=
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝑾 𝟐
𝒈
𝝎 𝒙 2𝑔
𝑾

𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 =
𝝎𝟐 𝒙 𝜔2 𝑥 2
𝒈 𝑦=
2𝑔
Where tan𝜃 is the slope of the paraboloid any
point 𝑥 from the axis of rotation.

Volume of paraboloid of revolution

𝑟2 𝑥2
=
1 2 ℎ 𝑦
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
2
A closed rectangular tank 4m long, 2m wide, and 2m high
is filled with water to a depth of 1.8m. If the allowable force
at the rear wall of the tank is 200kN, how fast can it be
accelerated horizontally, in m/s2 and ft/s2?
FLUID FLOW

BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM

➢ Bernoulli's principle states that ”an increase in the speed of a fluid

occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the
fluid's potential energy.”

➢ The theorem states, in effect, that the total mechanical energy of the
flowing fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure,
the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy
of fluid motion, remains constant.
 It is the amount of fluid passing a
section of a stream per unit time.
a. Flow rate
b. Discharge
c. Velocity
d. Both a and b
FLUID FLOW

➢ Discharge is the amount of fluid passing a section of a stream in

unit time.

Discharge (Q) = Area (A) x Velocity (V)

➢ Volume Flow Rate , Q= Av

➢ Mass Flow Rate, M = ρQ

➢ Weight Flow Rate, W = уQ

 The flow for a given length or reach, the
average velocity at every cross- section
is the same.
a. Steady Flow
b. Laminar Flow
c. Uniform Flow
d. Continuous Flow
 The flow for a given length or reach, the
average velocity at every cross- section
is the same.
a. Steady Flow
b. Laminar Flow
c. Uniform Flow
d. Continuous Flow
What is the term used to describe the irregular
and chaotic movement of fluid particles?
a. Laminar flow
b. Turbulent flow
c. Transitional flow
d. Compressible flow
FLUID FLOW
FLUID FLOW

CONTINUITY EQUATION
FLUID FLOW