MPM 2D1 Unit 4: Quadratic Relations Name: _________________________

Class Topic Homefun

p.172 #3, 9
1 4.1 Non-Linear and Quadratic Relations
p.179 #11a

4.2 Investigating Transformations of Quadratic

2 p.178 #4: Describe transformations only
Relations in y = a ( x − h ) + k form
2

4.3 Using Transformations to Sketch Parabolas in p.185 #2bdh: Describe the transformations
Vertex Form y = a ( x − h ) + k
2
and sketch the parabolas
3
4.4 Properties of Parabolas in the form: p.185 #1acefg: Complete chart without
y = a ( x − h) + k
2
graphing

4 QUIZ (class 1, 2, 3)

p.178 #6, 7, 8, 13
5 4.5 Writing Equations for Parabolas in Vertex Form
p.185 #3 – 10

4.6A Solving Quadratic Equations in VF

p. 279 #2ade, 3f, 6b
– By Isolating the Variable
6
4.6B Solving Word Problems in Vertex Form
p.186 #12, 13, 14, 17, 18
Finding y-intercept and x-intercepts

7 Review p.202 #1 – 6, 9, 10

8 Unit 4 Test
MPM 2D1 4.1 Non-Linear and Quadratic Relations
While linear relationships are by far the most common, many non-linear relations also exist in real-life.
Recall from Grade 9: How do we know a relation is non-linear?
Criteria Linear Relations Non-Linear Relations

Graph ______________________of best fit ______________________of best fit

(i.e. scatter plot) models the trend of the data models the trend of the data.

First differences (FDs = y when x = 1) First differences (FDs = y when x = 1)

Numbers
(i.e. table of values) are ______________________ are ______________________

Highest exponent in the polynomial is Highest exponent in the polynomial is

Algebraic
(i.e. degree of the equation) __________________. __________________.

=============================================================================================
A very common type of non-linear relation is called a QUADRATIC RELATION.

Equation: Graph:

Degree of _____ (highest exponent in expanded form). Shape

Symmetry
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 → _________________________
where a, b, c are real numbers, a  0.

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 → ______________________________ Turning

where a, h, k are real numbers, a  0. Point

𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑟)(𝑥 − 𝑠) → _____________________________

where a, r, s are real numbers, a  0.

Numbers:
First Differences Second 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2
x y 𝐹𝐷 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 Differences 𝑆𝐷 =
𝐹𝐷2 − 𝐹𝐷1
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4

What does the SD tell you about the parabola’s direction of opening?
MPM 2D1 4.2 Transformations of Parabolas in the Form: y = a(x – h)2 + k

Warm-Up: Describe the transformation that would get f (the original) to become f’ or f’’(the transformed image)

a) b) c) d)

f’
f’

f (x)

f’ f ’’ f(x) f’ f ’’
f ’’

The Base Graph y = x2: This will be the graph that most parabolas will be compared with.
** Any change to the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 will cause a change in the base parabola.

1st: Complete the table of values. 2nd: Graph the parabola. 3rd: Describe the properties of y = x2.

x y = x2 4
y
Properties of y = ___(x - ___)2 + ___
3 a = _____ h = _____ k =_____
-2 2
Direction of opening: _________________
-1 1

x
Vertex: ___________________
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
0 -1 Eqn of the axis of symmetry: ________
-2
1 Max. or Min. value: ________________
-3
2 -4 Domain (x values of the graph): ______________
-5
Range (y values of the graph): ______________

Example 1: State the values of a, h, and k from the quadratic equations in y = a(x – h)2 + k form.

a) y = 4x2 a = ___ h = ___ k = ___

b) y = –x2 + 5 a = ___ h = ___ k = ___

1
c) y = (x + 5)2 a = ___ h = ___ k = ___
4

d) y = (x – 1) 2 – 2 a = ___ h = ___ k = ___

Summary of Transformations from y = a(x – h)2 + k form:
Vertex Form Description of transformation
y = a(x – h) 2 + k applied to y = x2

VERTICAL REFLECTION in the x-axis, if ___________

a
always located …
No reflection, if ___________

a can NEVER equal ___ VERTICAL STRETCH by a factor of | a |, if ___________

if not indicated, a = ____ VERTICAL COMPRESSION by a factor of | a |, if ___________

No stretch or compression if ___________
HORIZONTAL TRANSLATION …| h | units:

h • ____________, if (x – h)2 , since [x – ( )]2

always located …
• ____________, if (x + h)2 , since [x – ( )]2

____________, if x2 , since [x – ( )]2

VERTICAL TRANSLATION … | k | units:

• _________________, if k > 0
k
always located … • _________________, if k < 0

_________________, if k = 0

The vertex of any parabola in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k is ( , )

Example 2: State the values of a, h, and k from the quadratic equation y = a(x – h) 2 + k.

y = –2(x + 3) 2 + 1 Describe the transformations using appropriate vocabulary and numbers.

a = _____ __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

h = _____ __________________________________________________________________________

k = _____ __________________________________________________________________________
MPM 2D1 4.3 Sketching Parabolas in the Form of y = a(x – h)2 + k

Strategy for Sketching Parabolas using Transformations from y = a(x – h)2 + k: 

y

1. Graph the base graph y = x2 using the following FIVE points: 

− −   

−

2. Apply (where applicable) one transformation at a time in the following order: −

−

• First, _________________________________
• Then, _________________________________
• Then, _________________________________
• Finally, ________________________________
Each parabola ‘builds’ from the previous
parabola, until all transformations have
been applied.

Example 1:
i. Identify the values of a, h, and k, then state the vertex.
ii. Describe the transformations applied to y = x2. Include proper vocabulary, units, and direction where applicable.
iii. Graph y = x2 and the each new parabola using transformations. The parabolas must consist of at least 5 clearly
plotted points. y

y = –2(x + 3)2 + 1 


a = ___: ____________________________________________ 


____________________________________________ x

− − − −     
h = ___: ____________________________________________ −

−
k = ___: ____________________________________________
−

−

−

−

−

−

−
MPM 2D1 4.4 Properties of Parabolas in the Form: y = a(x – h)2 + k

WARM – UP: Complete the chart. Use the graphs below where needed.
REFLECT: What connections can you make between the equations and their graphs?

1
y = a(x – h)2 + k y = (x – 2)2 – 3 y= (x + 1)2 + 3 y = –4 (x + 3)2 + 1
4
Value of a

Value of h

Value of k

Direction of Opening

Shape compared to y = x2
(narrower, wider, congruent)

Vertex (x, y)

Eqn for axis of symmetry

Max. or Min. _______ _______ _______

@ what value? @______ @______ @______
Domain
(x-values of the parabola)
Range
(y-values of the parabola)

y = x2
y
Writing Domain and Range in Set Notation 



y= (x + 1)2 + 3


y=(x – 2)2– 3

x

− − − − −     
−
−
−
−
−

y= –4 (x + 3)2+ 1
 Using y = a(x – h)2 + k to determine properties of a parabola as compared to y = x2:

Direction of Opening:
→ Parabola opens up, if _____________________
→ Parabola opens down, if _____________________
Shape:
→ Parabola will be narrower than y = x2, if |a| _____________________
→ Parabola will be wider than y = x2, if |a| ________________________
→ Parabola will be congruent to y = x2, if |a| _______________________

Vertex of the parabola is ( , )

Axis of Symmetry: Eqn of the Axis of Symmetry ___________________

Max. or Min. Value:

• If a > 0, then the parabola has a _______________@ _______________
• If a < 0, then the parabola has a _______________@ _______________

Domain: _______________________ (unless otherwise indicated in a word problem)

Range: _________________________ OR ___________________________

if parabola opens up if parabola opens down

Example: Determine the properties of the following parabolas (without graphing).

1
y = –4x2 y = –x2 + 5 y = 4(x + 5)2 y = 5(x – 4)2 – 1

Value of a
Value of h
Value of k
Direction of Opening
Shape compared to y = x2
(narrower, wider, congruent)

Vertex (x, y)
Eqn for axis of symmetry

Max. or Min. _______ _______ _______ _______

@ what value? @______ @______ @______ @______

Domain
Range
 4.5 Writing Equations in Vertex Form

To write the equation of a parabola in vertex form, y = a(x – h)2 + k, you will need to determine a, h, and k.

Example 1: Write the equation of the parabola in vertex form. Simplify where needed.
a) A parabola congruent to y = x2 has b) Opens up, vertex (–3 , 2) c) Opens down, vertex (0, 3)
been reflected in the x-axis, and vertically stretched by a and narrower than y = x2.
horizontally translated 3 units right factor of ¼ .
and vertically translated 4 units up.

a = ____ h = ____ k = ____ a = ____ h = ____ k = ____ a = ____ h = ____ k = ____

_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

Sometimes, you will have to do a calculation to find the a-value…

(this is analogous to the concept of finding b when writing an equation for a linear relationship)

To find the equation of a line, you need To find the equation of a parabola in vertex form,
the slope and a point (x, y) on the line: you need the vertex and a point (x, y) on the parabola:

1. Find m: i.e. slope 1. Find h and k: from the vertex

2. Find b: substitute m and (x, y) into 2. Find a: substitute h, k, and (x, y) into
y = mx + b, then solve for b y = a(x – h)2 + k, and solve for a

3. State equation: substitute m and b values 3. State equation: substitute a, h, and k values into
into y = mx + b template y = a(x – h)2 + k template

d) A parabola with vertex (−4, 3) and e) 

passing through (5, 7) 


x

 
−

−

−
MPM 2D1 4.6A Solving Quadratic Equations in Vertex Form

Quadratic equations in vertex form can be solved by “isolating the variable”:

• In reverse BEDMAS order using inverse operations.

• Since the last step involves taking the square root of both sides, the solutions are called ROOTS.
• Remember: The VALUE of √100
• To SOLVE: 𝑥 2 = 100 The solutions are: 𝑥 = _______ or 𝑥 = _______ (i.e. both solutions make the eqn true)

==================================================================================================

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒: 𝑎) 4𝑥 2 − 100 = 0 𝑏) 2(𝑥 + 1)2 − 32 = 0

4.6B Problems Using Vertex Form

While vertex form, y = a(x – h)2 + k provides the vertex quickly, it can also be used to find other important points
of a parabola, namely the y-intercept and the x-intercept(s).

1
Example 1: Determine the vertex, y-intercept and the x-intercepts of 𝑦 = 3 (𝑥 + 2)2 − 3
and then sketch the parabola with these key points. Include the axis of symmetry and a
point symmetrical to the axis of symmetry.

Vertex To get the y-intercept: To get the x-intercept:

Example 2: A rocket travels according to the equation, y = −4.9 ( x − 6 ) + 182 where y is the height (metres) above
2

the ground and x is the time (seconds).

a) Identify the vertex and explain its significance in this question. Include specific numbers, words and units of measure.

i) Determine the height: i) Just before it was fired. ii) 4 seconds after it has been fired.

Example 3: A stone is thrown upwards from a balcony that is 2 metres above the ground.
The stone reaches a maximum height of 40 metres when it is 10 metres from the balcony.

a) Determine the equation in vertex form that models the path of the stone.

b) Use the equation to determine how far the stone is from the balcony when it lands.
MPM 2D1 Unit 4 Review
Are you ready for the test?
1. Identify linear, quadratic, and non-linear/quadratic relationships from graphs, equations, and differences.

2. Identify properties of a parabola from vertex form (e.g. direction of opening, shape, vertex, equation for axis of
symmetry, max or min value, domain and range)

3. Describe transformations and sketch parabolas using transformations from vertex form.

4. Write quadratic equations in vertex form given from words (properties and transformations) or graphs.

5. Solve word problems relating to parabolas (i.e. vertex, x-intercept(s), y-intercepts, any y-value from a given x-value).

For the equation, 4𝑦 = −2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 8

a) Write the equation in proper vertex form.

b) Use your equation from part (a) to complete the chart.

a h k Direction of opening Shape compared to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 Vertex

Eqn for axis of Max or Min @ what Domain Range

symmetry value?

c) Use your equation from part (a) to describe the transformations applied to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
Include all relevant details.
d) Graph the parabola using transformations. e) Complete the table of values and include these
points to part (d). Round to nearest tenth, if needed.
y


x y

-2



4
x

− − − −     

− f) Verify y-intercept and x-intercepts

algebraically
−

−

−

g) Use your completed parabola to complete the table of values.

Use differences to confirm that the relationship is indeed quadratic.
Provide headings for your calculations.

x y
-2
-1
0
1
2

b) down, wider, (1, 2), x = 1, Max @ y = 2, {xR}, {yR, y<2}

1
Selected Answers: a) 𝑦 = − (𝑥 − 1)2 + 2
2
c) VR over x-axis; VC by a factor of ½; HT right 1 unit; VT up 2 units (USE FULL DESCRIPTIONS on assessments)
d) Use desmos to check e) (–2, –2.5); (4, –2.5) g) Second differences are constant; SD = -1