In an study written by Iosifidis & Nicoli (2019) the proponents state that disinformation has been widely

disseminated online recently, and this has been a major factor in the rise of populist sentiment globally.
Politically and economically motivated offenders who have allegedly exploited their access to digital
freedoms have aided in its advancement. Social media companies, which only a few years ago techno-
optimists were identifying as catalysts of an increased digital democracy, are at the core of these
liberties. There is little doubt that policy reform will be necessary to stop the loss of information. Three
recent instances that look at how precisely such reform policy might be implemented are the European
Commission's Report on Disinformation, the UK's Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport's
Disinformation and "fake news" Report, and the Cairncross Review. The aforementioned reports
highlight the significance of social media companies assuming greater accountability and implementing
self-regulation measures to suppress misinformation on their platforms. It will help restore legitimacy in
these important institutions greatly if this is done. As the biggest social media platform globally,
Facebook (which also owns Instagram and Whatsapp) is primarily accountable for this obligation.

Iosifidis, P., & Nicoli, N. (2019). The battle to end fake news: A qualitative content analysis of Facebook
announcements on how it combats disinformation. International Communication Gazette, 82(1),
174804851988072. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048519880729

‌ lthough fake news is not a new problem, it is becoming more problematic as said in a study by Vasu,
A
Ang, Jayakumar, etc (2018). The speed at which information travels has significantly accelerated, with
messages now traveling across borders online in a matter of seconds. Although readers are inundated
with information, older indicators of truth have not kept up, and the capacity to sift through misleading
or fake news has not increased proportionately. These advancements have provided a platform for
people wishing to overthrow an established government or elevate their points of view. That false news
is discussed in the paper along with its possible manifestations and how search engines and social media
facilitate its spread. According to this analysis, attempts to counteract fake news must include both non-
legislative and legislative strategies because each presents unique difficulties. First, the strategies need
to take into account people's inclinations to believe fake news and how technology makes it easier for it
to proliferate. Secondly, it would be beneficial to differentiate between the many types of lies that are
being spread via social media. Third, initiatives must to be coordinated with current initiatives to
strengthen national unity and social resilience. Fourth, since declarations and blatant rebuttals may
backfire, efforts must go beyond them. Fifth, narratives that contradict Fake news needs to be
disseminated quickly since, thanks to technology, it can quickly go viral. To sum up, cooperation
amongst all facets of society—including strong public-private partnerships—is essential to exposing false
information and promoting greater coordination of countermeasures.
Vasu, N., Ang, B., Jayakumar, S., Faizal, M., & Ahuja, J. (2018). FAKE NEWS: NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE
POST-TRUTH ERA Policy Report.
http://journres1.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/145878072/Fake_News_National_Security_in_the_Post.pdf

‌ ccording to Clayton, Blair, Busam, etc (2019).The widespread dissemination of "fake news" has been
A
made possible by social media, most notably during the 2016 US presidential campaign. The democratic
ideal of an informed electorate is threatened by these purposefully incorrect or misleading stories. This
study assesses the efficacy of potential counterargument methods for Facebook and other social media.
According to pre-registered experiment results, individuals view false headlines as less accurate when
they are warned about misleading material on social media or when a particular headline has a tag that
reads "Disputed" or "Rated false." Even though these impacts are quite small, they usually do not
change depending on how supportive the headlines were of the respondents' political beliefs.
Furthermore, the researchers discovered that, in comparison to a control condition, adding a “Rated
false” tag to an article headline reduces its perceived accuracy more than adding a “Disputed” tag
(Facebook’s original method). Lastly, exposure to a general warning reduced belief in the accuracy of
true headlines, even though exposure to the "Disputed" or "Rated false" tags had no effect on the
perceived accuracy of unlabeled false or true headlines. This suggests that more research is needed to
determine the most effective way to combat false news without distorting belief in true information.

Clayton, K., Blair, S., Busam, J. A., Forstner, S., Glance, J., Green, G., Kawata, A., Kovvuri, A., Martin, J.,
Morgan, E., Sandhu, M., Sang, R., Scholz-Bright, R., Welch, A. T., Wolff, A. G., Zhou, A., & Nyhan, B.
(2019). Real Solutions for Fake News? Measuring the Effectiveness of General Warnings and Fact-Check
Tags in Reducing Belief in False Stories on Social Media. Political Behavior, 42(4).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0