Unit 10

†KŠkjMZ ev¯Íevqb
Strategy Implementation
10
me mvsMVwbK mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i cwiKíbvi myôz ev¯Íevq‡bi Ici| †KŠk‡ji ev¯Íevq‡bi mv‡_ mvsMVwbK, mvs¯‹…wZK
I wbqš¿Y eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv, eënvi Kiv Ges G¸‡jv‡K mgwš^Z K‡i cÖ‡qvM Kivi gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweav
I DrK…ó Kvh©cvi`wk©Zv AR©b Kiv RwoZ| G BDwb‡U †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc †KŠk‡ji
ev¯Íevqb I Gi m‡½ RwoZ mKj Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn
G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-10.1 : †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb: cÖK…wZ, †bZ…Z¡, m¤ú` myweb¨¯ÍKiY, †KŠkj mnvqK cwjwm I cÖwµqvKiY KvR
cvV-10.2: †KŠk‡ji ev¯Íevqb: Abykxjb I Dbœqb, Z_¨ I Kvh©m¤úv`b wm‡÷g, †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv
eë¯’v Ges K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôv
cvV-10.3 : †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GgweG †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-10.1 †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb: cÖK…wZ, †bZ…Z¡, m¤ú` myweb¨¯ÍKiY, †KŠkj mnvqK cwjwm
I cÖwµqvKiY KvR
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

 †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb
 †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvMKiY Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvMKi‡Yi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 mÿg †bZ…Z¡ Ki‡Yi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
 m¤ú` myweb¨¯ÍKiY KvRwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠkj mnvqK cwjwm I cÖwµqv cÖwZôvKiY m¤úwK©Z KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
me mvsMVwbK mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i cwiKíbvi myôz ev¯Íevq‡bi Ici| me‡P‡q fv‡jv cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki ev¯Íevq‡bi
Afv‡e e¨_© nq| †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbvq cÖYxZ †KŠkjmg~n Kv‡R iƒcvšÍi Kivi KvRwU G †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb ch©v‡q
m¤úbœ nq| †KŠk‡ji ev¯Íevq‡bi mv‡_ mvsMVwbK, mvs¯‹…wZK I wbqš¿Y eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv, eënvi Kiv Ges
G¸‡jv‡K mgwš^Z K‡i cÖ‡qvM Kivi gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweav I DrK…ó Kvh©cvi`wk©Zv AR©b Kiv RwoZ| kxl©
eë¯’vcKMY †KŠkj cÖYqb K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì‡KB †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvRwU Z`viK Ki‡Z nq| GwU mgMÖ
eë¯’vcbv wU‡gi KvR, GKK †Kv‡bv eë¯’vc‡Ki KvR bq| mgMÖ Kg©Pvix‡ì mw¤§wjZ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †KŠk‡ji myôz
ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e nq|
†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

What is meant by the strategy implementation?
†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb n‡jv †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbvq cÖYxZ †KŠkjmg~n Kv‡R iƒcvšÍiKiY| cÖwZôv‡bi mvsMVwbK, mvs¯‹…wZK
I wbqš¿Y eë¯’v M‡o †Zv‡j G¸‡jvi mgwš^Z cÖ‡qvM Kivi gva¨‡g DrK…ó Kvh©cvi`wk©Zv I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweav
AR©b Kivi ev¯Íe cÖ‡Póv wb‡q cÖYxZ †KŠkj Kv‡R iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡jv †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb| †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb ZLbB mdj
e‡j MY¨ n‡e hLb †Kv¤úvwb Zvi jÿ¨w¯’Z †KŠkjMZ I Avw_©K cvi`wk©Zv mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡e Ges Zvi `xN©‡gqv`x
iƒcKí I wgkb AR©‡bi w`‡K fv‡jv AMÖMwZ †`Lv‡e|
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖ_vwm× wewa †bB| wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcKMY wewfbœfv‡e †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb K‡i
mdjZv †c‡q‡Q| ZvB, †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b †Kvb mywbw`©ó KiYxq Ges AKiYxq RvZxq wb‡`©kbv †bB| wewfbœ eëmvq
cÖvKwUm, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Ae¯’v, Kvh© cwi‡ek, ms¯‹…wZ, cwjwm, cvwi‡ZvwlK eë¯’v, cÖ‡Yv`bv w¯‹g, kxl©
eë¯’vcK‡ì e¨w³Z¡ I cQ›`, mvsMVwbK BwZnvm BZ¨vw` bvbv Ae¯’vi wePv‡i mvdj¨RbK fv‡e †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi
KvR¸‡jv wba©vwiZ nq| GQvov, hviv †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb K‡ib Zv‡ì †hvM¨Zv, AwfÁZv I wePvikw³iI cÖfve
i‡q‡Q| mvgwMÖK fv‡e ejv hvq, †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb GKwU ÔmKj wel‡qi AšÍf©yw³g~jK eë¯’vÕ m¤^wjZ Kvh©µg †hwU
cwiw¯’wZwfwËK I †Kv¤úvwb †Kw›`ªK|
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi †ek wKQz KvR i‡q‡Q| G KvR m¤ú‡K© Rvbv bv _vK‡j G †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb djcÖm~ nq bv| Avmyb
G KvR¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b wbB|
BDwbU 10 c„ôv 138

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbv
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvRmg~n

Tasks of strategy implementation
B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgiv †R‡bwQ †h, †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri †mU †bB| G †cÖÿvc‡U Avgiv _¤úmb I
w÷ªKj¨vÛ (2003) cÖ`Ë †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi 8wU KvRmn 9wU KvR‡K †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i
Av‡jvPbv Kie| KvR¸‡jv wb‡Pi Q‡K †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †`‡L wbb Ges Zvici Av‡jvPbv co–b|
1 2
9
†KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ mÿg msMVb
wbqš¿Y eë¯’v
bKkvKiY I cÖ‡qvMKiY wbg©vYKiY
cÖ‡qvMKiY
3
m¤ú`
8 myweb¨¯ÍKiY
K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹…wZ
cÖwZôvKiY
†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb 4
†KŠkj
mnvqKcwjwm I
7 cÖwµqv
‡cÖlYvg~jK
cyi¯‹vi I 6 5 cÖwZôvKiY
cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v Z_¨ I †miv Abykxjb I
bKkvKiY Kvh©m¤úv`b avivevwnK Dbœqb
wm‡÷g cÖwZôvKiY
cÖwZôvKiY
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvRmg~n
KvR - 1: †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvMKiY (Exerting strategic leadership)

†KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| mv_©K †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ Kvh©Ki I djcÖ` fv‡e
Kg©Pvix‡ì AvPiY I wPšÍv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡ì KvR‡K cÖZ¨vwkZ †KŠkjMZ j‡ÿï w`‡K PvwjZ
K‡i †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e K‡i| †Kv¤úvwbi cÖavb wbe©vnx cÖavbZ G †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ `vb K‡ib| Z‡e,†mB m‡½
cwiPvjbv cwil‡ì m`m¨MY, D”P ch©v‡qi eë¯’vcKMY I wefvMxq eë¯’vcKMYI G †bZ…Z¡ `vb Ki‡eb|
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mdj †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ †h KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`b K‡ib †m¸‡jv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
†KŠkjMZ †bZ…‡Z¡i KvRmg~n (Tasks of strategic leadership)

1. msMV‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i msNwUZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU NUbv m¤ú‡K© m¤ú~Y© fv‡e IqvwKenvj _v‡Kb|
2. †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb cÖwµqvi Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ ch©‡eÿY K‡ib I ch©v‡jvPbv K‡ib|
3. wbR †bZ…‡Z¡imvdj¨ I euvav¸‡jv †_‡K wkÿv jvf K‡ib|
4. †KŠkjMZ †bZv †hvMv‡hvM I Z_¨-Dr‡mi GK we¯Í…Z AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK †bUIqvK© M‡o †Zv‡jb|
5. †KŠkjMZ †bZ…‡Z¡i A‡b‡KB Ôme©Î ev PZzw`©‡K c`PviYvi gva¨‡g eë¯’vcbvÕ Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ wbqwgZ
Kvh©‡ÿÎ cwi`k©b K‡ib I gvV ch©v‡qi wewfbœ ch©v‡qi †jvKR‡bi mv‡_ K_v e‡jb|

6. †KŠkj mnvqK ms¯‹…wZ I mvsMVwbK cwi‡ek cÖwZôv Kivi cÖ‡Póvq Zviv †bZ…Z¡ †`b|
7. †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ Mí I bZzb †ivj g‡Wj m„wói gva¨‡g cÖvwZôvwbK g~j¨‡eva Kg©Pvix‡ì gv‡S cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g
Zv‡ì‡K cwieZ©‡bi G‡R›U wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡ib|
8. †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ cÖwZôv‡bi †jvKRb‡K m„wókxj I D™¢vebx n‡Z DrmvwnZ Kivi gva¨‡g msMVb‡K cwiewZ©Z
Ae¯’vi mv‡_ `ªæZ mvov`vbKvix wn‡m‡e cÖ¯‘Z K‡i|
9. †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ evRvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi cwieZ©b‡K c~e©v‡ý Abygvb K‡ib I AMÖK‡g©i gva¨‡g bZzb mÿgZv
ˆZwi K‡ib|
10. †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ ˆbwZK gvb eRvq ivL‡Z mevB‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib I wb‡RivI ˆbwZK AvPi‡Y A½xKvive×
_v‡Kb|
11. †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabxg~jK Kx Kx mgš^q Ki‡Z n‡e I KLb Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wb‡`©kbvi gva¨‡g
m¤úv`b Kivi KvR K‡ib|
Gevi Pjyb †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi 2bs KvR wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
KvR - 2: mÿg msMVb wbg©vYKiY (Building capable organization)

†KŠk‡ji `ÿ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †hvM¨ †jvKej, ch©vß cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK mÿgZv Ges msMV‡bi Af¨šÍixY Kvh©
eÈb, `vwqZ¡ wba©viY, k„„•Ljv eRvq ivLv I A½xKvi wbwðZKiY eë¯’v _vKv ìKvi| G Kvi‡Y mÿg msMVb
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi GKwU c~e©kZ©| mÿg msMVb n‡Z n‡j Zvi wZbwU Dcv`vb _vK‡Z n‡e (_¤úmb I
w÷ªKj¨vÛ,2003)| †m wZbwU Dcv`vb wb‡Pi Q‡K †`Lvb n‡jv Ges c‡i G‡K GK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
Dchy³ gvbe m¤ú`

fv‡jv
†KŠkj
ev¯Íevq‡b
†gŠwjK mÿgZv I Zzjbvg~jK †hvM¨Zv
mÿg
msMVb
msMVb I Kv‡Ri bgbxq KvVv‡gv
[K] Dchy³ gvbe m¤ú`: †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbB †hvM¨ eë¯’vcK, Dchy³ Ávb m¤úbœ Kg©Pvix I bvbvgyLx eyw×e„wËK g~jab
Qvov mdj fv‡e †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G †cÖwÿ‡Z GKUv kw³kvjx eë¯’vcbv wUg MVb
Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixY I ewnt¯’ Drm †_‡K mr, †hvM¨, `ÿ, †gavex, wbôvevb, †bZ…Z¡ ¸Ym¤úbœ I
A½xKvive× eë¯’vcK msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| AvKl©Yxq †eZb KvVv‡gv, `ªæZ c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM, cÖwkÿY, †ckvMZ
Dbœqb, P¨v‡jwÄs I wPËvKl©K KvR cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g msMV‡b Zv‡ì‡K a‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivLv ìKvi †h,
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡jv mnRvZ eyw×e„wË, Afvebxq Kíbvkw³, m„wókxj I cÖvYkw³‡Z ficyi
e¨w³‡ì msMV‡b wb‡q Avmv, hviv `ªæZ bZzb wPšÍv w`‡q cÖwZôv‡b cÖvY mÂvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ewjô wbe©vnx `j I †hvM¨ eë¯’vcK ˆZwi Kivi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc n‡jv eë¯’vcK wbe©vP‡bi gvb`Ð wba©viY Kiv| G
gvb`Ð n‡e cÖv_©x‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿv`xÿv,AwfÁZv, KvwiMwi `ÿZv, g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, eë¯’vcbv aib I
e¨w³‡Z¡i GKwU wgkÖY| eë¯’vcK c‡` wbe©vP‡bi mgq Av‡e`bcÎ evQvB I P~ovšÍ wbe©vPb †`qvi KvRwU K‡Vvi
wbi‡cÿZv I wePvi ÿgZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †miv e¨w³‡ì wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| eë¯’vcK wn‡m‡e wb‡qv‡Mi
Kg©Kvjxb mg‡q Zv‡ì Áv‡bi wfwË I eyw×e„wËK g~jab M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Ae¨vnZ fv‡e cÖwkÿY I Dbœqb Kvh©µg
wb‡Z n‡e| _¤úmb I w÷ªKj¨vÛ (2003) KZ©„K wb‡`©wkZ G welqK Kvh©µg¸‡jv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1. eë¯’vcK‡ì‡K wbqwgZ cÖwkÿY I Dbœqb w`‡Z n‡e|
2. Zv‡ì‡K P¨v‡jwÄs, wPËvKl©K I `ÿZv e„w× K‡i Ggb Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
3. Zv‡ì‡K Kvh© AveZ©b eë¯’vi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î KvR Kivi my‡hvM w`‡q eûgyLx Ávb, AwfÁZv, I
`ÿZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|
4. Kg©Pvix‡ì m„wókxj I D™¢vebx n‡Z, eZ©gvb Kvh©c×wZ I cÖwµqv‡K P¨v‡jÄ K‡i AviI fv‡jv cš’v †ei Ki‡Z
Ges bZzb cY¨ ev eëmv‡qi AvBwWqv †ck Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. msMV‡b DÏxcK I Kv‡R weRwoZ _vKvi g‡Zv Kvh© cwi‡ek eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Kg©Pvixiv †Kv¤úvwb‡K
ÔKv‡Ri GKUv gnr ¯’vbÕ g‡b K‡i|
6. D”P m¤¢vebvgq, D”P cvi`wk©Zvi Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb e„w×, Drmvn †evbvm, gvwjKvbv †kqvi I Ab¨vb¨
`xN©‡gqvw` Drmvn Kvh©µg Pvjy K‡i Kg©Pvix‡ì Mo cvi`wk©Zvi ¯Íi evov‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
[L] †gŠwjK mÿgZv I Zzjbvg~jK †hvM¨Zv:msMV‡bi †Kvi (core) mÿgZv I Zzjbvg~jK †hvM¨Zv cÖwZØ›Øx‡ì
Zzjbvq evwo‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g~j¨‡PBb Kvh©vewj AviI `ÿZvi mv‡_ m¤úv`b K‡i evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweav
AR©b Kiv hvq| †m Kvi‡Y msMV‡bi †gŠwjK ev †Kvi mÿgZv evovevi c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| †m¸‡jv n‡jv D”P
ÿgZv m¤úbœ wUg cybwe©b¨vm Kiv, DrK…ó Kg©Pvix wbe©vPb, cÖwkÿY I cybtcÖwkÿY, kw³kvjx mvs¯‹…wZK cÖfve,
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK †bUIqvK©, †cÖlYv, ÿgZvqb, AvKl©Yxq Drmvn evZ©v, mvsMVwbK bgbxqZv, ¯^í‡gqvw`wbw`©ó
mgqmxgv (deadline), fv‡jv Z_¨fvÛvi, h_vh_ Af¨šÍixY I ewnt¯’ †eÂgvwK©s ZzjbvKiY BZ¨vw`|
[M] msMVb I Kv‡Ri bgbxq KvVv‡gv:msMVb n‡Z n‡e AM©vwbK| A_©vr cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ LvcLvB‡q
wb‡R‡K cwieZ©b K‡i †djvi ÿgZv| G Rb¨ eë¯’vcbv‡K Aek¨B AMÖwPšÍv I K‡g©i gva¨‡g we`¨gvb †hvM¨Zv‡K
AvaywbKxKiY Ki‡Z n‡e, bZzb mÿgZv I `ÿZv ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z n‡e, mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `jxq Kvh© eë¯’v cËb
Ki‡Z n‡e, ¯^Zš¿ `ÿZv I we‡klÁZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e, cwieZ©b‡K aviY Kivi e¨w³Z¡ I gvbwmKZv cÖwkÿ‡Yi
gva¨‡g m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e, MwZkxj I AvaywbK e¨w³ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e, wWwRUvj c×wZ cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e,
cvi¯úvwiK wg_w®Œqv evov‡Z n‡e Ges mvwe©K †ÿ‡Î mvsMVwbK RoZv KvUv‡Z n‡e|
GQvov, msMV‡bi KvVv‡gv MZvbyMwZK †_‡K AvaywbK A_©vr j¤^ †_‡K PvIov Ki‡Z n‡e, Db¥y³ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v
Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e, EaŸ©Zb I Aa¯Í‡bi g‡a¨ ¯^”Q I AvšÍwiK f~wgKv m¤úK© cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e, Awdmvi me©¯^ Awdm
M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e, ZË¡veavb cwimi eo Ki‡Z n‡e, AskMÖnYg~jK wm×všÍ MÖnY eë¯’v Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e, m‡e©vcwi
MYZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡ Kv‡qg Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw` c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| djkÖæwZ‡Z, msMVb I Kv‡Ri KvVv‡gv bgbxq n‡e
I msMVb n‡e MwZkxj, cwieZ©bgyLx I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK|
Gevi Avgiv †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi 3bs KvR wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
KvR - 3: m¤ú` myweb¨¯ÍKiY(Marshalling resources)

†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ ìKvi m¤ú`| G m¤ú‡ì ev‡RU cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
K‡i cÖ¯‘Z I eÈb Kivi KvRwU n‡jv m¤ú` myweb¨¯ÍKiY| †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b wb‡qvwRZ †K›`ªxq I Kvh© wefvM¸‡jv

cÖ‡qvRbxq Rbej, hš¿cvwZ, Z_¨ cÖevn, cÖwkÿY, RvqMv, A_© I Ab¨vb¨ mnvqK †mev BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i| G Rb¨
†KŠkj ev¯ÍevqbKvix BDwbU¸‡jvi eë¯’vcK‡ì mv‡_ Avjvc K‡i †R¨ô eë¯’vcKMY ev‡RU cÖv°jb K‡ib| ev‡RU
Abymv‡i G m¤ú` †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb †K‡›`ª cwiKwíZ mg‡q I cÖv°wjZ cwigv‡Y †cŠ‡Q w`‡Z bv cvi‡j †KŠkj
ev¯Íevqb evuavMÖ¯Í n‡e| GgbwK †KŠkj ev¯ÍevqbB n‡e bv| G ev‡RU eivÏ wewfbœ †KŠkjMZ wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡bi
Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb, Drcv`b ÿgZv ewa©ZKiY †KŠkj Avi eëmvq ms‡KvPbKiY †KŠkj G `ywU
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ `yiKg ev‡RU eivÏ jvM‡e| ev‡RwUq cÖ‡qvRb wba©vi‡Y mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e|
†Kbbv, A‡_©i AcPq A_ev NvUwZ †KvbUvB Kvg¨ bq|
KvR - 4: †KŠkj mnvqK cwjwm I cÖwµqv cÖwZôvKiY(Instituting strategy facilitating policies and
procedures)
†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb myôz I Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡j mvsMVwbK cwjwm I Kvh©m¤úv`b cÖwµqv †KŠkj mnvqK n‡Z n‡e| Kvh©
c×wZ, wbqg, Kvh© cÖwµqv ev cwjwm hw` M„nxZ †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi mnvqK bv nq, Zv n‡j †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb evuavMÖ¯Í
n‡e| cwjwm n‡jv GKUv mvaviY wb‡`©wkKv ev MvBWjvBb hvi QÎQvqvq wbe©vnxMY wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib I Kvh©
cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Avi wbqg I c×wZ n‡jv KvR Kivi mywbw`©ó wb‡`©wkKv ev MvBWjvBb| we`¨gvb cwjwm, c×wZ I
cÖwµqv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK wKbv| mnvqK bv n‡j bZzb cwjwm I cÖwµqv
ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ ev cÖwZôv‡bi DbœwZ Kivi Rb¨ †KŠkj MÖnY Kiv nq| ZvB, †KŠkj
me mg‡qB cwieZ©b m~Pbv K‡i| G cÖZ¨vwkZ cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡j †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK nq Ggb bZzb cwjwm,
c×wZ, cÖwµqv ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq, †jvKRb‡ì G¸‡jv‡Z cÖwkwÿZ Ki‡Z nq I G¸‡jv cÖwZcvj‡b DØy× Ki‡Z nq|
Zvn‡j, cwjwm, c×wZ I cÖwµqv Kg©Pvix‡ì KvR I AvPiY‡K cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡i I †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb
KvR¸‡jv‡K Awfó j‡ÿ¨ wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e, G cwjwm, c×wZ I cÖwµqv¸‡jv Aek¨B mywPwšÍZ, ev¯ÍevbyM I
MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|
_¤úmb I w÷ªKj¨vÛ (2008) †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b bZzb cwjwm, wbqg I c×wZ Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb| †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
(1) bZzb cwjwm, wbqg I c×wZ Kxfv‡e GKwU KvR Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi wb‡`©kbv †`q| G¸‡jv Kg©Pvix‡ì KvR I
AvPiY‡K Kvh©Ki †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi w`‡K wb‡q hvq| G¸‡jv Kg©Pvix‡ì h‡_”QvPvi KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i I
cwieZ©‡bi weiæ‡× Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwZ‡iva‡K AwZµg K‡i|
(2) wewfbœ †fŠMwjK GjvKvq Qwo‡q _vKv †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©m¤úv`b cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Gme cwjwm I
cÖwµqvi Rb¨ HK¨ eRvq _v‡K| †Kv¤úvwbi wewfbœ weµq †K›`ª, KviLvbv, AvÂwjK Awdm ev †µZv †mev
†K‡›`ªi Kvh© c×wZ, eë¯’vcbv, Af¨šÍixY mnvqK †mev, †µZv †mev, cY¨ ev †mevi gvb BZ¨vwì g‡a¨ HK¨
eRvq _v‡K|
(3) bZzb cwjwm I cÖwµqv myôz I m‡šÍvlRbK Kvh© cwi‡ek ˆZwi K‡i weavq †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb mnR nq|
me©‡k‡l G K_v ejv hvq, mywPwšÍZ, myweb¨¯Í I cÖ‡qvc‡hvMx mnvqK cwjwm I cÖwµqv n‡j †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e
nq|

mvims‡ÿc:
†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb n‡jv †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbvq cÖYxZ †KŠkjmg~n Kv‡R iƒcvšÍiKiY| †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi †Kv‡bv
cÖ_vwm× wewa †bB| wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcKMY wewfbœ fv‡e †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb K‡i mdjZv †c‡q‡Q| ZvB,
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b †Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó KiYxq Ges AKiYxq RvZxq wb‡`©kbv †bB| Avgiv †gvU bqwU KvR wba©viY
K‡iwQ| G KvR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PviwU KvR G cv‡V Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡jv: †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvMKiY,
mÿg msMVb wbg©vYKiY m¤ú` myweb¨¯ÍKiY, †KŠkj mnvqK cwjwm I cÖwµqv cÖwZôvKiY| †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡
†Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| mv_©K †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ Kvh©Ki I djcÖ` fv‡e Kg©Pvix‡ì AvPiY
I wPšÍv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡ì KvR‡K cÖZ¨vwkZ †KŠkjMZ j‡ÿï w`‡K PvwjZ K‡i †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb
m¤¢e K‡i| †KŠk‡ji `ÿ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †hvM¨ †jvKej, ch©vß cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK mÿgZv Ges msMV‡bi
Af¨šÍixY Kvh© eÈb, `vwqZ¡ wba©viY, k„„•Ljv eRvq ivLv I A½xKvi wbwðZKiY eë¯’v _vKv ìKvi| †KŠkj
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ ìKvi m¤ú`| G m¤ú‡ì ev‡RU cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© K‡i
cÖ¯‘Z I eÈb Kivi KvRwU n‡jv m¤ú` myweb¨¯ÍKiY| †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb myôz I Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡j mvsMVwbK cwjwm
I Kvh©m¤úv`b cÖwµqv †KŠkj mnvqK n‡Z n‡e|

cvV-10.2 †KŠk‡ji ev¯Íevqb: Abykxjb I Dbœqb, Z_¨ I Kvh©m¤úv`b wm‡÷g,

†cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v Ges K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôv
D‡Ïk¨

 †miv Abykxjb Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Aweivg Dbœqb Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Aweivg Dbœqb Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvwe©K gvb eë¯’cbv Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvwe©K gvb eë¯’cbvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Z_¨ I Kvh©m¤úv`b wm‡÷g cÖwZôvi KvR¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bKkvKi‡Yi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôvi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ms¯‹…wZ Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹…wZi aib¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠkj mnvqK cwjwm I cÖwµqv cÖwZôvKiY m¤úwK©Z KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mdj †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK GKwU †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bKkv Ki‡Z n‡j †h †h
Dcv`vb we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Qq wmMgv c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
G cv‡V †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi †h KvR¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie †m¸‡jv n‡jv †miv Abykxjb I Aweivg Dbœqb
cÖwZôvKiY, Z_¨ I Kvh©m¤úv`b wm‡÷g cÖwZôvKiY, †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bKkvKiY GesK‡c©v‡iU
ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôvKiY|cÖ_‡g Gevi Avgiv †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi 5bs KvR wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
KvR - 5: †miv Abykxjb I Aweivg Dbœqb cÖwZôvKiY

Adopting best practices and continuous improvement
†miv Abykxjb ej‡Z †Kv¤úvwb‡Z †miv, wk‡í †miv ev we‡k¦ †miv Abykxjb¸‡jv‡K †evSvq| †miv Abykxjb n‡jv
GKwU PgrKvi Kvh©cvi`wk©Zvi ¯Íi hv GKwU Kvh© BDwbU ev wefvM e¨q Kgv‡bv, gvb Dbœqb ev Kvh©cvi`wk©Zv
Dbœqb, Kvh© m¤úv`b mgq Kgv‡bv, DbœZZi wbivcËv `vb, DrK…ó †mev cÖ`vb A_ev fv‡jv fv‡e Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kvh© m¤úv`b †ÿ‡Î AR©b K‡i‡Q| wnj, †RvÝ I M¨vjwfb (2004) Gi fvlvq `ÿZv, gvb, D™¢veb,
†µZv Pvwn`vi DËi cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î DrK…ó cvi`wk©Zv n‡jv †miv Abykxjb| GKwU †Kv¤úvwb wk‡íi †miv Abykxjb
AbymiY K‡i wb‡Ri cvi`wk©Zv e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| wkí cvi`wk©Zv‡K †miv a‡i †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi wb‡Ri cvi`wk©Zv
e„w× Kivi cÖ‡Póv‡K †eÂgvwK©s e‡j|
†Kv¤úvwbi mvwe©K Kvh©KvwiZv I Af¨šÍixY Kv‡Ri `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡b Ges Kvh©cvi`wk©Zvi gvb`Ð ¯’vc‡b †eÂgvwK©s
GKwU DcKvix gvb`Ð| G †ÿ‡Î †eÂgvK© Kiv †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh© c×wZ, wbqg, Drcv`b cÖwµqv, Kvh© m¤úv`b eë¯’v,
wbqš¿Y eë¯’v, cY¨ gvb, gvbe m¤ú` gvb, cÖhyw³i gvb, gvb eë¯’vcbv, evRvi eë¯’vcbv, A_©vqb eë¯’v BZ¨vw`
mKj welq AbymÜvb K‡i wjwce× Kiv nq| Gici wbR †Kv¤úvwbi mgiƒc KvR‡K Zzjbv Kiv nq| †h †h Kv‡R
NvUwZ cvIqv hvq, †mB †mB KvR H †Kv¤úvwbi gZ ¯Í‡i Avbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b Kiv nq| Kvh©c×wZ,

cÖwµqv, wbqgKvbyb, cvwi‡ZvwlK eë¯’v, Kv‡Ri gvb I gvb`Ð BZ¨vw` cwieZ©b Kiv nq| Kg©Pvix‡ì cwiewZ©Z
eë¯’v Abykxj‡b cÖwkÿY †Ìqv nq I bZzb Kvh©avivq KvR Kivi Rb¨ gvbwmK fv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| †miv Abykxjb
G Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwbi cvi`wk©Zv Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i, †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges †Kv¤úvwb‡K
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweav cÖ`vb K‡i|
mdj †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Aweivg ev avivevwnK Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ AviI K‡qKwU Kg©c`‡ÿc
†bIqv ìKvi| †m¸‡jv n‡jv: [K] eëmvq cÖwµqv cybt‡KŠkjKiY, [L] Qq wmMgv gvb †cÖvMÖvg I [M] mvgwMÖK gvb
eë¯’vcbv| Gevi Kxfv‡e G eë¯’v¸‡jv myôz †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b †Kv¤úvwb‡K mÿg K‡i †Zv‡j Zv wb‡q mswÿß
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
[K] eëmvq cÖwµqv cybt‡KŠkjKiY (Business process reengineering):eëmvqcÖwµqvi`ye©jZv, ÎæwUwePy¨wZ,
Kv‡Ri cybive„wË BZ¨vw` Luy‡R †ei K‡i cÖ‡KŠkjwe` I civgk©K‡ì mnvqZvq cybtbKkvKiY Kivi cy‡iv cÖwµqv‡K
eëmvq cÖwµqv cybt‡KŠkjKiY ejv nq| GUv Kivi gva¨‡g Kv‡Ri MwZ, gvb I †gvU Drcv`b ev‡o| †Kv¤úvwbi
†jvKej‡K bZzb K‡i cÖwkwÿZ Kiv nq, cybtmsMwVZ Kiv nq I bZzb KvR †Ìqv nq| ZvQvov, KvR¸‡jv‡K
mgwš^Z avivq m¤úv`‡bi eë¯’v Kiv nq| Gi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi mvwe©K Kvh© cvi`wk©Zv ev‡o, `ÿZv ev‡o, AcPq
K‡g, fv‡jv fv‡e I `ªæZZvi mv‡_ †µZv †mev †Ìqv hvq| †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkj ev¯ÍevqbI mwVKZvi mv‡_ I `ªæZ
MwZ‡Z m¤úvw`Z nq|
evQvB [Sort ]
1
wbivcËv [Safety]
6 Kv‡h©vc‡hvMxKiY
[Set]
2
Qq wmMgv
Six Sigma
a‡i ivLv
[Sustain] D™¢vmb /DrKl©
5 Av`k© gvb AR©b [Shine]
cÖwZôvKiY 3
[Standardize]
4
[L] Qq wmMgv gvb †cÖvMÖvg (Six sigma quality program): Qq wmMgv gvb †cÖvMÖvg mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbvi GKwU
nvwZqvi| GwUi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv GKwU Drcv`bx cÖwZôv‡b 10 jÿ Drcvw`Z LyPiv hš¿cvwZi g‡a¨ ÎæwUhy³ cY¨
3.4wU‡Z bvwg‡q Avbv| Qq wmMgvi we‡klÁMY we`¨gvb cÖwµqv cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡ib I Ggb c×wZ wba©viY K‡ib
hv‡Z mvwe©K fv‡e †miv dj w`‡Z cv‡i| cwimsL¨vwbK fv‡e Qq wmMgv 99,9997 kZvsk MÖnY‡hvM¨ gv‡bi cY¨
Drcv`b wbwðZ K‡i| †Kv‡bv GKwU cÖwµqv hw` G dj bv †`q, Zvn‡j cÖwµqvwU cybtcixÿv Kiv nq, ÎæwUwePy¨wZ
ms‡kvab K‡i cÖwµqv cwieZ©b Kiv nq Ges cwiewZ©Z cÖwµqv eënvi Kiv nq| hw` cÖZ¨vwkZ dj Avevi cvIqv bv
hvq, Zvn‡j Avevi GKB fv‡e cybtcixÿv Kiv nq, wePÿwZ ms‡kvab K‡i cÖwµqv cwieZ©b Kiv nq Ges cwiewZ©Z
cÖwµqv Avevi eënvi Kiv nq| Gfv‡e hZÿY bv ch©šÍ cÖZ¨vwkZ dj A_©vr cÖwZ 10 j‡ÿ 3.4 wU ÎæwUhy³ cY¨ bv

cvIqv hv‡”Q, ZZ w`b G Qq wmMgv Pµ Pj‡e| GKevi jÿ¨ AR©b n‡j Zvi `vwjwjK cÖgvY ˆZwi Kiv n‡e I G
cÖwµqv Ab¨vb¨ Kvh© BDwbU ev Kvh© wefv‡M cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e, hv‡Z Zviv cÖvß cÖwµqv eënvi K‡i ÎæwUhy³ cY¨ cÖwZ
10 j‡ÿ 3.4 wU‡Z bvwg‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i| Qq wmMgvq QqwU ÔGmÕ w`‡q QqwU Kvh© wb‡`©k K‡i| †m¸‡jv c~‡e©i cvZvi
wPÎwU †`Lyb|
[M] mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv (Total quality management):mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv GKwU gvb eë¯’vcbv `k©b hv
wek¦vm K‡i †h, msMV‡bi mKj cÖwµqv avivevwnK fv‡e Dbœqb K‡i mve©ÿwYK †µZv mš‘wó AR©b Kiv hvq| †m
Kvi‡Y GwU †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi GKwU nvwZqvi| cÖ_‡gB †R‡b †bqv hvK gvb Kx? †µZv cÖZ¨vkv c~iY Kivi mÿgZv
n‡jv gvb| GWIqvW© †Wwgs (1986) Gi g‡Z, Ôgvb n‡jv wb¤œ e¨‡q I evRvi mš‘wóg~jK K‡i cÖ¯‘Z c‡Yï mgiƒcZv
I wbf©ikxjZvi cÖZ¨vwkZ gvÎv| AviGwWwm (USA)Gi g‡b K‡i, Òmvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv n‡jv cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡ii
cvi`wk©Zv Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ mvgwMÖK fv‡e M„nxZ mgwš^Z cÖ‡Póvi mv‡_ msMV‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K †jvK‡K RwoZ K‡i
cÖ¯‘ZK…Z avivevwnK Dbœqb Kg©KvÐÓ| [Total Quality Management consists of continuous improvement
activities involving everyone in the organization in a totally integrated effort toward improving
performance at every level.] mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv `k©b g‡b K‡i †h, gvb me mg‡qB DbœZ Kivi my‡hvM
Av‡Q| G †cÖÿvc‡U, Kg© cÖwµqv I c×wZ me mg‡qB DbœZ Kiv hvq, Drcv`b e¨q Kgv‡bv hvq I cY¨gvb DbœZ
Kiv hvq| G Rb¨ mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb‡K mdj Kivi GKUv DrK…ó nvwZqvi| Gevi Avgiv mvwe©K
gvb eë¯’vcbvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbvi QKwU †`Lyb|
m vwe©mvwe©
K Kgvbgvbeeë¯’
e¯’vcbv
¨• vcbvKvVv‡gv
KvVv‡gv
†µ Zv avivevwnK
mš‘wó Dbœqb
Kg©Pvix
RwoZKiY
mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbvi Dcv`vb cÖavbZ wZbwU| †µZv mš‘wó, Aweivg Dbœqb I Kg©Pvix RwoZKiY| Gevi G
KvVv‡gvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv wb‡q A‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
[1] †µZv mš‘wó: †Kv¤úvwbi cY¨ ev †mev wb‡q †µZviv Lywk _vK‡j Zv n‡e †µZv mš‘wó| †µZv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv Abymv‡i
cY¨ ev †mev cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jv †R‡b †bqv, †m¸‡jv‡K cY¨ ¸‡Y iƒcvšÍi Kiv, †µZv‡ì cQ›`
†gvZv‡eK cY¨ bKkv Kiv, †µZv MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i cY¨g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv I Zv‡ì myweavRbK ¯’v‡b mnMvgx †mev
cÖ`vb I m‡šÍvlRbK fv‡e cY¨ n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi gva¨‡g †µZv mš‘wó AR©b Kiv hvq| cvkvcvwk weµ‡qvËi †mevi
wbðqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

[2] Aweivg Dbœqb: cY¨ Drcv`‡bi mvwe©K Kvh© cÖwµqvi Ae¨vnZ Dbœqb Kivi cÖ‡Póv n‡jv Aweivg Dbœqb| cY¨
Drcv`b cÖwµqv I eëmvq Kvh©m¤úv`b cÖwµqvi c×wZ, wbqgbxwZ, cÖwµqv, gvbe m¤ú` eënvi wewa, cÖwkÿY,
Ávb Dbœqb, k„•Ljv wewa, †eZb I cÖ‡Yv`bv KvVv‡gv, cÖhyw³ BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv‡K me mg‡q ch©‡eÿY I wbixÿv
Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvi gva¨‡g G¸‡jv‡K cieZ©x av‡c DbœZ K‡i AvaywbKvqb K‡i e¨q, mgq I AcPq Kgv‡Z n‡e, gvb
evov‡Z n‡e I cY¨ ev †mev `ªæZ evRviRvZ K‡i evRvi `Lj Ki‡Z n‡e| G fv‡e Aweivg Dbœqb cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g
†KŠk‡ji myôz ev¯Íevqb K‡i cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì civwRZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
[3] Kg©Pvix RwoZKiY: msMV‡bi mKj ch©v‡qi wPšÍv cÖwµqvq Kg©Pvix‡ì AskMn‡Yi my‡hvM †Ìqvi eë¯’v n‡jv
Kg©Pvix RwoZKiY| G Rb¨ AskMÖnYg~jK eë¯’vcbv Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e, hvi gva¨‡g Kg©Pvixiv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AskMÖnY
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GQvov, wUg MVb, cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb, ÿgZvqb eë¯’v, civgk© cÖ`vb w¯‹g Pvjy, gvb wbqš¿Y Pµ cÖeZ©b,
cvi`wk©Zv g~j¨vqb eë¯’v cÖeZ©b, Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ I cyi¯‹vi eë¯’v Pvj~ I BDwbqb MV‡bi my‡hvM BZ¨vw` eë¯’v
cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Kg©Pvix RwoZKiY wbwðZ Kiv hvq| Gi d‡j Kg©Pvixiv †cÖwlZ, DÏxß I DrmvwnZ n‡q †KŠkj
ev¯Íevq‡b kZfvM AskMÖnY K‡i|
mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôv Kiv I avivevwnK Dbœqb wbwðZ Kivi gva¨‡g †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e Ki‡Z n‡j
eë¯’vcK‡ì †h c`‡ÿç‡jv wb‡Z n‡e Zv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1. mvwe©K gvb eë¯’vcbv I Aweivg Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ Ø¨_©nxb, cÖKvk¨ I Abp A½xKvi|
2. mvwe©K gvb mg_©K AvPiY Kivq DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ gvb cÖwkÿY `vb, wUg MVb, wUg Kv‡Ri Abyk xjb,
e¨w³K I `jxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ¯^xK…wZ I cyi¯‹vi, AevwÂZ eënvi cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v cÖeZ©b|
3. Kg©Pvix‡ì ÿgZvqb Kiv hv‡Z Zviv wKQz KvR ¯^vaxb fv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. cvi`wk©Zv evov‡bv m¤¢e G K_vwU Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡b XzwK‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, †miv Abykxjb I avivevwnK Dbœqb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡j †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb h_vh_ n‡e Ges dj
wn‡m‡e †Kv¤úvwbi Kg ÎæwUhy³ cY¨ ˆZwi n‡e, h_v mg‡q cY¨ mieivn n‡e, cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì †P‡q Kg e¨‡q cY¨
Drcv`b Kiv hv‡e, Kg †µZv Awf‡hvM cvIqv hv‡e, †µZv mš‘wó evo‡e, Pµ mgq K‡g hv‡e I Avq †ewk n‡e|
KvR - 6: Z_¨ I Kvh©m¤úv`b wm‡÷g cÖwZôvKiY (Installing information and operating systems)
G ch©v‡q †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK Z_¨, †hvMv‡hvM, B-Kgvm©, I Kvh© m¤úv`b eë¯’v cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e, hvi
mnvqZvq †K¤úvwbi †jvKRb ivZw`b KvR K‡i †KŠkjMZ f~wgKv mdj fv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kg©x‡ì KvR‡K
cÖZ¨vwkZ c‡_ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ch©vß Z_¨ jv‡M| cÖwZwU cÖwZôv‡biB Z_¨ msMÖn I evQvB Kiv, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri
Abym~PK¸‡jv bRi`vwi Kiv, mgm¨v wPwýZ I we‡kølY Kiv, Ges †KŠkjMZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨vw` Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU
Kvh©Ki Z_¨ eë¯’v _vK‡Z nq| GKwU Z_¨ eë¯’v cuvPwU eo cwim‡i KvR K‡i| †m¸‡jv n‡jv (1) †µZv DcvË,
(2) Kvh© DcvË, (3) Kg©Pvix DcvË, (4) mieivnKvix ev Askx`vi ev mn‡hvMx wgÎ DcvË, I (5) Avw_©K
cvi`wk©Zv DcvË| GRb¨ cÖK…Z Kv‡Ri mg‡q Kv‡Ri †K‡›`ª †Ìqvi Rb¨ Z_¨ ch©‡eÿY, msMÖn, we‡kølY, e¨vL¨v I
eÈb Kivi Dchy³ Kivi mÿgZv m¤úbœ Z_¨ eë¯’v bKkv I cÖwZôv Kiv ìKvi| Z_¨ cÖhyw³, cwimsL¨vwbK
c×wZ, Kvh©m¤úv`b Z_¨ eë¯’v BZ¨vw` †h †Kv‡bv c×wZ eënvi K‡i msMV‡bi gvjvgvj I Z_¨ cÖevn `ªæZ I
wbiew”Qbœ KivB n‡jv D‡Ïk¨|
mdj †Kv¤úvwbiv †`‡k †`‡k Kvh©m¤úv`b Z_¨ eë¯’v cÖwZôv K‡i Kv‡Ri mwVK Z_¨ mwVK mg‡q Av`vbcÖ`vb K‡i
ch©‡eÿY I wbqš¿Y my`„p K‡i‡Q, †Kv¤úvwbi wm×všÍ MÖnY I mgm¨vi †hŠw³K mgvavb wbwðZ K‡i‡Q, †Kv¤úvwbi

mÿgZv kw³kvjx K‡i‡Q I GKB mg‡q †KŠk‡ji ev¯Íevqb DbœZ K‡i‡Q| †hgb, M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q Av_©vi
GÛvimb K‡c©v‡ikb 81wU †`‡k Aew¯’Z Zvi 382wU Awd‡m Kg©iZ 70,000 †jvK‡K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU
I wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i| G ÔÁvb wewbgq eë¯’vqÕ DcvË, KÚ¯î, wfwWI ÿgZv Av‡Q, GKwU B‡jKUªwbK
ey‡jwUb †evW© Av‡Q †hLv‡b †µZv‡ì Awf‡hvM †Ìqv _v‡K hv †_‡K wek¦e¨vcx Qwo‡q _vKv Kg©Pvixiv †µZv mgm¨v
mgvav‡b KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| G eë¯’vq AviI Av‡Q dvBj msMÖn, bw_e×KiY I eÈb Kivi eë¯’v, †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv
we‡kl welq, †µZv, mgvavb I †Kv¤úvwb m¤ú` m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ _v‡K| GÛvim‡bi G ÔÁvb wewbgq eë¯’vÕ †Kv¤úvwbi
Kg©Pvix‡ì†Kv¤úvwbi ˆ`bw›`b KvR I M‡elYv †_‡K wkÿv jvf Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q Ges G eë¯’v mKj
Kg©Pvix‡ì Kv‡Q 24 N›Uv mnR cÖvc¨ Av‡Q|(KzBb,GÛvimb I wd‡Kj‡÷Bb, 1996)| evsjv‡`‡kI A‡bK
†Kv¤úvwb GLb B›Uªv‡bU eë¯’vi gva¨‡g md&UIq¨vi eë¯’v ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q I †miv Kv‡Ri Z_¨ bw_e× K‡i Kg©Pvix‡ì
g‡a¨ `ªæZ Qwo‡q w`‡”Q Ges Zv msMVbe¨vcx ev¯Íevqb Zivwš^Z Ki‡Q| GKB fv‡e B›Uvi‡bU †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v‡K
Kv‡R jvwM‡q †µZv, mieivnKvix I eÈbKvix‡ì mv‡_ mve©ÿwYK †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Ki‡Q I Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
mieivn Ki‡Q| Gfv‡e †Kv¤úvwbi mÿgZv kw³kvjx n‡”Q, †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb DbœZ n‡”Q I evRv‡i
cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì †P‡q AwaK myweav cvIqv hv‡”Q|
AbjvBb DcvË eë¯’vi gva¨‡g gRyZ, digv‡qk cÖwµqvKiY, Bbf‡qm, cwienbiZ cY¨, gvj wkc‡g›U BZ¨vw`
Z_¨ Rvbv I Rvbv‡bv hv‡”Q| B‡j‡±ªvwbK cÖhyw³i gva‡g msMV‡bi Avw_©K Ae¯’v I Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v ˆ`wbK wfwË‡Z
Rvbv hv‡”Q| G ai‡bi we‡kølYvZ¥K wWwRUvj wbqš¿Y eë¯’v eë¯’vcKMY‡K †Kv¤úvwbi mgm¨vmg~n c~e©v‡ýB wPwýZ
Ki‡Z, Dchy³ ms‡kvabxg~jK n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z ev †KŠkj mgš^q Ki‡Z ev †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb‡K mwVK c‡_ wb‡q
Avm‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G wWwRUvj wbqš¿Y eë¯’v eë¯’vcK‡ì mve©ÿwYK gwbUwis Kivi †evSv †_‡K gy³ K‡i‡Q I
Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z mgq w`‡q‡Q| G mvgwMÖK eë¯’v †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh© `ÿZv I mÿgZv evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q,
†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb mdj K‡i‡Q I evRv‡i cÖwZØ›Øx‡ì †P‡q cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweav w`‡q‡Q|
KvR - 7: †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bK&kvKiY (Designing rewards and incentives systems)
†cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v ev wm‡÷gm mvsMVwbK Kg©Pvix‡ì Kv‡R DØy×KiY I †miv cvi`wk©Zv
†`Lv‡bvi me©‡kÖô nvwZqvi| Kg©Pvix‡ì KvQ †_‡K `xN©‡gqvw` D‡`¨vgx KvR I A½xKvi †c‡Z n‡j evwn¨K I
AšÍwb©wnZ †cÖlYvhy³ cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bKkv Ki‡Z n‡e I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, †eZb-fvZv-
myweav n‡jv GKgvÎ gnvkw³kvjx nvwZqvi hvi gva¨‡g eë¯’vcKiv Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡R Avb‡Z cv‡i Ges
K‡Vvi cwikÖg I A½xKvi wb‡q †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b Zv‡ì‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i|GRb¨ Kg©Pvix‡ì AšÍ‡i †KŠkjMZ
iƒcKí Ggb fv‡e †Mu‡_ w`‡Z n‡e, †hb Zviv Zv‡ì KvR‡K †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I wb‡R‡ì †Kv¤úvwbi
Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask fv‡e|
evwn¨K †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv n‡jv †eZb, evwo fvov fvZv, †gwW‡Kj fvZv, wd« Kwd, mvB‡Kj I Mvwo
cvwK©s RvqMv, cvi`wk©Zv †evbvm, Drme fvZv, Mvwo mieivn, †kqvi gvwjKvbv, Aemi myweav BZ¨vw` Avw_©K I
`„k¨gvb welq| Avi AšÍwb©wnZ †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv n‡jv fv‡jv Kv‡Ri AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZ, Kv‡Ri
wbivcËv, DÏxcbvc~Y© Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡, AvKl©Yxq ¯’v‡b e`wj, Kv‡Ri I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y ¯^vaxbZv, `ªæZ c‡`vbœwZ, Kv‡Ri
cÖKv‡k¨ cÖksmv,Áv‡bi AMÖMwZi Rb¨ wewfbœ †Kv‡m© AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM, ÿgZvqb BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jvi eënvi I e„w×
wel‡q wbi‡cÿ I †hŠw³K wm×všÍ Kg©Pvix‡ì †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b e¨vcK Drmvn †RvMvq|
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ mnvqK †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j Kg©Pvix‡ì †KŠkjMZ
Kv‡Ri P¨v‡jwÄs jÿ¨ w`‡Z n‡e, cvi`wk©Zvi Dchy³ cwigvcK _vK‡Z n‡e, e¨w³K I `jxq Kv‡Ri h_vh_

g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e I Dchy³ cyi¯‹vi I Drmvn fvZv w`‡Z n‡e| cyi¯‹vi eë¯’v n‡e cvi`wk©Zv wfwËK| Zv n‡jB
Kg©Pvixiv RvbcÖvY w`‡q †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b wbijm cwikÖg Ki‡e Ges kZfvM mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡e|
mdj †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK GKwU †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bKkv Ki‡Z n‡j †h †h Dcv`vb
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi GKUv eY©bv _¤úmb I w÷ªKj¨vÛ (2003) w`‡q‡Qb| †m AbymiYxq wb‡`©wkKv wb‡P D‡jøL
Kiv n‡jv:
1. P~ovšÍ bM` A‡_©i cwigvY †gvU cvwi‡ZvwlK c¨v‡K‡Ri g~L¨ Ask n‡Z n‡e|
2. Drmvn fvZv w¯‹g ïaygvÎ D”P ch©v‡qi eë¯’vcK‡ì Rb¨ bv n‡q cÖwZôv‡bi mKj eë¯’vcK I Kg©Pvix‡ì
Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z n‡e|
3. cvwi‡ZvwlK I Drmvn fvZv cÖ`vb eë¯’v b¨vh¨Zv, mywe‡ewPZ mZK©Zv I ¯^”QZvi mv‡_ ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Drmvn fvZv‡K †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb Kv‡Ri mdj AR©‡bi mv‡_ mivmwi I k³ fv‡e m¤ú„³ n‡Z
n‡e|
5. cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i Kvh©cvi`wk©Zvi jÿ¨ Zvi m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri d‡ji mv‡_ m¤ú„³ n‡Z n‡e GRb¨ †h, e¨w³K
A½xKvi I AvPiY †KŠkjMZ jÿ¨ AR©‡bi w`‡K cwiPvwjZ Kivi Rb¨B Drmvn w¯‹g †bqv nq|
6. Kvh© m¤úv`b I cyi¯‹vi cÖ`v‡bi ga¨w¯’Z mgq‡K Aek¨B Kg ivL‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, kÖwg‡Ki Mv‡qi
Nvg ïKv‡bvi Av‡MB Zvi cvwikÖwgK cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. Avw_©K cyi¯‹vi eë¯’vi Dci cy‡ivcywi wbf©i bv K‡i Abvw_©K cyi¯‹vi eë¯’vi D`vi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ hviv †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ`Ë KvR h_vh_ fv‡e K‡i bv Zv‡ì‡K `vqx bv K‡i cvwi‡ZvwlK
cÖ`vb Kivi eë¯’v ev` w`‡Z n‡e A_©vr cvwi‡ZvwlK n‡e cvi`wk©ZvwfwËK|
GKevi †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bKkv Kiv †kl n‡j Zv mKj Kg©Pvix‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e, e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
n‡e I mK‡j †h h_vh_ fv‡e eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Rvb‡e Kxfv‡e KvR cwigvc Kiv
n‡e I Kx cwigvY KvR Ki‡j Kx cyi¯‹vi cvIqv hv‡e| g‡b ivLv ìKvi, cvwi‡ZvwlK, cyi¯‹vi, Drmvn fvZv meB
A_©c~Y©, b¨vh¨, AwR©Z I cÖvc¨ n‡Z n‡e|
KvR - 8: K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôvKiY(Establishing corporate culture)

cÖ‡Z¨K msMV‡biB wbR¯^ ¯^Zš¿ ms¯‹…wZ i‡q‡Q| K‡c©v‡iU ev mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv msMV‡b we`¨gvb wbR¯^ `k©b,
bxwZ, mgm¨v mgvavb I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Dcvq, Kvh© cwi‡ek I Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi wbqgKvbyb c×wZ, Kvwnbx, wek¦vm,
ixwZbxwZ, ˆbwZK Ae¯’vb, AvPiY I wPšÍvi aib, eëmvq Abykxjb, kxl© eë¯’vcK‡ì e¨w³Z¡ BZ¨vwì mw¤§wjZ
mËv‡K †evSvq| †Kv¤úvwbi mKj Kg©Pvix G ms¯‹…wZ avib K‡i, jvjb K‡i I cvjb K‡i| †hgb IqvjgvU©
K‡c©v‡ik‡bi wfwËg~j ms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q †µZv‡ì mš‘wó, e¨q Kgv‡bvi wbijm cÖ‡Póv, kw³kvjx Kvh© ˆbwZKZv, m¨vg
IqvjU‡bi we®§qKi wgZe¨wqZv, wPšÍv I mgm¨v ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ ag©xq AvbyôvwbKZvq AbywôZ kwbev‡ii †nW
Awd‡mi wgwUs, †Kv¤úvwbi †`vKvb wbqwgZ `vwqZ¡kxjZvi mv‡_ cwi`k©b I †µZv‡ì mv‡_ K_v ejv Ges
Kg©Pvix‡ì KvQ †_‡K civgk© PvIqv (_¤úmb I w÷ªKj¨vÛ,2003)| G K‡c©v‡iU ev mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ hLb †KŠkj
ev¯Íevq‡bi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq, ZLb †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb mdj n‡e| hw` †Kv‡bv Miwgj _v‡K, Z‡e †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb
euvavMÖ¯’ n‡e| ZLb G ms¯‹…wZ e`j K‡i †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK ms¯‹…wZ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e|
mKj †Kv¤úvwb‡Z eûgyLx ms¯‹…wZ _v‡K- cÖavb ms¯‹…wZ I Dcms¯‹…wZ (KUjvi I †nm‡KU,1992)| cÖavb ms¯‹…wZ
n‡jv KZ©„Z¡Kvix ms¯‹…wZ h_v †K›`ªxq ixwZbxwZ, g~j¨‡eva, Abykxjb BZ¨vw` ev †Kvi ms¯‹…wZ hv †Kv¤úvwbi mKj
Kg©Pvix aviY K‡i I †g‡b P‡j| Avi wefvM, AvÂwjK Awdm ev KviLvbv, wfbœ †`‡k Aew¯’Z eëmvq BZ¨vw`‡Z
wKQz wbR¯^ g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm ev Abykxjb _vK‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv n‡jv Dcms¯‹…wZ| eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb ev eû

AvÂwjK †K‡›`ª eëmvq K‡i Ggb RvZxq †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Dcms¯‹…wZ _vKvB ¯^vfvweK| G `yB ms¯‹„wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
Kwg‡q Avb‡Z eë¯’vcKMY cÖavb ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ MÖnY‡hvM¨ I mnvqK Dcms¯‹…wZ hy³ K‡i AvÂwjK †K›`ª ev eëmv‡q
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ GKwU AvÂwjK ms¯‹…wZ wbg©vY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ms¯‹…wZ kw³kvjx I `~e©j n‡Z cv‡i| kw³kvjx ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv ¯úó I cÖKvk¨ bxwZ I g~j¨‡eva hv msMV‡bi mKj
†jvK‡K Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q, Kxfv‡e †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ G¸‡jv m¤úwK©Z Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q I †Kv¤úvwbi
mKj ch©v‡qi Kg©Pvixiv Zv MÖnY I cvjb K‡i| `ye©j ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi g~L¨ ms¯‹…wZ hv mK‡j AvšÍwiK fv‡e
MÖnY K‡iwb I cvjbI K‡i bv| †Kv¤úvwbi ms¯‹…wZ wefvwRZ I LwÐZ AvKv‡i eëüZ nq| d‡j, †Kv¤úvwb n‡q
c‡o `ye©j I †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb KwVb n‡q c‡o|
ms¯‹…wZ A¯^v¯’¨KiI n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡e‡k ivRbxwZ Xz‡K †M‡j, cÖfvekvjx eë¯’vc‡Kiv
†¯^”QvPvix Kvq`vq KvR Ki‡j, cwieZ©b‡K evuav w`‡j, wk‡íi †miv Abykxjb AbymiY bv Ki‡j, `~i`„wóm¤úbœ-
e¨wZµgx-¯^Zš¿-cwieZ©bKvgx eë¯’vcK‡ì e`‡j MZvbyMwZK Kv‡R cvi`k©x eë¯’vcK‡ì c‡`vbœwZ w`‡j eyS‡Z
n‡e G ms¯‹…wZ A¯^v¯’¨Ki| A¯^v¯’¨Ki ms¯‹…wZ †Kv¤úvwbi cÖMwZ, cÖmvi I mvd‡jï Rb¨ ÿwZKi| †KŠkj
ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡_I gvivZ¥K fv‡e cÖwZeÜK| GwU Aek¨B cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e I Awf‡hvRK ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z
n‡e|
Awf‡hvRK ms¯‹…wZ †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨| G ms¯‹…wZ cwieZ©b‡K `ªæZ aviY K‡i|
Awf‡hvRK ms¯‹…wZ cwieZ©bMÖvnx, AMÖK‡g© Drmvnx, D™¢veb I cixÿ‡Y AvMÖnx Ges `xN©‡gqvw` mvsMVwbK mvd‡jï
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡Ri †cÖlK| †Kv¤úvwbi †Kvi ev g~L¨ g~j¨‡eva I eëmvq bxwZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ K‡i Awf‡hvRK
ms¯‹…wZ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| G Kvi‡Y Awf‡hvRK ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv †KŠkj mnvqK K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹„wZ| G †KŠkj mnvqK
K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹„wZ gvbyl‡K ¯^ZtùzZ© fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z Drmvn †hvMvq, cÖ`Ë Kv‡R cvi¯úvwiK mnvqZv `v‡b Drmvn
†hvMvq, cwiw¯’wZwbf©i †bZ…Z¡ M‡o †Zv‡j, Kv‡R ˆbwZKZv cÖwZôv K‡i, †Kv¤úvwb‡K †µZvevÜe I cwi‡ek evÜe
K‡i I †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡_ we`¨gvb mKj evuav AwZµg K‡i †KŠkjMZ cwieZ©b Av‡b I †Kv¤úvwb‡K mdj
K‡i|
mvims‡ÿc:
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi †gvU bqwU KvR wba©viY K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G KvR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PviwU KvR G cv‡V
Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| †miv Abykxjb n‡jv GKwU PgrKvi Kvh©cvi`wk©Zvi ¯Íi hv GKwU Kvh© BDwbU ev wefvM e¨q
Kgv‡bv, gvb Dbœqb ev Kvh©cvi`wk©Zv Dbœqb, Kvh© m¤úv`b mgq Kgv‡bv, DbœZZi wbivcËv `vb BZ¨vw` Kvh©
m¤úv`b †ÿ‡Î AR©b K‡i‡Q| mdj †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Aweivg ev avivevwnK Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G
Rb¨ AviI K‡qKwU Kg©c`‡ÿc †bqv ìKvi| †m¸‡jv n‡jv [K] eëmvq cÖwµqv cybt‡KŠkjKiY, [L] Qq wmMgv
gvb †cÖvMÖvg I [M] mvgwMÖK gvb eë¯’vcbv| †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK Z_¨, †hvMv‡hvM, B-Kgvm©, I Kvh© m¤úv`b
eë¯’v cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e hvi mnvqZvq †K¤úvwbi †jvKRb ivZw`b KvR K‡i †KŠkjMZ f~wgKv mdj fv‡e cvjb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v ev wm‡÷gm mvsMVwbK Kg©Pvix‡ì Kv‡R DØy×KiY I †miv
cvi`wk©Zv †`Lv‡bvi me©‡kÖô nvwZqvi| Kg©Pvix‡ì KvQ †_‡K `xN©‡gqv`x D‡`¨vgx KvR I A½xKvi †c‡Z n‡j
evwn¨K I AšÍwb©wnZ †cÖlYvhy³ cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bKkv Ki‡Z n‡e I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e| K‡c©v‡iU ev
mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv msMV‡b we`¨gvb wbR¯^ `k©b, bxwZ, mgm¨v mgvavb I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Dcvq, Kvh© cwi‡ek
I Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi wbqgKvbyb-c×wZ, Kvwnbx, wek¦vm, ixwZbxwZ, ‰bwZK Ae¯’vb, BZ¨vwì mw¤§wjZ mËv‡K
†evSvq| G K‡c©v‡iU ev mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ hLb †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq, ZLb †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb
mdj n‡e|

cvV-10.3 †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y

Strategic Control
D‡Ïk¨

 †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Ae`vbmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi c`‡ÿcmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kvh©Ki †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi ¸Yvewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi ch©vqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi aibmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿‡Yi c×wZ¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib wbqš¿YB eë¯’vcbv| †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbvi GKwU Acwinvh© Ask n‡jv †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y| G
cv‡V †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿‡Yi cÖK„wZ, cÖKvi, aib, ¸Yvewj, Ae`vb BZ¨vw` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| g‡b ivLv
ìKvi, wbqš¿Ynxb eë¯’cbv cÖvwZôvwbK wech©q Av‡b| ZvB, †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y Lye fv‡jv fv‡eB wbwðZ Kiv
ìKvi|
KvR - 9: wbqš¿Y eë¯’v bK&kvKiY I cÖ‡qvMKiY(Designing and applying control system)

wbqš¿Y n‡jv cÖZ¨vwkZ I ev¯Íe Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ wgj wbwðZKiY| GRb¨ Kv‡Ri Av`k© gvb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e,
m¤úvw`Z KvR cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡e, Av`k© Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡e, †h †Kvb ai‡bi wePy ¨wZ
ev NvUwZ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e I G NvUwZ `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabxg~jK c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| G fv‡e Avgiv
wbqš¿Y wbwðZ Kwi| GRb¨ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Ggb fv‡e cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e †hb cÖYxZ †KŠkj h_vh_ fv‡e
ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q wKbv Zv Z`viwK Kiv hvq, cÖYxZ †KŠkj I ev¯ÍevwqZ †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi dvivK Av‡Q
wKbv Zv †ei Kiv hvq I cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabxg~jK c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR‡K mwVK c‡_ G‡b mdj
†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq| G Rb¨ †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb mdj Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y eë¯’v bKkv
Ki‡Z n‡e I cÖ‡qvM Ki†Z n‡e|
Gevi eje †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Kv‡K e‡j|
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y Kx?

What is strategic control?
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y n‡jv GKUv cÖwµqv hvØviv eë¯’vcKMY GKwU †Kv¯úvwb I Zvi Kg©Pvix‡ì Pjgvb KvR¸‡jv
`ÿZv I Kvh©KvwiZvi mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q wKbv Zv g~j¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ cwiaviY ev gwbUi K‡ib ev Zv bv n‡j
Kvh©cvi`wk©Zv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ms‡kvabxg~jK Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡ib (wnj, †RvÝ I M¨vjwfb, 2004,
c„.398)[Strategic control is the process whereby managers monitor the ongoing activities of a
company and its employees to evaluate whether activities are being performed efficiently and
effectively and to take corrective actions to improve performance it they are not.] | †KŠkjMZ
eë¯’vcKMY †KŠkj I KvVv‡gv wbe©vP‡bi ci wbqš¿Y eë¯’v bKkv K‡ib| wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi KvR n‡jv †KŠkj
ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR‡K mwVK c‡_ wb‡q wM‡q †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kiv| †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y Kv‡Ri mwVKZv, `ÿ

Kvh©cvi`wk©Zv, cY¨ I †mevi gvb, D™¢veb Ges †µZv‡ì Pvwn`v ev AvKv•Lvi mwVK cwic~iY BZ¨vw` mÿgZv
AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Kv‡K e‡j

What is strategic control system?
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v n‡jv GKwU AvbyôvwbK jÿ¨ w¯’iKiY, cwigvcb, Ges djveZ©b eë¯’v hv †KŠkjMZ
eë¯’vcK‡ì‡K GKwU †Kv¤úvwb †kÖô `ÿZv AR©b, gvb msiÿY, D™¢veb I †µZv mš‘óKiY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv
Ges Gi †KŠkj mdjZvi mv‡_ ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q wKbv Zv g~j¨vqb Kivi my‡hvM †`q| wnj, †RvÝ I M¨vjwfb
(2004)GKwU Kvh©Ki †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi wZbwU êwk†óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
[1] cÖZ¨vwkZ cwieZ©b Avbvi Dc‡hvMx bgbxqZv _vK‡Z n‡e;
[2] m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri mwVK Z_¨ w`‡Z cvi‡e Ges
[3] mgq g‡Zv eë¯’vcK‡ì Kv‡Q Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
G êwkó¨¸‡jv eRvq _vK‡j GKwU †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v myôz fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e, wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi
mv‡_ †KŠk‡ji GKUv mgš^q _vKv ìKvi| Zvn‡j, wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †KŠkjgyLx n‡e I †KŠk‡ji ev¯Íevqb mdj Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
Gevi Avgiv †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Ae`vb¸‡jv Rvbe|
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Ae`vbmg~n

Contributions of strategic control system
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi bvbvgyLx Ae`v‡bi Kvi‡Y †KŠk‡ji ev¯Íevqb mdj nq| †mB Ae`vb¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv|
1| †h mKj Abygv‡bi Ici †KŠkj cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi mwVKZv †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vwba©viY K‡i|
†KŠkj cÖYq‡bimgq †KŠkjwe`MY wkí Ae¯’v, cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì Ae¯’v, I †gMv cwi‡e‡ki Ae¯’vi fwel¨r aviv Abygvb
K‡ib| cwieZ©bkxj A_©bxwZ‡Z G me Abygvb I AbyKí wVK Av‡Q wKbv Zv G †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v†_‡KcÖvß
Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq|
2| Kvh©Ki fv‡e, wba©vwiZ mg‡q I cÖvc¨ m¤ú‡ì mxgve×Zvi g‡a¨ M„nxZ †KŠkj ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi gva¨‡gwba©viY Kiv hvq| Pjgvb †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v
eë¯’vcK‡ì Rvbvq| d‡j, eë¯’vcKiv †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i I Zvi ÎæwUwePy¨wZ m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cv‡i I ms‡kvabxg~jK c`‡ÿc wb‡Z cv‡i|
3| †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †Kv¤úvwbi cwiKíbv I cÖZ¨vkv †gvZv‡eK KvR Ki‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ K‡i|
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †h Z_¨-DcvË cÖ`vb K‡i Zv w`‡q eë¯’vcKMY I cwiPvjbv cwil` †Kv¤úvwbi cvi`wk©Zv
g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †KŠkjMZ, Avw_©K I mvgvwRK jÿ¨ AR©‡b †Kv¤úvwbi mÿgZv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|ZvQvov,GB Z_¨-DcvË †_‡K †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvigvwjKMY‡KI †Kv¤úwbi Avw_©K Ae¯’v I wgkb AR©‡bi
mÿgZv Rvb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j, †Kv¤úvwbi mvwe©K g~j¨ ev‡o|
4| †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv¤úvwbi wbe©vnx‡ì cvi`wk©Zv g~j¨vqb I cvwi‡ZvwlK m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ wb‡Z
cv‡i| †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K wbe©vnxM‡Yi eZ©gvb cvi`wk©Zv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq, cÖZ¨vwkZ
cvi`wk©Zvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq I Zvi wfwË‡Z Zv‡ì †eZb I fvZv m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ †bqv hvq|
5| †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v mvsMVwbK wkÿvi AMÖMwZ NUvq| †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨-DcvË †_‡K
†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb †ÿ‡Î D™¢zZ AcÖZ¨vwkZ Ae¯’v, euvav I mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq| G mKj euvav I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi

Rb¨ eë¯’vcKMY‡K we‡kølY `ÿZv, m„wókxj I D™¢vebx ÿgZv eënvi Ki‡Z nq| K‡i Gme P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv
Ki‡Z nq| eë¯’vcKMY G †_‡K AwR©Z wkÿv eënvi K‡i fwel¨‡Z P¨v‡jÄmg~n †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i I mgm¨vi
mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j mvsMVwbK wkÿv I mÿgZv ev‡o| GwU Kxfv‡e msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K Zv wb‡Pi Q‡K
†`Lyb:
†KŠkj cÖYqb †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb †KŠkj wbqš¿Y mvsMVwbK wkÿv
Aweivg Dbœqb
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y I mvsMVwbK wkÿvi g‡a¨ m¤úK©
Gevi Pjyb †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi c`‡ÿcmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi c`‡ÿcmg~n

Steps of strategic control system
GKwU †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v bKkv Ki‡Z n‡j K‡qKwU avc ch©vqµwgK fv‡e cvi Ki‡Z n‡e| †m avç‡jv
n‡”Q:
[1] †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkjMZ Kv‡Ri Av`k© ev gvb`Ð cÖwZôvKiY| GwU †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv ch©v‡q cªYxZ nq| wewfbœ
†KŠkjMZ jÿ¨B n‡jv G me gvb`Ð|
[2] †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b m¤úvw`Z KvR¸‡jv cwigvcKiY| ev¯Í‡e m¤úvw`Z KvR¸‡jv wewfbœ cwigvc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨
cwigvc K‡i Kv‡Ri cwigvY I gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|
†KŠkjMZ Kv‡Ri Av`k© ev

gvb`Ð cÖwZôvKiY
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b m¤úvw`Z

KvR¸‡jv cwigvcKiY
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b
m¤úvw`Z KvR¸‡jv
g~j¨vqbKiY
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b m¤úvw`Z

KvR¸‡jvi wePy¨wZ †ei Kiv
mdj †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kivi

djveZ©b Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabg~jK
c`‡ÿc MÖnY
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v bKkvKi‡Yi avcmg~n

[3] †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b m¤úvw`Z KvR¸‡jv g~j¨vqbKiY| G av‡c †KŠkjMZ Kv‡Ri Av`k© ev gvb`‡Ði mv‡_ †KŠkj
ev¯Íevq‡b m¤úvw`Z KvR¸‡jvi Zzjbv Kiv|
[4] †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b m¤úvw`Z KvR¸‡jvi NvUwZ ev wePy¨wZ †ei Kiv| G av‡c †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î m¤úvw`Z KvR
Av`k© gv‡bi g‡Zv nqwb †m¸‡jv †ei Kiv ev wPwýZ Kiv|
[5] wePy¨Z KvR¸‡jv ms‡kvab K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b G‡b mdj †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ c`‡ÿc MÖnY
Kiv|
Gev‡ii Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv Kvh©Ki †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi ¸Yvewj|
Kvh©Ki †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi ¸Yvewj

Qualities ofeffective strategic controlsystem
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbvi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| G wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Kvh©Ki I mwVK fv‡e eëüZ n‡j
†KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbv mdj nq| GRb¨ †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v myôz fv‡e cÖYxZ n‡Z n‡e Ges cÖYq‡bi mgq wb‡Pi
¸Y¸‡jv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e (evqvi, iæ I Rvniv, 1996)|
1| fwel¨rgyLx n‡Z n‡e: Kvh©Ki †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †Kv¤úvwbi fwel¨r †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb Kg©KvÐ cwigv‡ci
Dchy³ K‡i cÖYxZ n‡Z n‡e|
2| †KŠkj g~j¨vq‡bi m‡½ Nwbófv‡e m¤úwK©Z: †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †KŠkj g~j¨vq‡bi Dc‡hvMx K‡i cÖYxZ n‡Z
n‡e| †Kbbv, †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †KŠk‡ji h_v_©Zv huvPvB K‡i| GRb¨ †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vq PviwU welq
wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †m¸‡jv n‡jv [1] jÿ¨ I Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ evRvq ivLv; [2] cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Lvc
LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq bgbxqZv; [3] cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweavi †ÿÎ cÖ`k©b; [4] we`¨gvb m¤ú` I mÿZvq
wbqš¿Y eë¯’v cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| G fv‡eB GKUv wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †KŠkj g~j¨vqb Kv‡Ri mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|
3| welqe¯‘ I cÖwµqvi Dci ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc: †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi nvwZqvi I cwigvcKmg~n †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkjMZ
iƒcKí ev wfRb, wgkb, D‡Ïk¨, ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR, c×wZ, cÖwµqv BZ¨vw`‡K wb‡q cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z †m¸‡jv
myôz fv‡e wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Aax‡b Avbv hvq|
4| †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^í‡gqvw` I `xN©‡gqvw` Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ eRvqKiY: †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v cÖavbZ
†Kv¤úvwbi `xN©‡gqv`x jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ cwigvc K‡i| Z‡e ¯^í‡gqvw`jÿ¨ AR©‡bi gva¨‡gB †Kv¤úvwb ax‡i ax‡i
mvg‡b GwM‡q hvq| GRb¨ ¯^í‡gqvw` KvR I jÿ¨ cwigv‡ci eë¯’vI wbqš¿Y eë¯’vq _vK‡Z n‡e|
5| A‡nZzK AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv Qvov AvbyôvwbKZv cÖwZôv K‡i: †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v GKUv †hŠw³K I
ev¯ÍevbyM mvsMVwbK eë¯’v hv wbqš¿‡Yi KvR¸‡jv wbw`©ó K‡i, êaZv cÖ`vb K‡i I `vq`vwqZ¡ cÖwZôv K‡i| Z‡e,
Kv‡R cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i Ggb AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|
6| mvsMVwbK wkÿv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i: †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v eë¯’vcK‡ì †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zvi
Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i| G Z_¨-DcvË we‡kølY K‡i eë¯’vcKMY wm‡÷g DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Gfv‡eB †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y
eë¯’v mvsMVwbK wkÿv AR©‡b mnvqK nq|
7| GKwU mgwš^Z eë¯’v M‡o †Zv‡j: †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †Kv¤úvwbi me ai‡bi Kv‡Ri Z_¨ Avjv`v K‡i I
mgwš^Z AvKv‡i cÖ`v‡bi Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ G mgwš^Z wbqš¿Y eë¯’vq wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨, wba©vwiZ BbcyU Z_¨,
dj m¤ú‡K© Z_¨, Kv‡Ri ch©vqµwgKZv, djveZ©b c×wZ, h_vh_ mvsMVwbK Av‡qvRb I Av`k© gvb _vK‡Z n‡e|

Gevi †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi ch©vq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi ch©vq

Stages of strategic control system
msMV‡b wZb ch©v‡qi †KŠkjMZ †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v bK&kv Kiv nq|mKj ch©v‡qi eë¯’vcKMY wbR wbR ¯Í‡ii
Kv‡Ri m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© Av`k© I cwigvcK wba©viY K‡ib| G ch©vq¸‡jv n‡jv K‡c©v‡iU ch©vq, Kvh© m¤úv`b ch©vq
I cÖ_g-¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcK ch©vq †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, GK ¯Í‡ii wbqš¿Y †KŠk‡ji QÎQvqvq Zvi
cieZ©x ch©v‡qi wbqš¿Y †KŠkj cÖYxZ nq| G w`KUv g‡b †i‡L wbqš¿‡Yi bKkv Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi QKwU †`Lyb|
†Kv¤úvwb ch©v‡q †KŠkjMZ

wbqš¿Y
Kvh©m¤úv`b ch©v‡q †KŠkjMZ

wbqš¿Y
cÖ_g ch©v‡qi eë¯’vcK KZ©„K

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi ch©vq
K‡c©v‡iU ch©vq †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y: K‡c©v‡iU ev †Kv¤úvwb ch©v‡qi eë¯’vcKMY mvwe©K †Kv¤úvwbi Rb¨ †KŠkjMZ
wbqš¿Y eë¯’vcÖYqb K‡ib| †Kv¤úvwbi iƒcKí, wgkb I `xN©‡gqvw` D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K †Kv¤úvwb ch©v‡qi †KŠkjMZ
wbqš¿Y eë¯’vcÖYqb Kiv nq| G ch©v‡qi Av`k© I cwigvcKmg~n Aek¨B †Kv¤úvwbi mvwe©K jÿ¨mg~n h_v †kªô
`ÿZv, gvb, D™¢veb I †µZv cÖZy¨Ëi BZ¨vw` AR©‡bi m‡½ k³ fv‡e m¤ú„³ n‡Z n‡e|G ch©v‡q wbqš¿Y Kvh©
m¤úv`‡bi Kvh©wewaI cÖYqb Kiv nq, hv‡Z G ch©v‡q †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vmyôz fv‡eev¯ÍevwqZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Kvh© m¤úv`b ch©vq †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y: Kvh© wefv‡Mi eë¯’vcKMY wbR Kvh© wefv‡Mi Rb¨ †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y
eë¯’vcÖYqb K‡ib| †hgb gv‡K©wUs wefvM, Drcv`b wefvM, wnmve wefvM, gvbe m¤ú` wefvM BZ¨vw` wefv‡Mi Kvh©
eë¯’vcKMY wbR wbR wefvM-welqK Kv‡Ri Av`k© cvi`wk©Zvi gvb I cwigvcK †KŠkj cÖYqb K‡ib| G mKj
cwigvcK †hgb wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Aek¨B k³ fv‡e m¤úwK©Z n‡Z n‡e, †ZgbB †Kv¤úvwbi mvwe©K jÿ¨mg~n
h_v †kªô `ÿZv, gvb, D™¢veb I †µZv cÖZy¨Ëi †Ìqvi j‡ÿï m‡½ k³ fv‡e m¤ú„³ n‡Z n‡e|G ch©v‡q wbqš¿Y
Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Kvh©wewaI cÖYqb Kiv nq, hv‡Z G ch©v‡q †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vmyôz fv‡eev¯ÍevwqZ n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ_g-¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcK ch©vq †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y: cÖ_g-¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcKMY Zv‡ì Kvh© BDwb‡Ui †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y
eë¯’vcÖYqb K‡ib| G ch©v‡q gvV-¯Í‡ii Kv‡Ri Av`k© gvb I cwigvcK wba©viY Kiv nq I wbqš¿Y Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi
Kvh©wewa cÖYqb Kiv nq| d‡j, G ch©v‡q †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vmyôz fv‡eev¯ÍevwqZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Gevi †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi aib¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi aibmg~n

Types of strategic control system
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †Kv¤úvwbi KvR, †KŠkj I jÿ¨ AR©b m¤ú‡K© djveZ©b w`‡q _v‡K| †m †cÖwÿ‡Z evqvi, iæ
I Rvniv (1996) †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’viPviwU cÖavb ai‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| †m¸‡jv wb‡q wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv|
1| †KŠkjMZ ch©‡eÿY wbqš¿Y:†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vcwi‡e‡ki †h me cwieZ©b ev e`j †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkj‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i †m¸‡jv `ªæZ mbv³ K‡i, †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i, we‡kølY K‡i I e¨vL¨v K‡i Ges Dchy³
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkjwe`M‡Yi Kv‡Q †cÖiY K‡i|
2| we‡kl mZK©Zv wbqš¿Y: †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v m¤¢ve¨ wec` m¤ú‡K© Av‡Mfv‡M ms‡KZ w`‡e| Zvn‡j
†Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkjwe`MY cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ¯ÍwZ wb‡q Zvi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3| AbyKí wbqš¿Y:†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v †Kv¤úvwb †h me AbyK‡íi wfwË‡Z †KŠkj cÖYqb K‡i‡Q, †m¸‡jvi
mwVKZv ev †hŠw³KZv cÖgv‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| GRb¨ AbyKí wbqš¿Y mdj Ki‡Z n‡j cwi‡e‡ki Hme Ae¯’v‡K
cwiaviY Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡ì AbyK‡íi Ici cÖwZwµqv Av‡Q| Zvn‡j, †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkjwe`MY cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc
wb‡Z cv‡i|
4| ev¯Íevqb wbqš¿Y: †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi G Dcv`vb †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR¸‡jv h_vh_ cÖwµqvq, ch©vqµwgK
fv‡e, h_v mg‡q, cÖ`Ë m¤ú‡` I ev‡R‡U m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q wKbv Zv cwiaviY K‡i I Zv‡ì cÖwZwµqv wba©viY K‡i
eë¯’vcK‡ì AewnZ K‡i| d‡j, †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkjwe`MY cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc wb‡Z cv‡i|
Gevi †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿‡Yi c×wZ¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿‡Yi c×wZ

Methods of strategic control
bvbv iK‡gi c×wZ eënvi K‡i†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y mdj Kiv nq| †mB c×wZ¸‡jv wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
1| Kv‡Ri Av‡M wbqš¿Y (Preaction control): †KŠkj cÖYq‡bi ci †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© I †KŠkj AR©‡bi Rb¨
eivÏK…Z m¤ú` m¤ú‡K© mKj ev¯ÍevqbKvix eë¯’vcK I Ab¨vb¨ mswkøó e¨w³‡ì Rvbv‡bv Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi
c×wZ, cÖwµqv, bxwZ, wek¦vm BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© mKj‡K cÖwkÿY †Ìqv I †KŠkjMZ jÿ¨ AR©b ev AbvR©‡bi Rb¨
cyi¯‹vi ev wZi¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kivi gva¨‡g †fŠZ I gvbe m¤ú`‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kivi KvR n‡jv Kv‡Ri Av‡M
wbqš¿Y| G wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi mgq fz‡ji cwigvY Kgv‡bv nq|
2| Kvh©Kvjxb wbqš¿Y (Concurrent control): †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi mgq KvR ch©‡eÿY Kiv, cwiaviY Kiv,
g~j¨vqb mfv Kiv, civgk© cÖ`vb BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g KvR‡K mwVK c‡_ ivLvi cÖ‡Póv n‡jv Kvh©Kvjxb wbqš¿Y| GwU
LyeB Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y| G c×wZ‡Z KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q Kv‡Ri cwigvc Kiv nq, Av`k© gv‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv
nq,wePy¨wZ ev NvUwZ †ei Kiv nq Ges ZvrÿwYK fv‡e †mB NvUwZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ ms‡kvabxg~jK c`‡ÿc †bqv nq|
GwU mKj Kvh© †ÿ‡ÎB h_v Avw_©K, Drcv`, AvPiY BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î eënvi Kiv nq|
3| Kv‡Ri c‡i wbqš¿Y (Postaction control): †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR †kl n‡j †KŠk‡ji jÿ¨ AwR©Z n‡q‡Q
wKbv Zv wePvi Kiv‡K Kv‡Ri c‡i wbqš¿Y ejv nq| GwU LyeB RbwcÖq wbqš¿Y †KŠkj| G †KŠk‡j cwiKwíZ
†KŠk‡ji Av`k© jÿ¨ gvÎvi m‡½ AwR©Z jÿ¨ gvÎvi Zzjbv Kiv nq I wePy¨wZ ev NvUwZ †ei Kiv nq Ges †mB
NvUwZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ ms‡kvabxg~jK c`‡ÿc †bqv nq| G †ÿ‡Î Avw_©K, Drcv`, AvPiY I Ab¨vb¨ wbqš¿Y c×wZ
eënvi Kiv nq|

4| Avw_©K wbqš¿Y(Financial control): †Kv¤úvwbi †KŠkjMZ jÿ¨ h_vh_ fv‡e AwR©Z n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv Avw_©K gvb`Ð eënvi Kiv nq| †m¸‡jv n‡jv Kvh©m¤úv`b ev‡RU, Avq e„w×i nvi,
wewb‡qv‡Mi Ici cÖvwß, †kqvi cÖwZ Avq, bM` cÖevn, †kqv‡ii evRvi `vg BZ¨vw`| G Avw_©K gvb`‡Ði wfwË‡Z
wbqš¿Y Kiv‡KAvw_©K wbqš¿Y e‡j| G ai‡bi gvb`Ð eënvi K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi cÖe„w×, jvfRbKZv I †kqvigwjK‡ì
cªvwß m¤ú‡K© †evSv hvq|
5| Drcv` ev AvDUcyU wbqš¿Y (Outputcontrol): G wbqš¿Y c×wZ‡Z †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcKMY cÖ‡Z¨K Kvh©wefvM
ev BDwb‡Ui I Kg©Pvix‡ì †KŠkjMZ cvi`wk©Zvi jÿ¨ wVK K‡i †`b Ges c‡i AwR©Z Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Zvi Zzjbv
K‡i fv‡jvg›` hvPvB Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î `ÿZv, gvb, D™¢veb I †µZv cªZy¨Ëi m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gvb`Ð †Ìqv nq|
6| AvPiY wbqš¿Y (Behaviour control): AvPiY wbqš¿Y n‡jv †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wewa, wbqg,
k„•Ljv, KvR Kivi c×wZ I cÖwµqv, AvèKvq`v, mgqvbyewZ©Zv, wbivcËv wewa, †cvkvK †KvW, ixwZbxwZ,
g~j¨‡eva, cÖ_v, AvbyôvwbKZv BZ¨vwì wfwË‡Z gvby‡li AvPiY wbqš¿Y Kiv| GUv‡K Avevi mvsMVwbK ms¯‹…wZ wbqš¿Y
eë¯’vI e‡j| G¸‡jv Kv‡Ri Av‡M I Kvh©Kvwjb mg‡q wbqš¿Y Kiv nq|
7| eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ eë¯’vwfwËK wbqš¿Y (Management information system based control): G wbqš¿Y
eë¯’v eë¯’vcK‡ì mwVK I wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ mieivn K‡i wgZe¨q I `ÿZvi mv‡_ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
Avevi m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri ch©vq, gvb, mgq, I e¨q m¤ú‡K©I Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i mgq mgq Zv‡ì‡K mZK© K‡i mwVK
c‡_ wb‡q Av‡m| GLb Aek¨ wWwRUvj ev mvBevi wbqš¿Y eûj fv‡e eëüZ n‡”Q| wWwRUvj c×wZ eënvi K‡i
ev‡qv‡gwUªK nvwRiv, B‡gB‡j wb‡`©kbv, wbivcËv K¨v‡giv, wWwRUvj UªvwKs, digv‡qk cÖ`vb, UvKv cvVv‡bv I
†Zvjvi msev` †Ìqv, cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` nvRvi iKg KvR n‡”Q| G wbqš¿Y Kv‡Ri Av‡M, Kvh©Kvjxb mg‡q I Kv‡Ri
†k‡l Kiv nq|
8| cyi¯‹vi eë¯’v wfwËK wbqš¿Y (Reward system basedcontrol): Kg©Pvix‡ì KvQ †_‡K `xN©‡gqvw` D‡`¨vgx
KvR I A½xKvi †c‡Z n‡j evwn¨K I AšÍwb©wnZ †cÖlYvhy³ cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bKkv Ki‡Z n‡e I ev¯Íevqb
Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv‡Ri mv‡_ cyi¯‹vi m¤úwK©Z K‡i G wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| `j I e¨w³K AR©‡b Drmvn fvZv, jÿ¨
AwZµvšÍ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Kwgkb BZ¨vw` eënvi K‡i wbqš¿Y Kiv n‡jv cyi¯‹vi eë¯’vwfwËK wbqš¿Y|
me©‡k‡l ejv hvq, †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Dch©y³ 8wU KvR †hŠw³K fv‡e bK&kv I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cvi‡j †Kv¤úvwbi
†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb mdj n‡e|
mvims‡ÿc:
†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi me©‡kl KvR n‡jv wbqš¿Y eë¯’v bKkvKiY I cÖ‡qvMKiY| wbqš¿Y n‡jv cÖZ¨vwkZ I ev¯Íe
Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ wgj wbwðZKiY| GRb¨ Kv‡Ri Av`k© gvb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e, m¤úvw`Z KvR cwigvc Ki‡Z n‡e,
Av`k© Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡e, †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wePy¨wZ ev NvUwZ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e I G
NvUwZ `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabxg~jK c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| wZb ch©v‡q †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y Kiv nq|
K‡c©v‡iU ch©vq †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y, Kvh© m¤úv`b ch©vq †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y, cÖ_g-¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcK ch©vq †KŠkjMZ
wbqš¿Y| A‡bK cÖKv‡ii †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y Av‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡jv: Kv‡Ri Av‡M wbqš¿Y, Kvh©Kvwjb wbqš¿Y, Kv‡Ri
c‡i wbqš¿Y, Avw_©K wbqš¿Y, Drcv`b ev AvDUcyU wbqš¿Y, AvPiY wbqš¿Y, eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ eë¯’vwfwËK wbqš¿Y I
cyi¯‹vi eë¯’vwfwËK wbqš¿Y| mvwe©K wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Kvh©Ki fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb mdj nq|

BDwbU DËi g~j¨vqb
1. †KŠkjMZ ev¯Íevqb Kx Zv ejyb|

2. †KŠkjMZ ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR¸‡jv wjLyb|
3. †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvMKiY Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvMKi‡Yi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
5. mÿg †bZ…Z¡ Ki‡Yi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
6. m¤ú` myweb¨¯ÍKiY KvRwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
7. †KŠkj mnvqK cwjwm I cÖwµqv cÖwZôvKiY m¤úwK©Z KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
8. †miv Abykxjb Kx Zv eywS‡q ejyb|
9. Aweivg Dbœqb Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
10. Aweivg Dbœqb Kvh©vewj eY©bv Kiæb|
11. mvwe©K gvb eë¯’cbvi Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
12. mvwe©K gvb eë¯’cbvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
13. Z_¨ I Kvh©m¤úv`b wm‡÷g cÖwZôvi KvR¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
14. †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bKkvKi‡Yi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
15. K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôvi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
16. ms¯‹…wZ Kx Zv eywS‡q ejyb|
17. K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹…wZi aib¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
18. †KŠkj mnvqK cwjwm I cÖwµqv cÖwZôvKiY m¤úwK©Z KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
19. mdj †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqK GKwU †cÖlYvg~jK cyi¯‹vi I cÖ‡Yv`bv eë¯’v bK&kv Ki‡Z n‡j †h †h Dcv`vb
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
20. Qq wmMgv c×wZ eY©bv Kiæb|
21. †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y Kx Zv eywS‡q ejyb|
22. †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’v Kv‡K e‡j?
23. †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Ae`vbmg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
24. †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi c`‡ÿcmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
25. Kvh©Ki †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi ¸Yvewj eY©bv Kiæb|
26. †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi ch©vqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
27. †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi aibmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
28. †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿‡Yi c×wZ¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

Unit 10

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†KŠkjMZ ev¯Íevqb

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

†KŠkj ev¯Íevqb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 138

†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvRmg~n

†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi KvRmg~n

KvR - 1: †KŠkjMZ †bZ…Z¡ cÖ‡qvMKiY (Exerting strategic leadership)

†KŠkjMZ †bZ…‡Z¡i KvRmg~n (Tasks of strategic leadership)

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 139

KvR - 2: mÿg msMVb wbg©vYKiY (Building capable organization)

Dchy³ gvbe m¤ú`

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 140

KvR - 3: m¤ú` myweb¨¯ÍKiY(Marshalling resources)

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 141

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 142

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 143

cvV-10.2 †KŠk‡ji ev¯Íevqb: Abykxjb I Dbœqb, Z_¨ I Kvh©m¤úv`b wm‡÷g,

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

KvR - 5: †miv Abykxjb I Aweivg Dbœqb cÖwZôvKiY

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 144

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 145

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 146

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 147

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 148

KvR - 8: K‡c©v‡iU ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZôvKiY(Establishing corporate culture)

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 149

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 150

cvV-10.3 †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb

KvR - 9: wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v bK&kvKiY I cÖ‡qvMKiY(Designing and applying control system)

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y Kx?

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 151

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v Kv‡K e‡j

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi Ae`vbmg~n

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 152

†KŠkj cÖYqb †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb †KŠkj wbqš¿Y mvsMVwbK wkÿv

Gevi Pjyb †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi c`‡ÿcmg~n wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi|

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi c`‡ÿcmg~n

†KŠkjMZ Kv‡Ri Av`k© ev

†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b m¤úvw`Z

†KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b m¤úvw`Z

mdj †KŠkj ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kivi

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v bKkvKi‡Yi avcmg~n

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 153

Kvh©Ki †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi ¸Yvewj

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 154

Gevi †KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi ch©vq¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi ch©vq

†Kv¤úvwb ch©v‡q †KŠkjMZ

Kvh©m¤úv`b ch©v‡q †KŠkjMZ

cÖ_g ch©v‡qi e¨e¯’vcK KZ©„K

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi ch©vq

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 155

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’vi aibmg~n

†KŠkjMZ wbqš¿‡Yi c×wZ

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 156

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 157