CHAPTER

7 Alternating Current

Instantaneous, RMS and Average Values Energy Stored

(i) Instantaneous value of alternating current 1
(i) Energy stored in an inductor: U = LI 02
I = I0sinωt or I = I0cosωt 2
(ii) Peak value of a.c. = I0 1 1 q02 1
(ii) Energy stored in a capacitor:=
U CV
= 2
= q0V
(iii) Alternating emf. = E = E0sinωt or E = E0cosωt 2 2 C 2
(iv) Mean or average value of a.c. Power in AC Circuit
2I0
I m or =
Ia = 0.637 I 0 for half cycle (i) The power in LCR circuit is given by
π
P = EI = E0I0 sin ωt sin (ωt − φ).

= 0 for full cycle.
Power in LCR circuit consists of two components
(v) R.m.s. value of ac Irms = I 0 / 2 = 0.707 I 0 .
1
Phase Difference (a) Virtual power component =E0 I 0 cos(2ωt + φ).
2
(i) If the emf leads the current by p/2, the reactance is called It has frequency twice as that of A.C. Its value over the
purely inductive.
complete cycle is zero
(ii) If the emf lags behind the current by p/2, the reactance is
called purely capacitive. 1
(b) Real power component = E0 I 0 cos φ. It dissipates
If the emf is in phase with the current, the circuit is called 2
purely resistive. power and cos f is called power factor.

Sign Convension (ii) Inductive reactance: XL = wL

Sign for phase difference (φ) between I and E for series LCR
circuit: 1

Capacitive reactance: X C =
f is positive, when XL > XC ωC
f is negative, when XL > XC 1

Reactance: X =X L − X C =ωL −
f is zero, when XL = XC ωC
Impedance
Resonance
(i) The LCR circuit is said to be resonance when (i) Impedance of LCR circuit: Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2

1 1  1 
XL = XC i.e., when ωL = and ω = ω0 = is called = R 2 +  ωL − 
ωC LC  ωC 
resonance frequency. VL − VC IX L − IX C
1 =tan φ =
(ii) At series resonant frequency, ω0 = , we have: VR IR
LC
1
(a) Z = R = minimum value of impedance. ωL −
X L − XC ω C
(b) I0 = E0/R = maximum value of peak current. =
=
R R
(c) f = 0 i.e., I and E are in phase with each other.
(d) VL is equal and opposite to VC. Power, P = Erms × irms × R
(e) Potential drop across C and L together is zero. Z
(f ) E = VR (ii) Band width = ω2 − ω1 = 2∆ω
 ω0 ω L (iv) The efficiency of the transformer is given by:
(iii) Sharpness of resonance = = 0 Output power
2∆ω R η=
Input power
Voltage across L or C
(iv) Q factor: Q =
Applied voltage If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary and secondary
circuit, then
ω0 L 1 L EI

Q =
= η= s s
R R C Ep I p
Transformer For ideal transformer h = 1= 100%. Therefore,
Es Ns Is N p 1
(i) = = k (say) (transformer ratio) EsIs = EpIp or = =
Ep NP I p Ns k
(ii) For step up transformer, k > 1 and for step down transformer, Hence, for step up transformer, current in the secondary
k<1 is less than that in the primary (Is < Ip) and in a step down
(iii) For step up transformer, Ns > Np, therefore, Es > Ep. And for transformer, we have Is > Ip.
the step down Ns < Np therefore, Es < Ep.

18 JEE (XII) Module-2 PW