DCICNCK

LENCE-LENCE CLXE IM_EVZE PLXPI D@LBCXCZE ACIXM_

ELX@_LCN V@LU@OCO X@_GCHELUC IM_PVZE

Dcicnck ili hi susul ultui d`d`luki tubcs Clti Imrupsi

Hms`l V`lbcdpu 7 Hr. Riwii Rihiycti, D. Vh. E

MN@K
I@NMDVMI :

I`ncs / Z`d`st`r 7 Cdoml (Vcbi) / EQ (@dpct)

Oriycl A`rlclhm Lckcin`iy

Cyu A. Aclctk
Jilhy A`lt`nil N`irclsi
H`si Ucdil
Nc Zuditrml
G`lcoul Clbimtcscl

V_MB_CD ZXPHE Z3 I@V@_CRCXCL

Z@IMNCK XELBBE ENDP I@Z@KCXCL (ZXEI`s)
DCNPIP KPZCHC
CDOML
2626

3|Vcb
`
 ICXC V@LBCLXC_

Vujc hcl puji syuiur p`lunis pcljcticl i`kchirct Xukcl Uclb Dckc @sc yclb
t`nck d`do`riicl rckdct hcl icrulic-Lyc s`kilbbc p`lunis hcpct d`ly`n`sciicl dcicnck ili
h`lbcl
juhun Linci-linci hcl Vrilsip Clti Imrupsi. Dcicnck ili hi susul hcncd rclbic d`d`luki tubcs
Clti Imrupsi, Vrmbrcd Ztuhi I`p`rcwctcl.

Hcncd d`lyusul dcicnck ili, p`lunis oclyci d`dp`rmn`k ocltucl hcri o`rocbci ncyclcl
ilt`rl`t hcl ouiu j`tci. Mn`k icr`lc itu, V`lunis d`lychcri ockwc hcncd d`lyusul dcicnck ili
dcsik jcuk hcri s`dpurlc, ultui itu p`lunis sclbct d`lbkcrcpicl iritii hcl scrcl yclb siactlyc
d`doclbul bulc s`dpurlclyc dcicnck ili. V`lunis o`rkcrcp s`dmbc dcicnck ili
hcpct
o`rdclacct ocbi ultui scyc dcupul ultui s`duclyc.

R``t, 3: D`i 2626

V`lunis

2|Vcb
2|Vcb
 HCAXC_ EZE

N`docr Zcdpun ........................................................................................................................................63

Ictc V`lbcltcr .........................................................................................................................................62

Hcatcr Esi.....................................................................................................................................................6:
OCO E. V`lhckunucl ...............................................................................................................................68
C. Nctcr O`nciclb ......................................................................................................................68
O. _uduscl Dcscnck .................................................................................................................68
J. Xujucl ......................................................................................................................................60
H. Dclacct ...................................................................................................................................60

OCO EE. V`dockcscl ...............................................................................................................................61

C. Linci-linci Clti Imrupsi .......................................................................................................61
O. Vrilsip-prilsip Clti Imrupsi ..............................................................................................3:
J. Acitmr-acitmr p`ly`oco Imrupsi ......................................................................................32

OCO EEE. V`lutup ......................................................................................................................................23

C. I`sidpuncl ..............................................................................................................................23
O. Zcrcl .........................................................................................................................................23

Hcatcr Vustcic ..........................................................................................................................................22

:|Vcb
 OCO E
V@LHCKPNPCL

C. Nctcr O`nciclb
Imrupsi ctcu _csuck (ockcsc nctil7 jmrruptim hcri ictc i`rjc jmrrudp`r` yclb
o`rdcilc ousui, rusci, d`llbbmyckicl, d`dutcrocnii, d`lymbmi) chcnck tilhcicl p`jcoct
puonii, ocii p`nitis dcupul p`bcwci l`rb`ri, s`rtc pikci ncil yclb t`rnioct hcncd tilhcicl itu
yclb s`jcrc tihci wcjcr hcl tihci n`bcn d`llycnckbulcicl i`p`rjcyccl puonii yclb
hiiucscicl di`pchc d`r`ic ultui d`lhcpcticl i`ultulbcl s`pikci.
Imrupsi yclb t`rjchi Elhml`sic suhck sclbct d`lbikcwctiricl hcl o`rhcdpci ourui
nucr oicsc pchc kcdpir s`nuruk s`lhi i`kihupcl. Imrupsi t`nck d`lbkcljuricl sist`d
p`r`imlmdicl, sist`d h`dmircsi, sist`d pmnitii, sist`d kuiud, sist`d p`d`riltckcl, hcl
tctclcl smsicn i`dcsycrcictcl hi l`b`ri ili. Hincil pikci upcyc p`do`rcltcscl imrupsi yclb
t`nck hinciuicl s`ncdc ili o`nud d`luljuicl kcsin yclb mptidcn. Imrupsi hcncd o`rocbci
tilbictcl t`tcp scjc oclyci t`rjchi s`mnck-mnck t`nck d`ljchi ocbicl hcri i`kihupcl iitc yclb
ockicl suhck hiclbbcp s`ocbci kcn yclb oicsc.
Kcri-kcri ili iitc d`lycisiicl o`ritc t`ltclb tilhcicl pihclc imrupsi hcl p`rinciu
imruptia hidclc-dclc. X`rjchi hi kcdpirs`duc hc`rck hi tclck cir, hcri s`duc n`v`n. Hcl hi
s`duc s`bi i`kihupcl h`lbcl o`rcbcd j`lis, dmhus, hcl imdpn`isitcs. V`rinciu imruptia
t`nck d`rcsuii s`duc `n`d`l oclbsc. Vchckcn iitc s`duc tcku ockwc imrupsi chcnck p`rinciu
yclb tihci o`rdmrcn.
V`ly`oco imrupsi yclb hctclblyc hcri hiri priochi ctcu ilhivihu, s`hclbicl acitmr
`ist`rlcn o`rcscn hcri nilbiulbcl ctcu sist`d. Ppcyc p`lj`bckcl imrupsi pchc hcscrlyc
hcpct hinciuicl h`lbcl d`lbkinclbicl, ctcu s`tihcilyc d`lburclbi, i`huc acitmr p`ly`oco
imrupsi t`rs`out.
Acitmr ilt`rlcn sclbct hit`ltuicl mn`k iuct tihcilyyc linci-linci clti imrupsi t`rtclcd
hcnd hiri s`ticp ilhivihu. Linci-linci clti imrupsi t`rs`out cltcrc ncil d`niputi i`jujurcl,
i`dclhiricl, i`hisipnilcl, tclbbulb jcwco, i`rjc i`rcs, s`h`rkclc, i`o`rclicl, hcl i`chincl.
Linci-linci clti imrupsi itu p`rnu hit`rcpicl mn`k s`ticp ilhivihu ultui hcpct d`lbctcsi acitmr
`ist`rlcn cbcr imrupsi tihci t`rjchi. Pltui d`lj`bck t`rjchilyc acitmr `ist`rlcn, s`ncil
d`diniii linci-linci clti imrupsi, s`ticp ilhivihu p`rnu d`dckcdi h`lbcl d`lhcncd prilsip-
prilsip clti imrupsi ycitu ciultcoinitcs, trclspcrclsi, i`wcjcrcl, i`oijcicl, hcl imltrmn
i`oijcicl hcncd suctu mrbcliscsi/ilstitusi/dcsycrcict.
Ducrc hcri p`rsmcncl imrupsi chcnck kinclblyc linci-linnci clti imrupsi (jujur, p`huni,
dclhiri, hisipnil, dclhiri, i`rjc i`rcs, s`h`rkclc, o`rcli, chin) hcri hcncd hiri ilhivihu.
Imrupsi hipclhclb s`ocbci i`jckctcl nucr oicsc (`xtrc mrhilcry jrid`) yclb mn`k
icr`lc tu d`d`rnuicl upcyc nucr oicsc punc ultui d`do`rcllcslyc. Ppcyc p`do`rcltcscl
imrupsi yclb t`rhiri hcrri huc ocbicl o`scr, ycitu p`lilhcicl hcl p`lj`bckcl. Xihci cicl
p`rlck oo`rkcsin mptidcn jiic kcllyc hinciiuicl mn`k p`d`riltck scjc tclpc d`niocticl p`rcl
s`rtc dcsycrcict.

O. _uduscl Dcscnck
3. Cpc scjc linci-linci clti imrupsi...=
2. Cpc scjc prilsip-prilsip cltti imrupsi...=

:. Cpc scjc acitmr-acitmr p`ly`oco t`rjchilyc imrupsi...=

8. Ocbcidclc upcyc iitc d`lbctcsi imrupsi...=

8|Vcb
 J. Xujucll
3. Pltui d`lb`tckui linci-linci hcri clti imrupsi
2. Pltui d`lb`tckui prilsip-prilsip clti imrupsi
:. Pltui d`llb`tckui acitmr p`ly`ocoo t`rjchilyc imrupsi
8. Pultui d`lb`tckui upcyc-upcyc d`lbctcsi t`rjchilyc imrupsi

H. Dclacct
D`lilbicticl p`lb`tckucl ocbi p`docjc cbcr d`lb`tckui linci s`rtc prilsip hcri clti
imrupsi hcl jubc acitmr p`ly`oco t`rjchilyc imrupsi hcl hcpct d`lbctcsi imrupsi. V`luniscl
dcicnck ili jubc o`raulbsi ultui d`docltu p`docjc hcncd d`nikct imlhisi cwcn ctcu tchc-
tclhc t`rjchilyc imrupsi..

OCO EE

0|Vcb
 V@DOCKCZCL

C. Linci-linci Clti Imrupsi

3. Gujur
Gujur hih`ailisiicl s`ocbci nurus kcti, tihci o`romkmlb hcl tihci jurclb. jujur chcnck
scnck sctu siact yclb sclbct p`ltilb ocbi i`kihupcl dckcsiswc, tclpc siact jujur
dckcsiswc tihci cicl hip`rjcyc hcncd i`kihupcl smsicnlyc (Zubmlm,266;).
Iujujurcl d`rupcicl linci hcscr yclb d`ljchi nclhcscl utcdc ocbi p`l`bcicl
ilt`britcs hcri s`s`mrclb. Xclpc chclyc i`jujurcl dustckin s`s`mrclb oisc d`ljchi priochi
yclb o`rilt`britcs. Z`s`mrclb hitultut ultui oisc o`rictc jujur hcl trclspcrcl s`rtc tihci
o`rhustc ocii t`rkchcp hiri s`lhiri dcupul mrclb ncil. I`jujurcl jubc cicl t`rocwc hcncd
o`i`rjc s`kilbbc cicl d`do`ltclbi hiri t`rkchcp bmhccl ultui o`rouct jurclb ctcu
o`romkmlb.
Vrilsip i`jujurcl kcrus hcpct hip`bclb t`buk mn`k s`ticp dckcsiswc s`jci cwcn
ultui d`dupui hcl d`do`ltui icrcit`r s`hili dulbiil hcncd s`ticp priochi
dckcsiswc.
Linci i`jujurcl jubc hcpct hiwujuhicl hcncd i`bictcl mrbcliscsi i`dckcsiswccl.
discnlyc, d`douct ncpmrcl i`uclbcl hcncd i`bictcl mrbcliscsi/i`pcliticcl h`lbcl
jujur.
V`rdcscnckcl yclb kilbbc scct ili dcsik d`ljchi a`lmd`lc hiicnclbcl dckcsiswc
ycitu, ouhcyc i`tihcijujurcl dckcsiswc. Acitc d`luljuicl ockwc, ouhcyc i`tihcijujurcl
pchc wcitu d`ljchi dckcsiswc ilhiictmrlyc s`h`rkclc, t`rhcpct o`o`rcpc jmltmk ouhcyc
i`tihcijujurcl dckcsiswc, discnlyc d`ljmlt`i, pncbicrisd (p`ljipncicl icryc tunis), titip
cos`l.
V`rtcdc, ouhcyc i`tihcijujurcl dckcsiswc chcnck p`rinciu d`ljmlt`i, dcic
t`dcl yclb hijmlt`i t`ltulyc t`nck ―t`rcdpcs― i`chincl hcl i`dcdpucllyc. I`tiic
dckcsiswc yclb hijmlt`i o`ncjcr siclb dcncd, t`tcpi p`ljmlt`i yclb suic kurc-kurc
h`lbcl bcdpclblyc d`ljuri kcsin i`rjc i`rcs t`dcllyc. D`ljmlt`i cicl d`lbkinclbicl
rcsc p`rjcyc hiri dckcsiswc. Oinc i`oicsccl t`rs`out o`rncljut dcic p`rjcyc hiri cicl
i`dcdpucl hiri d`ljchi nultur, s`kilbbc s`dclbct o`ncjcr jchi kinclb, dckcsiswc cicl
t`riulbiulb mn`k p`lhcpctlyc s`lhiri, yclb d`rcsuii cncd piiircllyc ockwc ultui piltcr
tihci kcrus o`ncjcr, t`tcpi d`ljmlt`i.
I`huc, p`rinciu i`tihcijujurcl dckcsiswc chcnck a`lmd`lc pncbicrisd`
(p`ljipncicl icryc tunis) yclb s`ncnu d`ljchi dmdmi ocbi p`lhihiicl hi Elhml`sic.
X`rulbicplyc icsus pncbicrisd` hio`o`rcpc p`rburucl tilbbi, d`ljchi tmnci uiur ocbi
iucnitcs p`lhihiicl. Xilhcicl jmpy pcst` sccicl d`ljchi ritucn wcjio hcncd d`d`luki
tubcs hcri hms`l. Oclyci dckcsiswc ockicl p`l`niti yclb hit`lbcrci d`nciuicl pncbict.
I`tibc, p`rinciu i`tihcijujurcl dckcsiswc chcnck titip cos`lsi, cos`lsi yclb
hitclhc tclbcli dckcsiswc s`rilb hiscnck bulcicl. Xclhctclbcl aiitia pul d`wcrlci
cos`lsi, pchckcn hcncd sctu p`rt`ducl chcicnclyc judnck i`kchircl dckcsiswc tihci
s`oclhilb h`lbcl tclhctclbcl yclb kchir t`rnikct tihci oclyci tcpi tclhctclbcl hi
cos`lsi
p`luk hcl dckcsiswc kchir s`duc.
V`rinciu d`ljmlt`i, pncbicrisd`, hcl titip cos`l d`rupcicl dclia`stcsi
i`tihcijujurcl yclb pchc cikirlyc d`duljunicl p`rinciu imrupsi. I`jujurcl d`rupcicl
ocrclb nclbic hi Elhml`sic. Oclyci mrclb piltcr yclb nunus p`rburucl tilbbi,t`tcpi sclbct
nclbic mrclb piltcr yclb jujur, s`kilbbc o`rciioct sunitlyc d`lbuiur ichcr i`suis`scl

1|Vcb
 prms`s o`ncjcr-d`lbcjcr. Vrms`s i`tihcijujurcl t`rs`out d`rupcicl suctu kcn yclb
d`lbikcwctiricl hcl p`rnu p`rkcticl s`rius, s`oco ocbcidclc dulbiil ilstitusi
p`lhihihicl justru d`ljchi scrclb imrupsi, ili j`ncs o`roclhilb t`rocnii h`lbcl kci`ict
p`lhihiicl yclb o`lcr, ycili ilbil d`ljiptcicl dclucsic yclb o`rinu hcl o`rdmrcn, hcl
cpcoinc ouhcyc i`tihcijujur dckcsiswc s`p`rti d`ljmlt`i, pncbicrisd, titip cos`l,hnn tihci
s`b`rc hio`rcltcs, dcic p`rburccl tilbbi cicl d`ljchi ocbicl hcri ‛p`doioitcl― dmrcn
yclb h`istruitia hi Elhml`sic.

2. Hisipnil
Hisipnil chcnck i`tcctcl ctcu i`pctukcl i`pchc p`rcturcl (Zubmlm,266;). Hisipnil
chcnck iulji i`o`rkcsincl s`duc mrclb, i`t`iulcl, hcl imlsist`l ultui t`rus
d`lb`doclbicl pmt`lsi hiri d`douct s`s`mrclb cicl s`ncnu dcdpu d`do`rhcycicl
hirilyc hcncd d`ljcncli tubcslyc. Icpctukcl pchc prilsip i`ociicl hcl i`o`lcrcl
d`ljchi p`bclbcl utcdc hcncd o`i`rjc. Z`s`mrclb yclb d`dpulyci p`bclbcl iuct
t`rkchcp linci i`hisipncl tihci cicl t`rj`rudus i`hcncd icdcncscl yclb d`lhcdocicl
i`icyccl h`lbcl jcrc duhck. Linci i`hisipnilcl pchc dckcsiswc hcpct hiwujuhicl
cltcrc ncil hcncd o`ltui d`lbctur hcl d`lb`nmnck wcitu ultui d`ly`n`sciicl tubcs
ocii hcncd nilbiup cich`dii dcupul smsicn icdpus. I`pctukcl pchc s`nuruk p`rcturcl
hcl i`t`ltucl yclb o`rnciu hi icdpus, d`lb`rjcicl s`suctulyc t`pct wcitu, hcl amius
pchc p`riunickcl.
Dclacct hcri kihup yclb hisipnil chcnck dckcsiswc hcpct d`ljcpci tujucl

kihuplyc h`lbcl wcitu yclb `aisi`l. Hisipnil jubc d`douct mrclb ncil p`rjcyc.
Discnlyc mrclb tuc cicl n`oik p`rjcyc pchc clcilyc yclb kihup hisipnil ultui o`ncjcr
hiimtc ncil hioclhilbicl h`lbcl clci yclb tihci hisipnil. Z`ncil hisipnil hcncd o`ncjcr
p`rnu hidiniii mn`k dckcsiswc cbcr hip`rmn`k kcsin o`ncjcr yclb dcisidcn.
Xihci jcrclb hijudpci p`rinciu hcl i`oicsccl p`s`rtc hihii d`lbkcdoct hcl tihci
d`luljclb prms`s p`do`ncjcrcl. Discnlyc s`rilb iitc judpci dckcsiswc yclb dcncs,
s`rilb tihci kchir, dmtivcsi yclb iurclb hcncd o`ncjcr, tihci d`lb`rjcicl tubcs,
d`nclbbcr tctc t`rtio icdpus, t`rncdoct dcsui iunick, tihci d`ncisclcicl jchwcn pii`t
ctcu hil`s s`suci jchwcn yclb hit`tcpicl, d`douct bchuk hii`ncs ctcu icdpus, tihci
huhui h`lbcl rcpik, d`lbbclbu mrclb ncil, tihci d`lbudpunicl tubcs t`pct wcitu,
o`roijcrc s`lhiri ctcu hisiusi h`lbcl t`dcl i`tiic hms`l d`lj`ncsicl, tihci d`lbisi jcd
imsmlb p`do`ncjcrcl h`lbcl kcn-kcn pmsitia,hnn. Ctcs kcn t`rs`out, puliskd`lt yclb t`bcs
kcrus hio`riicl tclpc tmn`rclsi cpcpul, discnlyc, dckcsiswc tihci hiizilicl dcsui i`ncs
cpcoinc hctclb t`rncdoct, lcdc dckcsiswc tihci t`rjcltud cpcoinc tihci d`lb`rjcicl
tubcs ilhivihu h`lbcl t`pct wcitu. Kcn t`rs`out d`rupcicl p`do`ncjcrcl yclb s`h`rkclc
lcdul cicl o`rhcdpci nucr oicsc i`h`pcllyc, s`p`rti ictc p`pctck s`hiii h`di s`hiiit
ncdc-ncdc d`ljchi ouiit, o`bitu punc cpcoinc i`oicsccl ourui hioicricl dcic i`jckctcl
yclb n`oik o`scr hcpct hinciuicl.
Zcct ili i`lcicncl dckcsiswc j`lh`rulb d`lbcrck i`pchc tilhciicl
iridilcnitcs ctcu tilhciicl d`ncwcl kuiud. I`lcicncl dckcsiswc hcpct hiictcicl
hcncd octcs i`wcjcrcl cpcoinc hinciuicl hcncd rclbic d`ljcri ih`ltitcs ctcu jcti hiri
hcl tihci d`rubiicl mrclb ncil. V`rclcl hms`l hcncd d`lclcdicl linci hisipnil ycitu
yclb d`ljchi t`nchcl, scocr hcl p`luk p`lb`rticl. Hms`l hikcrusicl d`dpu
d`lhisipnilicl dckcsiswc h`lbcl icsik scyclb, ikususlyc hisipnil hiri (s`na
hisjipnil`). Hcncd usckc t`rs`out hms`l p`rnu 7
3) D`docltu dckcsiswc d`lb`doclbicl pmnc p`rinciu ultui hirilyc, discnlyc7 wcitu
o`ncjcr hirudck, ncdc dckcsiswc kcrus d`docjc ctcu d`lb`rjcicl tubcs.

2|Vcb
 2) D`l`rcpicl p`rcturcl cich`dii s`ocbci cnct hcl jcrc d`l`bcicl hisipnil, discnlyc,
d`l`rcpicl r`w`rh clh puliskd`lt s`jcrc chin, s`s`b`rc dulbiil hcl trclspcrcl
(Ziswclhi,2665).
Dclacct hisipnil dckcsiswc hicltcrclyc kihup t`rctur, hcpct dclbctur wcitu, hcl
p`i`rjccl s`n`sci t`pct wcitu
:. Xclbbulb Gcwco
Xclbbulb jcwco chcnck i`chccl wcjio d`lclbbulb s`bcnc s`suctulyc ctcu icncu

t`rjchi cpc-cpc omn`k hitultut , hip`rscnckicl hcl hip`ricrcicl (Zubmlm,266;). Vriochi

yclb utuk d`lb`lcn hiri h`lbcl ocii cicl d`lychcri ockwc icchccl hirilyc hiduic
oudi chcnck ultui d`nciuicl p`rouctcl ocii h`di i`dcsnckctcl s`scdc dclusic. Z`bcnc
tilhci tulhui hcl i`bictcl yclb hinciuicl cicl hip`rtclbbulbjcwcoicl s`p`luklyc
i`pchc Xukcl Uclb Dckc @sc, Dcsycrcict, L`bcrc hcl Oclbsclyc. H`lbcl i`schcrcl
s`p`rti ili dcic s`s`mrclb tihci cicl t`rb`niljir hcncd p`rouctcl t`rj`nc hcl listc.
Dckcsiswc yclb d`diniii rcsc tclbbulb jcwco cicl d`iniii i`j`lh`rulbcl
d`ly`n`sciicl tubcs n`oik ocii hioclhilb dckcsiswc yclb tihci d`diniii rcsc tclbbulb
jcwco. Z`s`mrclb yclb hcpct d`lulciicl tclbbulb jcwcolyc s`i`jin cpcpul itu h`lbcl
ocii cicl d`lhcpcticl i`p`rjcyccl hcri mrclb ncil.
V`l`rcpcl linci tclbbulb jcwco pchc dckcsiswc hcpct hiwujuhicl hcncd o`ltui7
3) D`dpulyci prilsip hcl d`diiiricl i`dclc crck dcsc h`pcl yclb cicl
hituju.
2) D`dpuyci cttituh` ctcu siicp yclb d`lmljmncicl b`l`rcsi p`l`rus t`lcbc i`s`kctcl
yclb o`rbulc hi i`duhicl kcri hcncd d`lb`oclbicl prma`silyc.
:) Z`ncnu o`ncjcr ultui d`ljchi b`l`rcsi duhc yclb o`rbulc, tihci kclyc h`lbcl o`ncjcr
t`tcpi d`dpulyci siicp hcl i`p`riochicl ocii.
8) D`lbiiuti s`duc i`bictcl yclb t`nck hijchwcnicl mn`k icpus ycitu iiut prcitiiud
ncomrctmriud hi icdpus9 prcitii inilii hi rudck sciit, pusi`sdcs hcl imdulitcs9
ujicl hcl d`lb`rjcicl s`duc tubcs il ctcu mut.
0) D`ly`n`sciicl tubcs p`do`ncjcrcl hcl prcitii s`jcrc ilhivihu hcl i`nmdpmi yclb
hio`riicl mn`k hms`l h`lbcl ocii hcl t`pct wcitu.
8. Chin
Chin chcnck scdc o`rct, tihci o`rct s`ocnck, tihci d`dikci. I`chicnl chcnck
p`lincicl h`lbcl d`do`riicl i`pchc sicpcpul s`suci cpc yclb d`ljchi kcilyc, ycili
h`lbcl o`rtilhci prmpmrsimlcn hcl tihci d`nclbbcr kuiud. Vriochi h`lbcl icrcit`r yclb
ocii cicl d`lychcri ockwc cpc yclb hic t`ridc s`suci h`lbcl j`rik pcycklyc. Ec tihci
cicl d`lultut ultui d`lhcpcticl n`oik hcri cpc yclb hic upcycicl. Giic ic s`mrclb
p`didpil, ic cicl d`do`ricicl imdp`lscsi yclb chin i`pchc ocwckcllyc s`suci
h`lbcl iil`rjclyc, ic jubc ilbil d`wujuhicl i`chincl hcl i`dciurcl ocbi dcsycrcict
hcl oclbsclyc.
Ocbi dckcsiswc icrcit`r chin ili p`rnu s`icni hioilc s`jci dcsc p`riunickcllyc
cbcr dckcsiswc hcpct d`dp`rtidoclbcicl hcl d`lbcdoin i`putuscl s`jcrc chin hcl
o`lcr.
Linci i`chincl hcpct hii`doclbcicl mn`k dckcsiswc hcncd i`kihupcl s`kcri-kcri,
ocii hihcncd icdpus dcupul hinucr icdpus. Kcn ili cltcrc ncil hcpct hiwujuhicl hcncd
o`ltui7
3) D`lidoclb ctcu d`lcicr s`bcnc s`suctu s`jcrc moj`itia hcl s`idoclb i`tiic d`linci
t`dcl ctcu mrclb ncil hcp`t hiwujuhicl hcncd o`ltui s`ncnu d`do`riicl pujicl
tunus i`pchc icwcl yclb o`rpr`stcsi, d`dinik icwcl tihci o`rhcscricl nctcr
o`nciclb
smsicn.
;|Vcb
;|Vcb
 2) I`tiic chc t`dcl o`rs`nisik, hcpct o`rtilhci oijcisclc hcl d`do`riicl smnusi s`rtc
tihci d`dmjmicl scnck sctu pikci, d`dikci yclb o`lcr s`jcrc prmpmrsimlcn.
:) Xihci d`lburclbi hmsis ctcu tcicrcl moct yclb hio`riisl i`pchc ini`l.
8) Chin t`rkchcp hirilyc s`lhiri, s`p`rti o`ncjcr dcisidcn s`ocbci s`ouck i`chincl
t`rkchcp pmt`lsi hcl ocict yclb hi o`riicl mn`k Cnnck ZRX.
0) Chin t`rkchcp hiri s`lhiri jubc hcpct hit`rcpicl h`lbcl jcrc kihup s`idoclb. O`ncjcr
hcl o`ri`rjc, o`rmnckrcbc, o`ristirckct ctcu d`lulciicl kci tuouk ncillyc s`p`rti

dcicl ctcu dilud h`lbcl s`idoclb hcl s`suci h`lbcl i`outukcl.

1) D`do`riicl p`ncyclcl p`rcwctcl yclb scdc i`pchc s`duc inicl (t
d`do`hcicl stctus smsicn, cbcdc, rcs/suiu, oclbsc, hnn).
0. O`rcli
Z`s`mrclb yclb d`diniii icrcit`r iuct cicl d`diniii i`o`rclicl ultui
d`lyctcicl i`o`lcrcl, o`rcli d`lbciu i`scnckcl, o`rcli o`rtclbbulbjcwco, hcl o`rcli
d`lmnci i`octincl. Ec tihci cicl d`lmn`rclsi chclyc p`lyidpclbcl hcl o`rcli
d`lyctcicl p`lyclbicncl s`jcrc t`bcs. Ec jubc o`rcli o`rhiri s`lhiri hcncd i`o`lcrcl
wcncupul s`duc imn`bc hcl t`dcl-t`dcl s`jcwctlyc d`nciuicl p`rouctcl yclb
d`lyidpclb hcri kcn yclb s`d`stilyc. Ec tihci tciut hidusuki hcl tihci tciut tihci
d`diniii t`dcl icncu t`rlyctc d`r`ic d`lbcjci i`pchc kcn-kcn yclb d`lyidpclb.
I`o`rclicl sclbct hip`rnuicl ultui d`ljcpci i`suis`scl, s`rtc i`o`rclicl cicl
s`dciil dctclb jiic hiirilbi h`lbcl i`yciilcl, s`rtc i`yciilcl cicl s`dciil iuct jiic
p`lb`tckucllyc jubc iuct.
Pltui d`lb`doclbicl siicp i`o`rclicl h`di d`dp`rtckclicl p`lhiricl hcl
i`yciilcl dckcsiswc, dckcsiswc kcrus d`dp`rtidoclbicl h`lcbl s`ocii-ociilyc.
V`lb`tckucl yclb d`lhcncd d`lidounicl p`rcsccl p`jcyc hiri s`lhiri. Giic dckcsiswc
d`lbucsci dcscnck yclb hic kchcpi, hicpul cicl d`lbucsci hiri s`lhiri. Hidclcpul hcl
hcncd imlhisi cpcpul s`rilb icni kcrus hicdoin i`putuscl yclb j`pct hcl kcrus
hincisclcicl h`lbcl j`pct punc.
Linci i`o`rclicl hcpct hii`doclbicl mn`k dckcsiswc h`lbcl i`kihupcl
hiicdpus. Cltcrc ncil hcpct hiwujuhicl hcncd o`ltui7
3) O`rtclyc i`pchc hms`l jiic tihci d`lb`rti
2) O`rcli d`lb`duicicl p`lhcpct s`jcrc o`rtclbbulbjcwco i`tiici o`rhisiusi ctcu
o`rcli dcju i` h`pcl ultui d`ly`n`sciicl tubcs yclb hio`riicl.
:) D`ncpmricl t`dcllyc yclb d`douct tubct ctcu dcicnck h`lbcl jcrc jmpy pcst` hcri
sudo`r ncil tclpc d`dp`rkctiicl icihck p`luniscl indick ctcu d`ychur hcri dcicnck
yclb suhck jchi ( yclb hiouct s`lhiri dcupul mrclb ncil).
8) D`ncpmricl t`dcl yclb o`rouct jurclb i`tiic ujicl s`p`rti d`ljmlt`i, d`douct
rilbicscl ultui d`ljmlt`i, ctcu hisiusi pchc scct ujicl.
0) D`ncpmricl jiic hirilyc s`lhiri ctcu t`dcl d`lbcncdi iltidihcsi ctcu i`i`rcscl hcri
t`dcl ctcu mrclb ncil.
1) D`lbciui i`scnckcl yclb hinciuicl hcl o`rtclbbulbjcwco ultui d`dp`rociii
i`scnckcl s`rtc o`rjclji tihci d`lbunclbi i`scnckcl yclb scdc.
2) D`lbcjuicl scrcl/usun p`rociicl prms`s ocncjcr d`lbcjcr h`lbcl jcrc scltul.
;) D`lunis crtii`n, p`lhcpct, mpili hi dcjcnck hilhilb, jurlcn, ctcu puoniicsi indick
ncillyc,
5) O`rcli d`lbctcicl tihci pchc cjcicl hcl pciscccl tcwurcl dckcsiswc s`rtc
p`rouctcl t`rj`nc.

5|Vcb
 V`lb`tckucl yclb d`lhcncd hip`rnuicl ultui d`l`rcpicl linci i`o`rclicl yclb
d`douct dckcsiswc d`ljchi d`lbucsci dcscnck yclb hikchcpi.
1. V`huni
V`huni chcnck d`lbilhckicl, d`dp`rkctiicl hcl d`lbkircuicl (Zubmlm,266;).
I`p`hunicl smsicn i`pchc s`scdc d`ljchiicl s`s`mrclb d`diniii siact icsik scyclb.
Elhivihu yclb d`diniii jiwc smsicn tilbbi cicl d`dp`rkctiicl nilbiulbcl s`i`ninilblyc
hidclc dcsik t`rhcpct oclyci mrclb yclb tihci dcdpu, d`lh`ritc hcl d`doutukicl

unurcl tclbcl. Vriochi h`lbcl jiwc smsicn tihci cicl t`rbmhc ultui d`dp`ricyc hiri
s`lhiri h`lbcl jcrc yclb tihci o`lcr, t`tcpi ic o`rupcyc ultui d`lyisikicl s`ocbicl
p`lbkcsincllyc ultui d`docltu s`scdc.
Linci i`p`hunicl dckcsiswc kcrus dunci hitidounicl s`jci o`rchc hi icdpus. Mn`k
icr`lc itu, upcyc ultui d`lb`doclbicl siicp p`huni hiicnclbcl dckcsiswc s`ocbci
suoj`i hihii sclbct p`ltilb. Kcn t`rs`out hcpct hiwujuhicl h`lbcl7
3) O`rusckc iiut d`dcltcu jcnclyc prms`s p`do`ncjcrcl, d`dcltcu sist`d
p`lb`nmnccl sudo`r hcyc hi icdpus.
2) D`dcltcu imlhisi ilarcstruitur nilbiulbcl icdpus.
:) Giic chc t`dcl ctcu mrclb ncil yclb t`rtidpc dusiock, dckcsiswc h`lbcl suic r`nc
h`lbcl d`lbudpunicl ocltucl hclc hcl ocrclb, ctcu dulbiil d`dcltcu h`lbcl
t`lcbc nclbsulb s`suci i`outukl yclb t`ri`lc dusiock.
8) X`rnioct citia hcncd i`bictcl yclb his`n`lbbcrcicl O@D, KEDC.

0) Xihci d`rmimi, icr`lc cscp rmimi yclb hitidounicl hcpct d`rubiicl hiri s`lhiri
hcl mrclb ncil.
1) Xihci d`lbimlsudsi diludcl o`rcnimkmn ctcu LCVWC icr`lc oisc d`lidounicl
kcn-kcn yclb tihci hiilbilicl s`p`rti d`lidounicl p`rinciu chiitia, p`rt`lbicrcl,
p`n`j`kcl, hcl d`lbbclbbu i`cdclcl s`rtc i`t`rtiocl icdpus.
2) D`douclb scdpck pchc t`dpct, jiic d`nikct scdpck o`rs`rcicl s`ociilyc
dckcsiswc d`dulbutlyc cbcr t`rjiptc nilbiulbcl icdpus yclb o`rsik.
;) D`lbkcrbci hcl d`lbkmrdcti t`dcl, hms`l, hcl icrycwcl.
5) O`rsiicp rcdck tcdck, p`huni, hcl suic d`lmnmlb t`rkchcp dcsycrcict s`iitcr.
Linci i`p`hicl jubc hcpct hiwujuhicl hcncd o`ltui d`lbilhckicl s`nuruk
p`rcturcl hcl i`t`ltucl yclb o`rnciu hi hcncd icdpus hcl hi nucr icdpus.
Ppcyc ncil yclb hcpct hinciuicl chcnck d`do`riicl i`s`dpctcl ocbi dckcsiswc
ultui d`lbcnclb hclc bulc d`do`riicl ocltucl oicyc p`lhihiicl ocbi dckcsiswc yclb
d`doutukicl. Eli p`ltilb hinciuicl ocii mn`k dckcsiswc dcupul hms`l cbcr
d`do`riicl hcdpci pmsitia ocbi t`rtclcdlyc linci i`p`hunicl. V`lb`doclbcl hcri
tilhcicl ili jubc hcpct hit`rcpicl h`lbcl d`lbchcicl i`ncs-i`ncs i`jin yclb
d`dulbiilicl ultui d`do`riicl p`rkcticl hcl `isist`lsi ilt`lsia. H`lbcl chclyc
i`ncs-i`ncs ili, dcic ouicl kclyc kuoulbcl cltcrc dckcsiswc h`lbcl hms`l tcpi
o`rkuoulbcl cltcrc dckcsiswc h`lbcl oclyci dckcsiswc yclb scnilb ilt`rcitia hcl
pmsitia jubc hcpct t`rjcnil h`lbcl ocii hcl hi situ dckcsiswc hcpct d`do`riicl
p`do`ncjcrcl, p`rkcticl, hcl p`rociicl t`rus d`l`rus.
2. I`rjc I`rcs
O`i`rjc i`rcs hcpct hihcscri h`lbcl chclyc i`dcucl. I`dcucl d`lidounicl
csmsicsi h`lbcl i`t`nchclcl, i`t`iulcl, hcyc tckcl, hcyc i`rjc, p`lhiricl, p`lb`lhcnicl
hiri, i`o`rclicl, i`tcockcl, i`t`bukcl, hcl pcltclb dulhur.
V`ro`hccl lyctc cicl j`ncs t`nikct cltcrc s`s`mrclb yclb d`dpulyci `tms i`rjc
h`lbcl tihci d`diniiilyc. Elhivihu o`r`tms i`rjc upcyc d`lilbicticl iucnitcs kcsin

36 | V c b
 i`rjclyc h`di t`rwujuhlyc i`dclacctcl puonii yclb s`o`scr-o`scrlyc. Ec d`ljurckicl
hcyc aiiir hcl i`dcdpucllyc ultui d`ncisclcicl tubcs hcl o`ricryc h`lbcl s`ocii-
ociilyc. Ec tihci cicl dcu d`dp`rmn`k s`suctu tclpc d`lb`nucricl i`rilbct.
O`i`rjc i`rcs d`rupcicl kcn yclb p`ltilb bulc t`rjcpcilyc kcsin yclb s`suci
h`lbcl tcrb`t. I`rjc i`rcs hcpct hiwujuhicl mn`k dckcsiswc hcncd i`kihupcl s`kcri-
kcri. Discnlyc 7 hcncd d`nciuicl s`suctu d`lbkcrbci prms`s ouicl kcsin s`dctc, tihci
d`nciuicl jcncl piltcs, o`ncjcr hcl d`lb`rjcicl tubcs-tubcs cich`dii h`lbcl sulbbuk-

sulbbuk. Cicl t`tcpi, o`i`rjc i`rcs cicl tihci o`rbulc jiic tclpc chclyc p`lb`tckucl.
Hi hcncd icdpus pcrc dckcsiswc hip`rn`lbicpi hcncd o`rocbci indu p`lb`tckucl. Hi
situnck pcrc hms`l d`diniii p`rcl p`ltilb cbcr s`ticp usckc i`rjc i`rcs dckcsiswc hcl
jubc crckcl-crckcl i`pchc dckcsiswc tihci d`ljchi sic-sic.
Jmltmk p`rclcl linci i`rjc i`rcs pchc dckcsiswc hcpct hiwujuhicl hcncd o`ltui 7
3) O`ncjcr h`lbcl sulbbuk-sulbbuk ultui d`rcik jitc-jitc.
2) D`dclaccticl wcitu nuclb ultui o`ncjcr.
:) O`rsiicp citia hcncd o`ncjcr, discnlyc o`rtclyc i`pchc hms`l t`ltclb dct`ri yclb
o`nud hipckcdi.
8) Xihci duhck putus csc hcncd d`lb`rjcicl tubcs yclb hio`riicl hms`l.
0) Xihci t`rbcltulb i`pchc mrclb ncil hihcncd d`lb`rjcicl tubcs-tubcs icdpus.
1) _cjil d`biiuti i`bictcl `istrc iuniiun`r ultui d`lilbicticl pr`stcsi hiri.
2) Xihci d`douclb wcitu ultui d`nciuicl s`suctu yclb tihci o`rbulc.

;. Z`h`rkclc
Vriochi yclb o`rilt`britcs tilbbi chcnck s`s`mrclb yclb d`lychcri i`outukcllyc
hcl o`rupcyc d`d`luki i`outukcl yclb s`d`stilyc tclpc o`rn`oik-n`oikcl. H`lbcl bcyc
kihup yclb s`h`rkclc, s`s`mrclb hioicscicl ultui tihci kihup omrms yclb tihci s`suci
i`dcdpucllyc. Z`ncil itu s`s`mrclb yclb o`rbcyc kihup s`h`rkclc jubc cicl
d`dp`rimritcsicl i`outukcl hictcs i`ilbilcllyc hcl tihci t`rbmhc ultui kihup h`lbcl
b`dinclb i`d`wckcl. Endu p`lb`tckucl chcnck i`icyccl utcdc yclb d`ljchi dmhcn
i`kihupcllyc. Ec d`lychcri ockwc d`lbcjcr kcrtc tihci cicl chc kcoislyc icr`lc lcasu
i`s`rcickcl cicl s`ncnu d`lidounicl i`ilbilcl ultui d`ljcri kcrtc s`oclyci-
oclycilyc.
Dckcsiswc hcpct d`l`rcpicl linci i`s`h`rkclccl hcncd i`kihupcl s`kcri-kcri,
ocii hiicdpus dcupul hinucr icdpus, discnlyc 7 h`lbcl kihup s`suci i`outukcl, tihci
suic pcd`r i`icyccl, hcl s`ocbcilyc. Bcyc kihup dckcsiswc d`rupcicl kcn yclb
p`ltilb hcncd ilt`rcisi h`lbcl dcsycrcict his`iitcrlyc. H`lbcl bcyc kihup s`h`rkclc,
dckcsiswc hioicscicl ultui tihci omrms, kihup s`suci i`dcdpucllyc hcl hcpct
d`d`luki s`duc i`dcdpucllyc. i`rcp icni i`outukcl hiih`ltiicl h`lbcl i`ilbilcl
s`dctc, pchckcn tihci s`ncnu i`outukcl s`suci h`lbcl i`ilbilcl hcl s`ocniilyc .
H`lbcl p`l`rcpcl prilsip kihup s`h`rkclc, dckcsiswc hi oilc ultui
d`dprimritcsicl i`outukcl hi ctcs i`ilbilcllyc. Vrilsip kihup s`h`rkclc ili d`rupcicl
pcrcd`t`r p`ltilb hcncd d`ljcnil kuoulbcl cltcrc s`scdc dckcsiswc icr`lc prilsip ili
cicl d`lbctcsi p`rdcscnckcl i`s`ljclbcl smsicn, iri, h`lbii, tcdci, `bmis, hcl siicp-
siicp l`bctia ncillyc. Vrilsip kihup s`h`rkclc jubc d`lbkilhcricl s`s`mrclb hcri
i`ilbilcl yclb o`rn`oikcl.
Jmltmk p`l`rcpcl linci i`s`h`rkclcl pchc dckcsiswc hcpct hi wujuhicl hcncd
o`ltui 7
3) _`lhc kcti. Xihci d`do`hc-o`hcicl bmnmlbcl, stctus smsicn ctcu pul o`rocbci
o`ltui ctriout ncilyc. mrclb yclb r`lhck kcti d`lychcri ockwc o`tcpc pul o`scrlyc

33 | V c b
 hic, dcsik t`rhcpct i`iurclbcl, s`kilbbc Ec dcu d`lbciui i`n`oikcl mrclb ncil, jcuk
hcri siact binc kmrdct, cdoisi pclbict ctcu jcoctcl s`rtc siact-siact r`lhck ncillyc .
2) O`rpcicicl yclb smpcl hcl s`suci cturcl yclb hi t`tcpicl.
:) D`rcsc juiup h`lbcl cpc yclb chc, ouicl ncltcrcl pcsrck, d`ncilicl t`nck o`rusckc
d`ly`dpuriclc usckc.
8) Xihci smdomlb ctcu d`lmljmnicl hiri hcncd p`rbcuncl (hcncd crti l`bctia), s`icnipul
ic d`dpulyci i`n`oikcl ctcu i`dcdpucl.

0) D`ly`ncrcsicl cltcrc i`outukcl ctcu i`ilbilcl h`lbcl i`dcdpucl s`jcrc r`cnitcs

hcl prmpmrsimlcn.
1) O`rscocr s`rtc o`rprcsclbic ocii. I`j`lbi`ncl ctcu prcsclbic ourui tihci cicl
d`lbuock i`chccl ctcu d`ly`n`sciicl dcscnck, ockicl d`lcdock dcscnck.
2) Z`ncnu o`rsyuiur h`lbcl cpc yclb ic diniii, t`tcpi ic nciuicl.
;) Xihci smdomlb i`tiic hipuji, hcl tihci r`lhck hiri i`tiic hiiritii ctcu hi o`riicl
scrcl mn`k mrclb ncil
5. Dclhiri
Hi hcncd o`o`rcpc ouiu, hi j`ncsicl ockwc dclhiri o`rcrti hcpct o`rhiri hi ctcs
icii s`lhiri, crtilyc tihci oclyci o`rbcltulb i`pchc mrclb ncil hcncd o`rocbci kcn.
i`dclhiricl hi clbbcp s`ocbci suctu kcn yclb p`ltilb hcl kcrus hidiniii mn`k s`mrclb
ncil. I`dclhiricl d`do`ltui icrcit`r yclb iuct pchc hiri s`s`mrclb tihci cicl dcdpu
d`didpil mrclb ncil. I`dclhiricl d`do`ltui icrcit`r yclb iuct pchc hiri s`s`mrclb
ultui d`ljchi tihci t`rbcltulb t`rncnu oclyci pchc mrclb ncil . d`ltcnitcs i`dclhiricl
d`do`ltui icrcit`r yclb iuct pchc hiri s`s`mrclb ultui d`ljchi tihci t`rbcltulb
t`rncnu oclyci i`pchc mrclb ncil. D`ltcnitcs i`dclhiricl yclb hidiniii s`s`mrclb hcpct
d`lbmptidcnicl hcyc aiiircl bulc o`i`rjc s`jcrc `a`itia. G`jcrilb smsicn yclb hidiniii
priochi yclb dclhiri hi dclac ticl ultui d`luljclb p`i`rjccllyc t`tcpi tihci ultui
d`lbcnikicl tubcslyc. Vriochi yclb dclhiri tihci cicl d`ljcnil kuoulbcl h`lbcl
pikci-pikci yclb tihci o`rtclbbulbjcwco h`di d`ljcpci i`ultulbcl s`scct.
Imlhisi dclhiri ocbi dckcsiswc hcpct hicrtiicl s`ocbci prms`s d`lh`wcscicl hiri
ycitu h`lbcl tihci o`rbcltulb pchc mrclb ncil ultui hcpct d`lb`rjcicl tubcs hcl
tclbbulbjcwcolyc. Kcn ili p`ltilb ultui dcsc h`pcllyc hidclc dckcsiswc t`rs`out
kcrus d`lbctur i`kihupcllyc hcl mrclb-mrclb yclb o`rchc hi ocwck tclbbulbjcwco lyc
s`oco tihci dulbiil mrclb yclb tihci hcpct d`lbctur hirilyc s`lhiri cicl dcdpu
d`lbctur kihup mrclb ncil. H`lbcl icrcit`r I`dclhiricl t`rs`out dckcsiswc hi tultut
ultui d`lb`rjcicl s`duc tclbbulb jcwco h`lbcl usckclyc s`lhiri hcl ouicl mrclb ncil
(Zupcrhi, 2668).
Jiri dckcsiswc dclhiri chcnck dckcsiswc yclb d`diniii i`dcdpucl ultui
dclhiri hcl o`rtclbbulbjcwco hit`lbc kcrus o`scr tultutcl i`o`ocscl 7 s`p`rti d`lbutip
ulbicpcl hcri d`lhiiouh Dukcddch Luk ockwc yclb oisc d`do`hcicl siswc hcl
dckcsiswc chcnck i`h`wcsccl. Dckcsiswc kcrus d`d`bclb 2 kcn suostclsicn, ycili
tclbbulb jcwco hcl i`dclhiricl.
D`ljchi dckcsisiswc dclhiri hcl h`wcsc d`ljchi i`h`wcsccl yclb dctclb s`rtc
hioutukicl clcnijtijcn jcs`s yclb hcncd. Mrclb yclb suhck h`wcsc d`diniii oclyci
i`n`oikcl hcripchc s`mrclb yclb jcti hirilyc dcsik ncoin. Z`s`mrclb yclb h`wcsc
oicsclyc d`diniii siicp :_ (_`cnion`, _`spmlsion`, hcl _`csml lcon`). _`cnion` crtilyc
hcpct hiclhcnicl, r`spmlsion` ycitu mrclb yclb s`ncnu o`rtclbbulb jcwco cpc yclb
hicp`rouct s`rtc sicp d`lclbbulb r`siim cpcpul yclb hikchcpi, hcl ar`csmlcon` crtilyc
o`rcscn hcri s`ticp kcn cpcul yclb hinciuicllyc kcrus hinclhcsi h`lbcl hcscr p`diiircl

32 | V c b
 hcl tujucl yclb j`ncs. Z`ncil d`diniii siicp :_, dckcsiswc dclhiri hcl h`wcsc jubc
kcrus d`dinii siact-siact s`p`rti7
3) Z`ls` ma _`cnity clh `dmtimlcn stcoinity
2) Dcdpu d`lbkchcpi tcltclbcl h`lbcl ocii ,d`siipul bcbcn t`tcp tihci p`rlck
d`ly`rck hcl d`lbclbbcp s`duc riltclbcl s`ocbci s`ouck tcltclbcl yclb kcrus hi
t`dpuk s`ocbci s`ouck prms`s hcncd d`ljcpci i`suis`scl.
:) Dcdpu o`rsyuiur hidcsc-dcsc sunit, oicsclyc mrclb yclb dcsik ncoin ,cicl sunit

o`rsyuiur hidcsc-dcsc sunit yclb chc dcscnck d`do`rmltci hcl tihci dcdpu
d`lsyuiuri cpc yclb d`r`ic diniii
8) Hcpct d`l`ltuicl i`putuscl hcl o`rpiiir pijci hcncd i`chccl t`rh`sci
0)Hcpct d`lbmltrmn cdcrck scct chc s`suctu yclb d`lyciiticl kcti s`rtc d`diniii
tmn`rclsi hcl mptidis tilbbi
1) O`rpiiir s`riou icni s`o`nud d`nciuicl sctu i`bictcl s`rtc tihci b`bcock hcl s`ncnu
o`rpiiir dctclb s`o`nud o`rtilhci
2) D`diniii smnihcritcs yclb tilbbi t`rkchcp t`dcl-t`dcl hcl mrclb yclb d`doutukicl
.
V`l`rcpcl linci tclbbulb jcwco pchc dckcsiswc hcpct hi wujuhicl hcncd o`ltui 7
3) Dcu o`ncjcr h`lbcl i`schcrcl s`lhiri s`suci h`lbcl jchwcn yclb ic t`tcpicl s`lhiri.
2) H`lbcl i`dcucl s`lhiri o`rnctik suctu i`t`rcdpincl t`rt`ltu s`p`rti p`rcsct
p`rsmlcn
Kibi`l`, pcsclb ilaus, hnn.
:) Xihci t`rncnu oclyci o`rbcltulb i`pchc ocltucl mrclb ncil.
Linci i`dclhiricl hcpct hiwujuhicl cltcrc ncil hcncd o`ltui d`lb`rjcicl smcn
ujicl s`jcrc dclhiri, d`lb`rjcicl tubcs-tubcs cich`dii s`jcrc dclhiri.

O. Vrilsip-prilsip Clti Imrupsi

Vrilsip-prilsip clti imrupsi d`rupcicl nclbick-nclbick cltisipcsi yclbkcrus hinciuicl
cbcr ncju p`rb`rcicl imrupsi hcpct hio`lhulb ockicl hio`rcltcs. Vrilsip-prilsip clti imrupsi
pchc hcscrlyc t`ricit h`lbcl s`duc csp`i i`bictcl puonii yclb d`lultut chclyc ilt`britcs,
moj`itivitcs, i`jujurcl, i`t`rouiccl, tclbbulb bubct hcl d`n`tciicl i`p`ltilbcl puonii
hictcs i`p`ltilbcl ilhivihu.
Hcncd imlt`is imrupsi chc o`o`rcpc prilsip yclb kcrus hib`rciicl ultui d`lj`bck
acitmr `ist`rlcn p`ly`oco t`rjchilyc imrupsi, ycitu ciultcoinitcs, trclspcrclsi, i`wcjcrcl
(acirl`ss), hcl chclyc i`oijcicl ctcu cturcl dcil yclb hcpct d`doctcsi ruclb b`rci
imrupsis`rtc imltrmn t`rkchcp i`oijcicl t`rs`out.
3. Ciultcoinitcs
Ciultcointcs chcnck i`s`sucicl cltcrc cturcl hcl p`ncisclccl i`rjc. Vrilsip
ciultcoinitcs d`rupcicl pincr p`ltilb hcncd rclbic d`lj`bck t`rjchilyc imrupsi. Vrilsip
ili pchc hcscrlyc hidcisuhicl cbcr i`oijcicl hcl nclbick-nclbick ctcu iil`rjc yclb
hijcnclicl s`ouck n`docbc hcpct hip`rtclbbulbjcwcoicl. Mn`k icr`lc itu, prilsip
ciultcoinitcs d`doutukicl p`rclbict-p`rclbict p`lhuiulb, ocii o`rupc p`rulhclbcl-
ulhclbcl (h` jur`) dcupul hcncd o`ltui imditd`l hcl huiulbcl dcsycrcict (h`
acjtm),
ocii pchc n`v`n ouhcyc (ilhivihu h`lbcl ilhivihu) dcupul pchc n`v`n n`docbc
(Ocpp`lcs, 2662).
Ciultcoinitcs puonii s`jcrc trchisimlcn hipckcdi s`ocbci cnct yclb hibulcicl ultui
d`lbcwcsi hcl d`lbcrckicl princiu chdilistrcsi h`lbcl jcrc d`dori i`wcjiocl ultui
hcpct d`do`riicl jcwcocl ultui hcpct d`do`riicl i`wcjiocl ultui hcpct d`o`riicl
3: | V c b
3: | V c b
 jcwcocl (clsw`rcoinity) i`pchc s`judnck mtmritcs `ist`rlcn (Huolii,2660). Ciultcoinitcs
Vuonii hcncd crti yclb pcnilb aulhcd`ltcn d`rujui i`pchc i`d`dpucl d`ljcwco
i`pchc s`s`mrclb t`ricit h`lbcl iil`rjc yclb hikcrcpicl (Vi`rr`,2662). Z`s`mrclb ycb
hio`riicl jcwcocl ili kcrusnck s`s`mrclb yclb d`diniii n`bitidcsi ultui d`nciuicl
p`lbcwcscl hcl d`lbkcrcpicl iil`rjc (Vrcsmjm,2660).
Ciultcoinitcs puonij d`diniii pmnc-pmnc t`rt`ltu hcncd d`iclisd`lyc, cltcrc ncil
chcnck ciultcoinitcs prmbrcd, prms`s, i`uclbcl, mutjmd`, kmiud, hcl pmnitii (Vusnitoclb,

2663).
Pltui d`wujuhicl prilsip-prilsip ciultcoinitcs p`lb`nmnccl i`uclbcl l`bcrc,
dcic hcncd p`ncisclccllycc kcrus hcpct hip`rtclbbulbjcwcoicl d`ncnui7
3) D`iclisd` p`ncpmrcl hcl p`rtclbbulbjcwcocl ctcs s`duc i`bictcl yclb
hinciuicl
V`ncpmrcl hcl p`rtclbjcwcocl tihci kclyc hicjuicl i`pchc p`lclbbulb jcwco
i`bictcl pchc n`docbc yclb o`rsclbiutcl hcl Hircitmrct G`lh`rcn Clbbcrcl
I`d`ltricl I`uclbcl, d`ncilicl i`pchc s`duc pikci ikususlyc i`pchc n`docbc-
n`docbc imltrmn s`p`rti HV_ yclb d`doihclbilyc s`rtc i`pchc dcsycrcict.
H`d`iicl jubc h`lbcl amrud-amrud ultui p`l`ltuccl clbbcrcl hclc
p`doclbulcl duhck hicis`s mn`k dcsycrcict, jiic amrud-amrud p`lbclbbcrccl
oicyc p`doclbulcl itu rudit ctcu t`ri`scl rckcsic dcic cicl d`ljchi scscrcl
imruptmr ultui d`dcilicl p`rcl jckctlyc h`lbcl dcisidcn.
2) @vcnucsi
@vcnucsi t`rkchcp iil`rjc chdilistrcsi, prms`s p`ncisclccl, hcdpci hcl
dclacct yclb hio`riicl mn`k s`ticp i`bictcl i`pchc dcsycrcict, ocii dclacct
nclbsulb dcupul dclacct jclbic pcljclb s`t`nck o`o`rcpc tckul i`bictcl itu
hincisclcicl. Z`itmr `vcnucsi d`rupcicl s`itmr yclb wcjio hiciultcoinitcs h`di
d`ljcbc ir`hioinitcs i`uclbcl yclb t`nck hiclbbcricl. I`tichccl `vcnucsi yclb
s`rius cicl d`lbciiocticl trchisi p`lbclbbcrcl i`uclbcl yclb ourui.
2. Xrclspcrclsi
Xrclpcrclsi d`rupcicl prilsip yclb d`lbkcrusicl s`duc prms`s i`oijcicl
hinciuicl s`jcrc t`rouic, s`kilbbc s`bcnc o`ltui p`lyidpclbcl hcpct hii`tckui mn`k
puonii (Vrcsmjm, 2662)
Xrclspcncsi d`ljchi piltu dcsui, s`icnibus s`ocbci imltrmn ocbi s`nuruk prms`s
hilcdiic stuiturcn i`n`docbccl, hcncd o`ltui yclb pcnilb s`h`rkclc, i`r`riictcl
ilt`rcisi cltcr huc ilhivihu ctcu n`oik d`lbkcrusicl chclyc trclspcncsi dclbcju pchc
i`t`rouiccl hcl i`jujurcl ultui scnilb d`ljuljulb tilbbi i`p`rjcyccl icr`lc
i`p`rjcyccl, i`t`rouiccl, hcl i`jujurcl ili d`rupcicl dmhcn cwcn yclb sclcbct
o`rkcrbc ocbi dckcsiswc ultui hcpct d`ncljuticl tclbbulbjcwcolyc pchc dcsc iili hcl
dcsc d`lhctclb ( Iurlicwcl,2636).
Hcncd prms`slyc, t`rhcpct nidc prms`s hcncd trclspcrclsi, ycitu p`lbbcrcl,
p`lyusulcl i`bictcl, p`dockscl, p`lbcwcscl, hcl `vcnucsi.
3) Vrms`s p`lbclbbcrcl
Vrms`s p`lbbcrcl o`rsiact hcri ocwck i` ctcs (omttmd up), dunci hcri p`r`ljclccl,
idpn`d`ltcsi, ncpmrcl p`rtclbbulbjcwcocl, hcl p`lincil (`vcnucsi) t`rkchcp iil`rjc
clbbcrcl. Kcn ili hinciuicl ultui d`duhckicl imltrmn p`lb`nmnccl clbbcrcl mn`k
dcsycrcict.
2) Vrms`s p`lyusulcl i`bictcl

38 | V c b
 Vrms`s p`lyusulcl i`bictcl t`ricit h`lbcl prms`s p`dockcscl t`ltclb t`ltclb
sudo`r-sudo`r p`lhclccl (clbbcrcl p`lhcpctcl) hcl cnmicsi clbbcrcl (clbbcrcl
o`ncljc) pchc s`duc tilbictcl
:) Vrms`s p`dockcscl
Vrms`s p`dockcscl chcnck p`dockcscl t`ltclb p`douctcl rcljclbcl p`rcturcl yclb
o`ricitcl h`lbcl strct`bi p`lbbcnclbcl hclc i`bictcl hcncd p`l`tcpcl r`triousi,
pcjci, s`rtc cturcl ncil yclb t`ricit h`lbcl p`lbclbbcrcl p`d`riltck.

8) Vrms`s p`lbcwcscl
Vrms`s p`lbcwcscl t`ltclb tctc jcrc hcl d`iclisd` p`lb`nmnccl i`bictcl hidunci
hcri p`ncisclccl t`lh`r, p`lb`rjccl t`ilis, p`ncpmrcl ailclsicn, hcl
p`rtclbbulbjcwcocl s`jcrc t`ilis.prms`s p`lbcwcscl hinciuicl hcncd p`ncisclccl
prmbrcd hcl i`bictcl yclb t`ricit h`lbcl i`p`ltilbcl puonii ctcu p`d`lukcl
i`outukcl dcsycrcict, ikususlyc i`bictcl yclb hiusunicl mn`k dcsycrcict s`lhiri.
0) Vrms`s `vcnucsi
Vrms`s `vcnucsi hinciuicl t`rkchcp p`ly`n`lbbcrccl i`bictcl yclb hinciuicl s`jcrc
t`rouic. @vcnucsi kcrus hinciuicl s`ocbci p`rtclbbulbjcwcocl s`jcrc chdilistrctia,
t`ilis hcl aisii hcri mutput i`rjc p`doclbulcl.
Kcn-kcn t`rs`out hictcs chcnck pclhucl ultui dckcsiswc cbcr hcpctd`nciuicl
i`bictcllyc h`lbcl n`oik ocii. Z`t`nck p`dockcscl kcn hi ctcs, dckcsiswc hikcrcpicl
hcpct d`ncisclcicl i`nidc prms`s trclspcrclsi t`rs`out hcncd i`kihupcl s`kcri-kcri,
ocii s`ocbci ilhivihu dcupul s`ocbci ocbicl hcri dcsycrcict, mrbcliscsi, ilstitusi.
:. I`wcjcrcl
Vrilsip i`wcjcrcl (acirl`ss) hidcisuhicl ultui d`lj`bck chclyc i`tihciwcjcrcl
hcncd p`lbclbbcrcl, hcncd o`ltui dcri up dcupul i`tihciwcjcrcl ncillyc. Vrilsip
i`wcjcrcl t`rhiri ctcs nidc siact, ycitu s`ocbci o`riiut.
3) Imdpr`k`lsia
D`dp`rtidoclbicl s`duc csp`i, tcct cscs, prilsip p`do`oclcl, p`lb`nucrcl, hcl
tihci d`ncdpcui octcs (maa ouhb`t). Kcn ili hidcisuhicl cbcr clbbcrcl hcpct
hidclaccticl s`wcjcrlyc.
2) An`isioinitcs
X`rs`hiclyc i`oijcicl t`rt`ltu ultui d`ljcpci `a`si`lsi hcl `a`itivitcs (prilsip tci
t`rsclbic, p`ruockcl, p`rb`rcicl, hcl his`ltriniscsi dclcj`d`l)
:) X`rpr`hiisi
I`t`tcpcl hcncd p`r`ljclccl o`rhcscricl cscs vcnu` amr dml`y h`lbcl tujucl ultui
d`lbkilhcri h`aisit hcncd tckul clbbcrcl o`rjcncl. Chclyc clbbcrcl yclb
t`rpr`hiisi d`rupcicl j`rdilcl hcri prilsip i`wcjcrcl hcncd prms`s p`doclbulcl.
8) I`jujurcl
D`rupcicl ocbicl utcdc hcri prilsip i`wcjcrcl. I`jujurcl chcnck tihci chclyc oics
p`riirccl p`l`ridccl ctcu p`lb`nucrcl yclb his`lbcjc yclb o`rcscn hcri
p`rtidoclbcl t`ilis dcupul pmnitis.
0) Elamrdctia
Elamrdctia d`rupcicl jiri hcri i`jujurcl. Zist`d ilamrdcsi p`ncpmrcl yclb t`rctur
hcl ilamrdctia chcnck hcscr p`lincil iil`rjc, i`jujurcl, hcl prms`s p`lbcdoincl
i`putuscl. V`d`riltck yclb ilamrdctia d`rupcicl p`d`riltck yclb t`nck o`rsiicp
wcjcr hcl jujur hcl tihci d`lutup-lutupi kcn yclb d`dclb .
Vrilsip-prilsi t`rs`out hictcs hcpct hit`rcpicl mn`k dckcsiswc cbcr hcpct o`rsiicp
n`oik wcspchc hcncd d`lbctur o`o`rcpc csp`i i`kihupcllyc s`p`rti p`lbclbbcrcl,

30 | V c b
 p`riunickcl, sist`d o`ncjcr dcupul hcncd mrbcliscsi, hcl dckcsiswc jubc hikcrcpicl
d`diniii iucnitcs dmrcn yclb n`ouk ocii.
8. I`oijcicl
Vrilsip i`oijcicl chcnck prilsip cltiimrupsi yclb hidcisuhicl cbcr dckcsiswc
hcpct d`lb`tckui hcl d`dckcdi t`ltclb i`oijcicl cltiimrupsi. I`oijcicl o`rp`rcl
ultui d`lbctur tctc ilt`rcisi hcncd rclck smsicn cbcr tihci t`rjchi p`lyidpclbcl yclb
hcpct d`rubiicl l`bcrc hcl dcsycrcict.

I`oijcicl cltiimrupsi tihci s`ncnu ih`ltii h`lbcl ulhclb-ulhclb cltiimrupsi, cicl t`tcpi
oisc jubc o`rupc ulhclb-ulhclb i`o`ocscl ultui d`lbcis`s ilamrdcsi, h`s`ltrcniscsi,
clti dmlmpmni, dcupul ulhclb-ulhclb ncillyc yclb d`duhckicl dcsycrcict ultui
d`lb`tckui hcl d`lb`lhcniicl iil`rjc hcl p`lbbulccl clbbcrcl l`bcrc mn`k p`jcoct
l`bcrc. I`oijcicl cltiimrupsi hcpct hinikct hcncd `dpct csp`i o`riiut.
3) Esi i`oijcicl
Esi ctcu imlt`l d`rupcicl imdpml`l p`ltilb hcri s`ouck i`oijcicl. I`oijcicl clti
imrupsi cicl d`ljchi n`oik `a`itia cpcoinc d`lbclhulb ulsur-ulsur yclb t`ricit
h`lbcl p`rdcscnckcl imrupsi s`ocbci amius hri i`bictcl t`rs`out.
2) V`douct i`oijcicl
V`douct i`oiicl chcnck kcn yclb t`ricit `rct h`lbcl i`oijcicl cltiimrupsi. Esi
i`oijcicl s`tihcilyc d`rupcicl j`rdil iucnitcs hcl ilt`britcs p`douctlyc hcl
p`douct i`oijcicl jubc cicl d`l`ltuicl iucnitcs hcri isi i`oijcicl t`rs`out.
:) V`l`bcicl i`oijcicl
i`oijcicl yclb t`nck hirudusicl cicl o`raulbsi cpcoinc hihuiulb mn`k acitmr
p`l`bci i`oijcicl, ycitu i`pmnisicl, p`lbchincl, p`lbcjcrc, hcl n`docbc
p`rdcsycrcictcl. I`oijcicl kclyc cicl d`ljchi ilstrud`l i`iucsccl cpcoinc
p`l`bci i`oijcicl tihci d`diniii imditd`l ultui d`n`tcicl i`oijcicl t`rs`out
s`ocbci cturcl yclb d`lbiict ocbi s`duc, hidclc kcn t`rs`out justru cicl
d`lidounicl i`s`ljclbcl, i`tihcichincl, hcl o`ltui p`lyidpclbcl ncillyc.
8) Iuntur i`oijcicl
I`o`rchccl suctu i`oijcicl d`diniii i`t`ricitcl h`lbcl linci-linci, p`dckcdcl,
siicp p`rs`psi, hcl i`schcrcl dcsycrcict t`rkchcp kuiud ulhclb-ulhclb
cltiimrupsi. Z`ncljutlyc tilbict pcrtisipcsi dcsycrcict hcncd p`do`rcltcscl imrupsi
cicl hit`ltuicl mn`k iuntur i`oijcicl.
I``dpct csp`i t`rs`out cicl d`l`ltuicl `a`itivitcs p`ncisclccl hcl aulbsi
i`oijcicl, s`rtc o`rp`lbcruk t`rkchcp `a`itivitcs p`o`rcltcscl imrupsi d`ncnui i`oijcicl
yclb chc.
0. Imltrmn I`oijcicl
Imltrmn i`oijcicl chcnck upcyc cbcr i`oijcicl yclb hiouct o`lcr-o`lcr `a`itia hcl
d`lbkcpus s`duc imrupsi. Z`hiiitlyc t`rhcpct tibc dmh`n ctcu o`ltui imltrmn t`rkchcp
i`oijcicl p`d`riltck, ycitu o`rupc7
3) Vcrtisipcsi
Imltrmn i`oijcicl o`rupc pcrtisipcsi ycitu d`nciuicl imltrmn t`rkchcp i`oijcicl
h`lbcl iiut s`rtc hcncd p`lyusulcl hcl p`ncisccllyc.
2) @vmnusi
Imltrmn i`oijcicl o`rupc `vmnusi ycitu d`lbmltrmn h`lbcl d`lcwcricl cnt`rlctia
i`oiicl ocru yclb hiclbbcp n`oii ncyci.
:) _`amrdcsi

31 | V c b
 Imltrmn i`oijcicl o`rupc r`amrdcsi ycitu d`lbmltrmn h`lbcl d`lbbclti i`oijcicl
yclb hiclbbcp tihci s`suci. Zuostclsi hcri tibc dmh`n t`rs`out chcnck i`t`rnioctcl
dcsycrcict hcncd d`lbmltrmn i`oijcicl l`bcrc.

J. Acitmr-acitmr p`ly`oco Imrupsi

Ocbi Elhml`sic, imrupsi chcnck p`lyciit irmlis kcdpir tclpc moct, d`ly`nusup hi

s`bcnc s`bi i`kihupcl hcl tcdpci s`ocbci p`ljitrccl ouhcyc ourui oclbsc Elhml`sic. Z`jcrc
silis mrclb oisc d`ly`out jcti hiri Elhml`sic chcnck p`rinciu imrupsi. V`ljitrccl t`rs`out tihci
s`p`luklyc scnck, s`oco hcncd r`cnitclyc imdpn`isitcs imrupsi hircscicl ouicl dcscnck
kuiud s`dctc, cicl t`tcpi s`sulbbuklyc d`rupcicl p`nclbbcrccl ctcs kci-kci `imlmdi
hcl smsicn dcsycrcict. Imrupsi t`nck d`lidounicl i`disiilcl hcl i`s`ljclbcl smsicn yclb
o`scr. Dcsycrcict tihci hcpct d`liidcti p`d`rctccl kcsin p`doclbulcl hcl tihci
d`liidcti kci yclb s`kcruslyc hip`rmn`k. Hcl s`jcrc i`s`nurukcl, imrupsi t`nck
d`dp`rn`dck i`tckclcl smsicn hcl `imlmdi dcsycrcict Elhml`sic.
3. Iurclblyc bcji ctcu p`lhcpctcl p`bcwci l`b`ri hioclhilbicl h`lbcl i`outukcl
yclb dciil kcri dciil d`lilbict
D`lb`lci dcscnck iurclblyc bcji ctcu p`lhcpctcl p`bcwci l`b`ri sipin hi
Elhml`sic t`nck hiiupcs mn`k O. Zmhcrsmlm yclb d`lyctcicl cdtcrc ncil.
„ Vchc ududlyc mrclb d`lbkuoulb-kuoulbicl tudouk suourlyc imrupsi s`oco
yclb pcnilb bcdpclb hikuoulbicl discnlyc iurclb bcji-bcji p`jcoct-p`jcoct , ouruilyc
`imlmdi, d`ltcn p`jcoct yclb iurclb ocii, chdilistrcsi hcl dclcj`d`l yclb icjcu
yclb d`lbkcsinicl chc prms`hur yclb o`rniiu-niiu hcl s`ocbcilyc.—
Lcdul h`diiicl, iurclblyc bcji hcl p`lhcpctcl p`bcwci l`b`ri d`d`lb acitmr
yclb pcnilb d`lmljmn hcncd crti d`rctc hcl d`nucslyc imrupsi hi Elhml`sic.
2. I`outukcl kihup yclb d`lh`sci
I`outukcl yclb d`lh`sci s`p`rti i`outukcl i`nucrbc, i`outukcl ultui
d`docycr utclb, i`outukcl ultui d`docycr p`lbmoctcl yclb dckcn icr`lc istri ctcu
clci, i`outukcl ultui d`doicyci s`imnck clcilyc, i`outukcl ultui d`lbcwilicl
clcilyc, i`outukcl hidcsc p`lsiul d`rupcicl o`ltui-o`ltui hmrmlbcl s`mrclb
p`bcwci ultui o`rouct imrupsi. I`outukcl-i`outukcl yclb d`lh`sci t`rs`out cicl
d`ljchiicl p`lbkcsincl yclb s`hiiit s`dciil t`rcsc iurclb. Kcn t`rs`out cicl
d`lhmrmlb s`s`mrclb ultui d`nciuicl imrupsi oincdclc i`s`dpctcl ultui
d`nciuicllycs chc.
:. V`lbkcsincl yclb iurclb d`dchci
V`lbkcsincl p`bcwci l`b`ri s`kcruslyc hcpct d`d`luki i`outukcl kihup p`bcwci
t`rs`out o`s`rtc i`nucrbclyc s`jcrc wcjcr. Cpcoinc t`rlyctc p`lbkcsincllyc s`ocbci
p`bcwci l`b`ri tihci hcpct d`lutup i`outukcl kihuplyc s`jcrc wcjcr, discnlyc kclyc
juiup ultui kihup wcjcr s`ncdc s`punuk kcri hcncd s`ouncl, dcic dcu tihci dcu
p`bcwci l`b`ri t`rs`out kcrus d`ljcri tcdockcl p`lbkcsincl ultui d`d`luki
i`outukcl kihuplyc.Psckc ultui d`ljcri tcdockcl p`lbkcsincl t`rs`out t`ltu suhck
d`rupcicl o`ltui imrupsi. Discnlyc d`ly`wcicl scrclc hilcs, d`lbb`ncpicl
p`rcnctcl icltmr, p`rjcncl hilcs aiitia, d`lbchcicl i`bictcl yclb tihci p`rnu h`lbcl
oicyc yclb tihci wcjcr. Kci s`p`rti itu cicl pcrck cpcoinc d`lhcpcticl i`s`dpctcl
ultui d`nciuicl imrupsi t`rrkchcp sudo`r hcyc o`scr yclb hidiniii mrbcliscsilyc.
8. Dcncs ctcu tihci dcu ultui o`i`rjc i`rcs

32 | V c b
 I`dulbiilcl ncil, mrclb yclb d`nciuicl imrupsi chcnck mrclb yclb s`b`rc
d`lhcpcticl s`suctu yclb oclyci ctcu kclyc hcncd wcitu silbict, t`tcpi dcncs ultui
o`i`rjc i`rcs hcl d`lilbicticl p`lbkcsincllyc. Icncu chc i`s`dpctcl ultui duhck
ultui d`lhcpcticl p`lbkcsincl yclb o`scr tclpc usckc yclb s`tidpcn dclbcpc tihci
hi dclaccticl. Cicl tidoun hipiiircl mrclb t`rs`out, o`rcpc tckul scyc kcrus
d`docltilb tunclb ultui d`dp`rmn`k p`lbkcsincl s`o`scr itu= Cpcick dulbiil scyc
hcpct d`lbudpunicl i`icyccl s`p`rti itu h`lbcl bcji hcri p`i`rjccl yclb s`icrclb=

N`oik ocii scyc imrupsi h`lbcl d`ljucn t`ducl-t`ducl p`d`rriisc, huc tibc icni
d`d`riisc oisc pulyc dmoin ocbus hcl d`wck s`rtc pulyc rudck d`wck. Csii! Xclpc
i`rjc i`rcs hcl s`imnck ncbi scyc jchi icyc.
0. I`n`dckcl sist`d p`lb`lhcnicl dclcj`d`l
Vchc mrbcliscsi hidclc p`lb`lhcnicl dclcj`d`llyc n`dck cicl n`oik oclyci
p`bcwci yclb d`nciuicl imrupsi hioclhilb pchc mrbcliscsi yclb p`lb`lhcnicllyc
dclcj`d`llyc iuct. Z`mrclb p`bcwci yclb d`lb`tckui ockwc sist`d p`lb`lhcnicl
dclcj`d`l pchc mrbcliscsi hidclc hic o`i`rjc n`dck, dcic cicl tidoun i`s`dpctcl
ctcu p`nuclb ocbilyc ultui imrupsi.
1. Zclisi yclb tihci s`tidpcn h`lbcl kcsin imrupsi
Xihci r`hclyc p`rouctcl imrupsi, dcnckcl iucnitcs hcl iucltitcslyc s`ncnu
d`lilbict hcri tckul i` tckul hcl d`ljcncr i`s`nuruk oihclb p`ly`n`lbbcrccl l`bcrc
tihci scjc hi nilbiulbcl `is`iutia , yuhiictia, hcl o`nciclb t`nck d`rcsuii n`bisnctia, hcl
pcrtci pmnitii hiicr`lcicl jcnml imruptmr hcl dcsycrcict d`nikct sclisi-sclisi yclb
hijctukicl i`pchc pcrc p`nciu imrupsi sclbct rilbcl ctcu tihci s`tidpcn h`lbcl
tilhcicl yclb hinciuicllyc. Z`kilbbc mrclb yclb tchilyc tihci imrupsi ctcu t`rnioct
hcncd sicnc i`jin cicl o`rupcyc ultui oisc d`nciuicl imrupsi ctcu t`rnioct hcncd
p`rouctcl imrupsi yclb n`oik o`scr ncbi.
2. N`dcklyc p`l`bcicl kuiud
N`dcklyc p`l`bcicl kuiud t`rkchcp p`nciu tilhci pihclc imrupsi d`ljciup
o`o`rcpc csp`i p`rtcdc, oisc tihci chclyc tilhcicl kuiud scdc s`icni t`rkchcp p`nciu
imrupsi hiicr`lcicl p`nciu chcnck ctcscl hcri p`l`bci kuiud ctcu ocwckcl hcri
p`l`bci kuiud yclb d`ljchi p`lymimlb utcdc yclb d`doicyci mp`rcsimlcn i`bictcl
si p`l`bci kuiud, ctcu si p`l`bci kuiud t`nck d`l`ridc ocbicl hcri kcsin imrupsi si
p`nciu ctcu si p`nciu chcnck imn`bc hcri pidpilcl ilstclsi p`l`bci kuiud. I`huc,
tilhcicl chc t`tcpi p`lclbclcl si unur-unur hcl sclisi hi p`rilbcl. I`tibc, tihci
hinciuicl p`dilhckcl scdc s`icni icr`lc si p`nciu d`lhcpct o`iilb hcri jcjcrcl
t`rt`ltu ctcu tilhci pihclc imrupsilyc o`rdmtia i`p`ltilbcl ultui i`nmdpmi t`rt`ltu
ctcu pcrtci t`rt`ltu.
;. Cjcrcl-cjcrcl cbcdc iurclb hit`rcpicl s`jcrc o`lcr
Z`jcrc udud, dcsycrcict hi Elhml`sic chcnck dcsycrcict yclb o`rcbcdc hidclc
cjcrcl-cjcrcl hcri s`ticp cbcdc yclb hiciui i`o`rchccllyc hi Elhml`sic hcpct
hipcstiicl d`ncrclb p`rouctcl-p`rouctcl imrupsi. Vcrc p`nciu imrupsi s`jcrc udud
chcnck mrclb-mrclb yclb jubc o`rcbcdc. D`r`ic d`dckcdi cjcrcl-cjcrcl cbcdc yclb
hiclutlyc d`ncrclb t`tcpi d`r`ic tihci p`huni hcl t`rus scjc d`nciuicl imrupsi h`di
d`lhcpcticl s`bcnclyc.
5. Iurclb ctcu tihci chc p`lb`lhcnicl
Imrupsi yclb t`rjchi tihci t`rjchi h`lbcl s`lhirilyc t`tcpi t`nck hir`ljclcicl
jcuk-jcuk s`o`nudlyc, ycitu s`jci prms`s p`r`ljclccl i`bictcl hcl clbbcrcl. Hcncd
tckcp p`r`ljclccl ilisictmr imrupsi suhck oisc d`nikct cpcick chc p`lb`lhcnicl ctcu

3; | V c b
 p`lbcwcscl ultui p`lj`bckcl imrupsi pchc tckcp p`r`ljclccl, cpcoinc s`ocniilyc
pikci-pikci ilisictmr o`rilisictia ultui d`rcljclb imrupsi. Cpcoinc tihci chc
p`lbcwcscl hcl p`lb`lhcnicl pchc tckcp p`r`ljclccl, dcic lict yclb t`rs`nuoulb
t`rs`out hiouncticl ultui hijchiicl p`rouctcl imrupsi h`lbcl d`luclbicllyc i`hcncd
r`icycsc p`rkitulbcl-p`rkitulbcl kcsin i`hcncd hmiud`l p`r`ljclccl ultui oisc
hincisclcicl h`lbcl d`niocticl pikci p`lbcwcscl hcl plb`lhcni hcncd p`rljclccl,
p`ncisclccl, hcl p`lbcwcscl.

Oclyci acitmr yclb d`ly`ocoicl t`rjchilyc imrupsi, ocii o`rcscn hcri hcncd hiri
p`nciu, ctcu hcri nucr p`nciu. Z`ocbci hiictcicl Ucdcdck ockwc i`tiic p`rinciu
dct`ricnistii hcl imlsudtia dcsycrcict s`rtc sist`d pmnitii yclb dcsik „d`lh`wcicl—
dct`ri dcic hcpct „d`dcisc— t`rjchilyc p`rdcilcl udclb hcl imrupsi (Clscri Ucdcdck,
2665) „h`lbcl imlhisi itu kcdpir hcpct hipcstiicl s`nuruk p`jcoct i`duhicl t`rpcisc imrupsi
icncu suhck d`ljcoct—.
Lur Zycd (2666) d`do`riicl pclhclbcl ockwc p`ly`oco s`s`mrclb d`nciuicl
imruupsi chcnck icr`lc i`t`rbmhccllyc cicl hulic dct`ri ctcu i`icyccl yclb tihci dcdpu
hitckcllyc.
Chcpul p`ly`oco chclyc tilhcicl imrupsi s`o`lcrlyc o`rvcricsi hcl o`rcl`ic rcbcd.
Cicl t`tcpi, s`jcrc udud hcpct hirudusicl, s`suci h`lbcl p`lb`rticl imrupsi ycitu
o`rtujucl ultui d`lhcpcticl i`ultulbcl priochi/i`nmdpmi/i`nucrbc/bmnmlbcllyc s`lhiri.
3. Acitmr Elt`rlcn
c. Ziact tcdci
Ziact tcdci d`rupcicl siact yclb hidiniii dclusic, hi s`ticp kcrilyc pcsti
dclusic d`ilbilicl i`outukcl yclb n`oik, hcl s`ncnu iurclb cicl s`suctu yclb hi
hcpcticl. Cikirlyc duljunck siact tcdci ili hi hcncd hiri s`s`mrclb ultui d`diniii
s`suctu yclb n`oik h`lbcl jcrc imrupsi.
o. Bcyc kihup imlsudtia
Bcyc kihup imlsudtia ili hircscicl mn`k dclusic dclusic hi hulic, hidclc
dclusic pcsti d`diniii i`outukcl dcsilb dcsilb hcl ultui d`d`luki i`outukcl
t`rs`out dclusic kcrus d`lbmlsudsi i`outukcl t`rs`out,h`lbcl p`rinciu t`rs`out
tihci oisc hi idoclbi h`lbcl p`lhcpct yclb hip`rmn`k yclb cikirlyc t`rjchinck tilhci
imrupsi.
j. Dmrcn yclb iurclb iuct
Z`mrclb yclb dmrcnlyc iurclb iuct j`lh`rulb duhck t`rbmhc ultui
d`nciuicl imrupsi. Bmhccl itu oisc o`rcscn hcri ctcscl, t`dcl s`tilbict,
ocwckcllyc, ctcu pikci yclb ncil yclb d`do`ri i`s`dpctcl ultui itu.
2. Acitmr @ist`rlcn
c. Acitmr pmnitii
Acitmr pmnitii ili chcnck scnck sctu acitmr `ist`rlcn hcncd t`rjchilyc tilhci
imrupsi. Hi hcncd s`ouck pmnitii cicl chc t`rjchilyc suctu p`rscilbcl hcncd
d`lhcpcticl i`iucsccl. Z`ticp dclusic o`rscilb ultui d`lhcpct i`iucsccl n`oik
tilbbi, h`lbcl o`rocbci jcrc d`r`ic nciuicl ultui d`lhuhuii pmsisi t`rs`out.
Cikirlyc duljunck tilhci imrupsi ctcu sucp d`lyucp hcncd d`lhcpcticl
i`iucsccl
o. Acitmr kuiud
Acitmr kuiud ili chcnck scnck sctu acitmr `ist`rlcn hcncd t`rjchilyc tilhci
imrupsi. Hcpct iitc i`tckui hi l`bcrc iitc s`lhiri ockwc kuiud s`icrclb tudpun i`

35 | V c b
 ctcs ncljip i`ocwck. Hi kuiud s`lhiri oclyci i`n`dckcl hcncd d`lbctcsi suctu
dcscnck. Zuhck hi t`rouiti ockwc oclyci prcit`i prcit`i sucp d`lyucp n`docbc
kuiud t`rjchi hcncd d`lbctcsi suctu dcscnck. Z`kilbbc hcncd kcn t`rs`out hcpct
hinikct ockwc prcit`i imrupsi sclbctnck dulbiil t`rjchi icr`lc oclyci lyc
i`n`dckcl hcncd s`ouck kuiud yclb d`lhisiridilcsi s`ouck dcscnck.
j. Acitmr `imlmdi
Zclbct j`ncs acitmr `imlmdi ili s`ocbci p`ly`oco t`rjchilyc tilhci imrupsi.

Dclusic kihup pcsti d`d`rnuicl i`outukcl cpcncbi h`lbcl i`outukcl `imlmdi itu
sclbctnck hi p`ltilbicl ocbi dclusic. Ockicl p`didpil ctcupul p`lbucsc
o`ri`s`dpctcl jiic d`r`ic d`diniii i`iucsccl sclbct nck ilbil d`d`luki
i`icyccl d`r`ic. Hi icsus ncil oclyci p`bcwci yclb bcjilyc tihci s`suci h`lbcl
cpc yclb hi i`rjcicllyc yclb cikirlyc i`tiic chc p`nuclb, d`r`ic hi hmrmlb ultui
d`nciuicl imrupsi.
h. Acitmr mrbcliscsi
Acitmr mrbcliscsi ili chcnck acitmr `ist`rlcn hcri p`ly`oco t`rjchilyc imrupsi.
Hi suctu t`dpct pcsti chc s`ouck mrbcliscsi yclb o`rhiri, oicsclyc tilhci imrupsi
yclb t`rjchi hcncd mrbcliscsi ili chcnck i`n`dckcl struitur mrbcliscsi, cturcl
cturcl yclb hilyctcicl iurclb ocii, i`duhicl iurclb chclyc i`t`bcscl hcncd
hiri s`mrclb p`didpil. Hi hcncd suctu struitur mrbcliscsi cicl t`rjchi suctu tilhci
imrupsi jiic hi hcncd struitur t`rs`out o`nud chclyc i`jujurcl hcl i`schcrcl hiri
hcri s`ticp p`lburus dcupul clbbmtc.

OCO EEE

V@LPXPV

26 | V c b
 C. I`sidpuncl
Imrupsi ctcu _csuck (ockcsc nctil7 jmrruptim hcri ictc i`rjc jmrrudp`r` yclb
o`rdcilc ousui, rusci, d`llbbmyckicl, d`dutcrocnii, d`lymbmi) chcnck tilhcicl p`jcoct
puonii, ocii p`nitis dcupul p`bcwci l`rb`ri, s`rtc pikci ncil yclb t`rnioct hcncd tilhcicl itu
yclb s`jcrc tihci wcjcr hcl tihci n`bcn d`llycnckbulcicl i`p`rjcyccl puonii yclb
hiiucscicl di`pchc d`r`ic ultui d`lhcpcticl i`ultulbcl s`pikci.
V`ly`oco imrupsi yclb hctclblyc hcri hiri priochi ctcu ilhivihu, s`hclbicl acitmr
`ist`rlcn o`rcscn hcri nilbiulbcl ctcu sist`d. Ppcyc p`lj`bckcl imrupsi pchc hcscrlyc
hcpct hinciuicl h`lbcl d`lbkinclbicl, ctcu s`tihcilyc d`lburclbi, i`huc acitmr p`ly`oco
imrupsi t`rs`out.
Acitmr ilt`rlcn sclbct hit`ltuicl mn`k iuct tihcilyyc linci-linci clti imrupsi t`rtclcd
hcnd hiri s`ticp ilhivihu. Linci-linci clti imrupsi t`rs`out cltcrc ncil d`niputi i`jujurcl,
i`dclhiricl, i`hisipnilcl, tclbbulb jcwco, i`rjc i`rcs, s`h`rkclc, i`o`rclicl, hcl i`chincl.
Linci-linci clti imrupsi itu p`rnu hit`rcpicl mn`k s`ticp ilhivihu ultui hcpct d`lbctcsi acitmr
`ist`rlcn cbcr imrupsi tihci t`rjchi. Pltui d`lj`bck t`rjchilyc acitmr `ist`rlcn, s`ncil
d`diniii linci-linci clti imrupsi, s`ticp ilhivihu p`rnu d`dckcdi h`lbcl d`lhcncd prilsip-
prilsip clti imrupsi ycitu ciultcoinitcs, trclspcrclsi, i`wcjcrcl, i`oijcicl, hcl imltrmn
i`oijcicl hcncd suctu mrbcliscsi/ilstitusi/dcsycrcict.

O. Zcrcl
V`lunis d`lychcri dcsik oclyci i`iurclbcl t`rhcpct dcicnck ili. Mn`k icr`lc itu,
p`lunis d`lbkcrcpicl p`lunis d`lbkcrcpicl s`icni iritii yclb d`doclbul ocbi dcicnck
ili, cbcr p`lunis hcpct o`rouct n`oik ocii ncbi hi i`duhicl kcri. Z`dmbc dcicnck ili hcpct
o`rdclacct ocbi p`lunis pchc ikususlyc hcl p`docjc pchc ududlyc.

HCAXC_ VPZXCIC

23 | V c b
kttps7//cjjk.ipi.bm.ih/ih/o`rics/ouiu-cltiimrupsi/p`rburucl-tilbbi/p`lhihiicl-cltiimrupsi-ultui-
p`rburucl-tilbbi hicis`s pchc _cou, 3: D`i 2626 (65.03 REX)

kttps7//cjnj.ipi.bm.ih/p`lhihiicl-cltiimrupsi hicis`s pchc _cou, 3: D`i 2626 (65.02

REX) kttps7//ih.d.wiiip`hic.mrb/wiii/Imrupsi hicis`s pchc _cou, 3: d`i 2626 (30.20

REX)
3: D`i 2626 (22.25 REX)
kttps7//iudpuncldcicnckn`lbicphcncdinduisi.onmbspmt.jmd/2631/63/dcicnck-linci-linci-hcl-
prilsip-prilsip.ktdn=d43 hicis`s pchc _cou, 3: D`i 2626 (22.0; REX)

kttps7//ih.sjrioh.jmd/hmj/382665;50/DCICNCK-PVCUC-V@DO@_CLXCZCL-IM_PVZE-
HE- ELHML@ZEC-hmjx hicis`s pchc Icdis, 38 D`i 2626 (30.:6 REX)

kttps7//ih.sjrioh.jmd/hmjud`lt/:1;;8;30:/Dcicnck-Acitmr-V`ly`oco-Imrupsi hicis`s pchc

Icdis, 38 D`i 2626 (30.61 REX)

kttps7//hmhicnacy`h32.onmbspmt.jmd/263;/62/dcicnck-p`lhihiicl-clti-imrupsi-
hicis`s pchc Icdis, 38 D`i 2626 (38.01 REX)

22 | V c b